Pharmacognosy Surgical Dressings

FIBRES
(Leads College of Pharmacy 2

FIBRES
• Fibres may be defined as any hair-like raw material
directly obtainable from an animal, vegetable, or mineral
source and convertible into nonwoven fabrics.
• Elongated thick walled cells with pointed ends
• Cell wall consists of cellulose
• May or may not contain lignin
• Commonly used as surgical dressings in medical field
• Also used as cloth, as filtering medium, insulation
purpose

Classification of Fibres
• Natural Fibres
Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibres
• Man Made fibers
Regenerated fibres and Synthetic fibres
• Classification of fibers can be done by:
Length (Short staple, long staple, continuous filament)
4

Regenerated Fibres
Regenerated fiber is created by
dissolving the cellulose area of
plant fiber in chemicals and
making it into fiber again (by
viscose method). Since it consists
of cellulose like cotton and hemp,
it is also called
"regenerated cellulose fiber."

Synthetic Fibres
Synthetic fibers are fibers made
by humans through chemical
synthesis, as opposed to
natural fibers that are directly
derived from living organisms.
They are the result of extensive
research by scientists to improve
upon naturally occurring animal
and plant fibers.

VEGETABLE FIBRES

COTTON
• Synonyms :
o Raw cotton
o Purified cotton
o Absorbent cotton
• Botanical name :
o Gossypium herbaceum
o Gossypium arboreum
o Gossypium barbadense
o Gossypium hirsutum
• Family :
o Malvaceae

• Biological source :
Epidermal trichomes of the seeds of cultivated species of cotton freed
from impurities, fats and sterilized.
• Geographical Source :
oUnited States
oEgypt
oIndia
oSome parts of Africa
oCharacteristics:
oColour : white
oOdour: odourless
oTaste : tasteless
oShape : fine filaments, like that of hair, which are soft or
unicellular. (Leads College of Pharmacy 22

• History :
There are about 39 species of Gossypium worldwide which are native to
the tropics and warm temperate region.
Gossypium herbaceum or the African West Asian Cotton:
I. It reaches a height of 2-6 feet, with palmate hairy leaves, acute yellow
petals, purple spot in centre.
II. It is a perennial shrub.
III. It is the indigenous species in India
IV. It is native to semidesert conditions like in sub-Saharan Africa and in
Arabia.
Gossypium arboreum or the Pakistani- Indian Cotton :
I. It is native to Northwest India and Pakistan.
II. Some of them are tall perennial while others are short annuals.

Gossypium barbadense or South American Cotton :
I. It gives the Sea Island or long stapled cotton.
II. The first sign of domestication of cotton species comes from
Peruvian coast where cotton bolls dating to 2500 B.C. were
found .
Gossypium hirsutum or Mexican cotton :
I. It is found in coastal vegetation of Central and Southern North
America and also in West Indies.

Cultivation , Collection, and preparation :
• Cotton is cultivated by means of seed sowing method.
• The seed are sown in rows of about 4-5 feet in distance.
• Proper fertilizers are provided timely
• The cotton plants are shrubs or small trees that bare fruits (capsules)
after flowering
• The capsule consists of three to five seeds and covered with hairs
• The bolls are collected when ripe, separated from capsule, dried,
subjected to the ginning press for processing.

• In ginning process, hairs and seeds are put before the roller with a
small space which separates the trichomes from the seeds.
• The short and long hairs separated by delinter.
• Short hairs are known as ‘linters’ which are used in the
manufacturing inferior grade cotton wool , whereas, long hairs
are used for preparation of cloth.
• The seeds remain after the removal of hair is used for preparation
of cotton seed oil and oil cake for domestic animal feed.
• The raw cotton so obtained is full of impurities like the colouring
matter and fatty material.
• It is then subjected to further purification by treating it with dilute
soda ash solution under pressure for about 15 hours.
• It is then bleached and washed properly, dried and packed. The
packed cotton is then sterilized using radiations.

Chemical tests :
1. Ignition test :
On ignition, cotton burns with a flame, gives very little odour or fumes does not
produce a bead , leaves a white small ash , distinction from acetate rayon, wool, silk, nylon.
2. Iodine test :
Dried cotton is moistened with N/50 iodine and 80% w/w sulphuric acid is added. A
blue colour is produced, distinction from acetate rayon, jute, wool, silk, nylon.
3. Sulphuric acid 80% w/w :
In cold sulphuric acid 80% w/w cotton dissolves, distinction from oxidized
cellulose, jute, wool.
4. Sulphuric acid 60% w/w :
In cold sulphuric acid 60% w/w cotton, is insoluble, distinction from cellulose
wadding and rayons.

4. HCL Test:
In warm (40 C) HCL it is insoluble, distinction from acetate
rayon also from silk, nylon.
5. 5% KOH Solution:
It is insoluble in 5% KOH solution, distinction from oxidized
cellulose, wool and silk.

USES:
• Cotton is used as a filtering medium
• In surgical dressings
• Absorbent cotton absorbs blood, pus mucus, and prevents infections
in wounds.

History:
• Rayon is the oldest manufactured fiber, having been in production
since the 1880s in France, where it was originally developed as a
cheap alternative to silk. Most rayon production begins with wood
pulp, though any plant material with long molecular chains is suitable.
31
(LeadsCollegeofPharmacy

VISCOSE:
• Viscose is a type of rayon fiber that is made from natural sources such as wood and
agricultural products that are regenerated as cellulose fiber.
• Synonyms:
Rayon, regenerated cellulose.
• Botanical Source:
Viscose is a viscous orange-red aqueous solution of sodium cellulose xanthogenate
obtained by dissolving wood pulp cellulose in sodium hydroxide solution and treating
with carbon disulphide.
32

Collection and preparation:
• The starting material is cellulose prepared from coniferous wood, or scoured and
bleached cotton linters.
• The wood is delignified similar to cellulose wadding. It reaches the rayon manufacturers
as boards of white pulp, containing 80–90% of cellulose and some hemicellulose.
• The hemicellulose being alkali-soluble, are removed in the first stage of the process by
steeping in sodium hydroxide solution. The excess alkaline liquor is pressed out and
alkali-cellulose (sodium cellulosate) remains. This is dissolved by treatment with carbon
disulphide and sodium hydroxide solution to give a viscous solution of sodium cellulose
xanthate.
34

• After ‘ripening’ and filtering, the solution is forced through a spinneret, a jet with fine
nozzles, immersed in a bath of dilute sulphuric acid and sodium sulphate, when the
cellulose is regenerated as continuous filaments. These are drawn together as a yarn,
which is twisted for strength, desulphurized by removing free sulphur with sodium
sulphide, bleached, washed, dried and conditioned to a moisture content of 10%.
35

Characteristics:
• Color:
The rayon is a white, highly lustrous fibre.
• Tensile Strength:
Its tensile strength varies from two-third to one-and-a- half
times that of cotton.
• Solubility:
The fabric is insoluble in water.
• Weight:
Light Weight, Soft
38

Properties:
• Viscose rayon is a very pure form of cellulose.
• Its ash contains sulphur.
• Wood cellulose has molecules of the order of 9,000 glucose residue units, whereas those
of viscose rayon have only about 450.
39

Chemical Tests:
• The fibers give the general tests for vegetable and regenerated
carbohydrate fibers.
• On ignition they behave like cotton; distinction from acetate rayon
and alginate yarn, wool, silk, nylon, and glass.
• With N/50 iodine and sulphuric acid, 80%, they give a blue color
similar to that given by cotton; distinction from acetate rayon,
alginate yarn, jute, hemp, wool, silk, and nylon.
40

• With ammoniacal copper oxide they behave like absorbent cotton;
distinction from acetate rayon, jute, wool, and nylon.
• Cold sulphuric acid, 60% w/w, dissolves the fiber; distinction from
cotton, oxidized cellulose, alginate yarn, flax, jute, hemp, and wool.
• Warm (40°C) hydrochloric acid does not dissolve the fiber; distinction
from acetate rayon, silk, and nylon.
• It is insoluble in boiling potassium hydroxide solution (5%); distinction
from oxidized cellulose, wool, and silk.
41

• Shirla stain A produces a bright pink; distinction from cotton, oxidized
cellulose, acetate, rayon, wool, silk, and nylon.
• Phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid produce no red stain; distinction
from jute, hemp, and kapok.
• The fibers, like cotton, are insoluble in acetone, formic acid 90% or
phenol 90%; distinction from acetate rayon and nylon.
42

Uses;
• Viscose rayon is used to manufacture fabrics, surgical dressings,
absorbent wool, enzyme, and cellophane.
43

Cellulose

Synonyms
• Cellulose is also known as;
Roughage
• Cellulose and Roughage are semantically related.
• One can use Cellulose instead of Roughage and vice versa.

Biological Source
• A complex carbohydrate or polysaccharide consisting of 3000 or more
glucose units.
• Basic structural component of plant cell walls, cellulose comprises
about 33% of all vegetable matter (90%cotton and 50% wood are
cellulose) and is most abundant of al naturally occurring organic
compounds.

History
• Cellulose was discovered in 1838 by the French chemist ANSELME
PAYEN who isolated it from plant matter and determined its chemical
formula.
• Cellulose was used to produce first successful THERMOPLASTIC
polymer CELLULOID.
• Production of RAYON (artificial Silk) from cellulose began in 1890s.

• This compound was first chemically synthesized in 1992 by
KOBAYASHI and SHODA.

TYPES OF CELLULOSE
• Two types;
• Natural
• Synthetic

NATURAL CELLULOSE
• Natural cellulose fibers are still recognizable as being from a part of
the original plant because they are only processed as much as needed
to clean the fibers for use.
• For example, cotton fibers look like the soft fluffy cotton balls that
they come from.

• Linen fibers look like the strong fibrous strands of the flax plant. All
"natural" fibers go through a process where they are separated from
the parts of the plant that are not used for the end product, usually
through harvesting, separating from chaff, scouring, etc

SYNTHETIC CELLULOSE
• Manufactured cellulose fibers come from plants that are processed
into a pulp and then extruded in the same ways that synthetic fibers
like polyester or nylon are made.
• Rayon or viscose is one of the most common "manufactured"
cellulose fibers, and it can be made from wood pulp.

Cultivation Collection Preparation
• Processing includes;
• Assay
• Biosynthesis
• breakdown

ASSAY
• Cellulose can be assayed using a method in which fibers are dissolved
in acetic acid and nitric acid to remove lignin, hemicelluloses and
xylosans.
• The resulting cellulose is allowed to react with anthrone in sulfuric
acid.
• The compound obtained is assayed spectrophotometrically at a
wavelength of 635nm.

BIOSYNTHESIS
• In plants cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by rosette
terminal complexes (RTCs). The RTCs are hexameric protein
structures, approximately 25 nm in diameter, that contain
the cellulose synthase enzymes that synthesize the individual
cellulose chains. Each RTC floats in the cell's plasma membrane and
"spins" a microfibril into the cell wall.

• Cellulose synthesis requires chain initiation and elongation, and the
two processes are separate. Cellulose synthase (CesA) initiates
cellulose polymerization using a steroid primer, sitosterol-beta-
glucoside, and UDP-glucose. It then utilizes UDP-D-glucose precursors
to elongate the growing cellulose chain. A cellulase may function to
cleave the primer from the mature chain.

• Cellulose is also synthesized by tunicate animals, particularly in
the tests of ascidians (where the cellulose was historically termed
"tunicine" (tunicin).

BREAKDOWN
• Cellulolysis is the process of breaking down cellulose into smaller
polysaccharides called cellodextrins or completely into glucose units;
this is a hydrolysis reaction.
• Because cellulose molecules bind strongly to each other, cellulolysis
is relatively difficult compared to the breakdown of
other polysaccharides.

• However, this process can be significantly intensified in a
proper solvent, e.g. in an ionic liquid.
• However, this process can be significantly intensified in a
proper solvent, e.g. in an ionic liquid.

Description
• Properties;
• Chemical formula:
• (C6H10O5)n
• Molar mass:
• 162.1406 g/mol per glucose
• Appearance:
• white powder
• Density:
• 1.5g/cm
3

• Melting point:
• 260–270 °C; 500–518 °F;
• 533–543 K Decomposes
• Solubility in water:
• none

Chemical Constituents
• It consists of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousand of
beta-1-4 linked D-glucose units.

Chemical Tests
• To test for cellulose you add Schulze's reagent. If cellulose is present
it will turn a purple color.
• Sample is added with few drops of Chlorozinc
Iodine solution. If cellulose is present Blue color appears.

• Sample is added with few drops of iodine solution and few drops of
sulphuric acid gives blue color then cellulose is confirmed.
• Cellulose dissolves in cuoxam (copper oxide ammonia)with blue
color.

Uses
• Paper products:
• Cellulose is the major constituent of paper, paperboard, and card
stock.
• Science:
• Cellulose is used in the laboratory as a stationary phase for thin layer
chromatography. Cellulose fibers are also used in liquid filtration,
sometimes in combination with diatomaceous earth or other
filtration media, to create a filter bed of inert material.

• Cellulose is used in different forms as insulation in transformers,
cables and other electrical equipment.
• Building material: Hydroxyl bonding of cellulose in water produces a
spray able, moldable material as an alternative to the use of plastics
and resins. The recyclable material can be made water- and fire-
resistant. It provides sufficient strength for use as a building material.

• Pharmaceuticals:
• Cellulose derivatives, such as microcrystalline cellulose(MCC), have
the advantages of retaining water.
• Being a stabilizer and thickening agent, and in reinforcement of drug
tablets.

Sutures:
• Suture means “to sew” or “seam”.
• Actually, suture is the act of sewing or bringing tissues together & holding them together until
healing has taken place.
• A surgical suture is a thread or sting used for sewing or stitching together tissues, muscles, and
tendons with the help of a needle.

History of Suture:
• World’s oldest suture was placed on the body of twenty first mummy about 1100 B.C.
• The first detail description of a suture was by Indian physician Sushtra in 500 B.C.
• Joseph Lister made sterile suture as he found that bacteria in sutures cause diseases.

Suture Material:
• It is an artificial fiber used to keep wound together until they hold sufficiently well by themselves by
natural fiber (collagen) which is synthesized & woven onto a scar.

Properties of suture:
A good quality of suture should be:
• well-sterilized
• nonirritant, non-allergic, non, electrolytic, non-carcinogenic
• having well mechanical strength
• fine gauze
• with minimum time of absorption
• Low cost
• Non-Toxic

Purpose of Suture:
• Provide adequate tension
• Maintain hemostasis
• Provide support for tissue margins
• Reduce post-op pain
• Prevent bone exposure
• Permit paper flap position

Working of a suture:
• The basic purpose of a suture is to hold the wound until wound gains enough strength to withstand
the stress.
• Since wound do not gain strength until 4-6 days after injury, the tissues are held until then by the
suture.
• The strength is denoted by Tensile strength.
• After 2nd week of injury, wound gain the strength :3%-7% Tensile St.
• After 3rd week of injury :20% of tensile St.
• After 4th week of injury :50% of tensile St.
• Sutures made of organic material will evoke a higher tissue response the synthetic sutures.

Types of Sutures(on the basis of Nature)
Sutures can be classified into two classes:
• Absorbable sutures:
made of special material, once worn are not removed as they are dissolved in the body. E.g.
Kangaroo tendons & polyglactic acid
• Nonabsorbable Sutures:
They are not absorbed by the body so they are removed after a specific period of time. E.g.
Silk, cotton & Nylon fibers

Selection of sutures:
Selection is done on the following principal:
• Healing properties of wound
• Physical and biological properties of wound
• Condition of wound to be closed
• Tensile strength of suture
• Reaction of surrounding tissues

Preparation of Sutures:
Lets discuss the preparation of a absorbable suture like catgut suture:
• The submucosal layer of small intestine of a freshly killed animal is used for the preparation of catgut.
• About 7.5 m long intestine is cleaned and split longitudinally into ribbons. The inner most mucosa and two
outer layers of submucosa, muscularis, and serosal layers, are removed with the help of a machine leaving
behind the submucosa.
• Up to six such ribbons are stretched, spun and dried to form a uniform strand. These fibers are polished to
get smooth strings, gauzed for their diameter, cut into suitable lengths and sterilized by placing the catgut in
glass tubes filled with anhydrous high-boiling liquids like toluene or xylene and then heating in an
autoclave.
• Sterilization may be done by irradiating the suture by electron particles or by gamma rays from cobalt-60.

Suture Size:
• Size ranges from largest 1 to extremely fine 11-0.
• Thicker suture are for deeper layers.
• Thin sutures are used for closing delicate tissues like conjunctiva, or in micro surgery.
• 3-0 or 4-0 sutures= muscle or deep skin
• 5-0 or 6-0 sutures=facial skin
• 9-0 or 10-0=microsurgery

Suture Needles:
• These are designed to lead suture material through tissues with minimal injury.
• Needles maybe straight, curved or swaged.
• Made of either stainless steel or carbon steel.
• Needle is selected according to:
o Nature of wound
o Diameter of suture material
• An ideal needle should be:
o High quality
o Smallest possible diameter
o Sharp and sterile

Swaged Needle:
• Best suture needle
• These do not require threading and permit a single thread of suture material to be drawn.
• It is atraumatic and act as a single unit

Application of suture:
• Force should always be applied perpendicular to skin and in the direction of curvature.
• Only sharp needle are used.
• Never force the needle through the skin.
• Grasp the needle in the body 1/4th the length from the swaged end.
• Do not hold the needle by the eyed area or swaged area.
• Avoid excessive tissue bites with small needles.
• Bite should be equal on both sides, point of entry and exit should be near.
• The bite should be 2-3 mm away from the margin.
• Tissue should not be closed under tension, since they will either tear or necrosis around the suture.

Application of suture:
• Tie to approximate.
• Knot must not lie on incision line.
• The distance b/w one suture should be about 3-4 mm apart to prevent strangulation of the tissues &
allow to escape of the serum.

Removal of Suture:
• Absorbable sutures are degraded either by enzymatic process as in gut or by hydrolysis as in many of
synthetic sutures like glycolic acid.
• Non-absorbable sutures are walled off.
• Suture can be removed after 3-10 days depending on the wound.
• Face sutures are removed after 2-5 days & Distality lower extreme sutures are removed after 10-14 days.
• Suture area is first cleaned with normal saline.
• The suture is grasped with forceps and lifted above the epithelial surface.
• Scissor is then passed through one loop and cut is made near the surface.
• The suture is then pulled out.

Packing of Suture:

PHARMACOGNOSY

Sutures
• A surgical sutures is a thread or sting used for sewing or stitching
together tissues, muscles, and tendons with the help of a needle.
• Types:
• According to structure
1) Monofilament 2) Multifilament
• According to fate
1) Absorbable 2) Non absorbable
• According to coating
1) Coated sutures 2) Non coated sutures

• Monofilament
• Multifilament
• Monofilament suture:
it is made up of single strand filament and thinner in nature.
• Advantages:
• Smooth and strong No bacterial harbours
• Less tissue trauma No capillarity
• Disadvantages:
• Difficult handling
• Any nick or crimp in the material leads to breakage
• Examples:
surgical gut, chromic gut, nylon.

• Multifilament suture:
it is composed of composed of several filaments twisted or braided
together and thicker in nature.
• Advantages:
• Greater tensile strength Easy handling
• Better pliability and flexibility Good knotting
• Disadvantages:
• Bacterial harbours Increased capillarity
• Tissue trauma
• Examples:
silk, cotton, linen

 Absorbable sutures
• surgical catgut
chromic gut
kangaroo tendon
• synthetic polyester
 Non absorbable sutures
• natural
silk sutures
cotton sutures
linen sutures
• Synthetic
nylon sutures
• Metallic sutures

• Surgical catgut:
catgut is a sterilized fibre or strand prepared from collagen of
connective tissues obtained from healthy animal like sheep or cattle.
• Oldest known absorbable suture.
• Preparation:
the submucosal layer of small intestine of freshly killed animal is used.
About 7.5m long intestine is cleaned and spilt longitudinally into ribbons. The
inner most mucosa and the two layers of submucosal, muscularis, and serosal
layers are removed leaving behind submucosa. Up to six such ribbons are
stretched and dried to form a uniform strand. These fibres are polished to get
smooth strings, cut into suitable lengths and sterilized by irradiating the suture by
electron particles by gamma rays from cobalt 60.

• Chromicgut:
chromicized surgical catguts are prepared by soaking the ribbons in
solutions of chromium salt for tanning the tissues.
• Not rapidly absorbed in the body.
• Advantages:
• Prolonged suture strength
• Resistant to proteolytic enzyme
• Greater tensile strength
• Less stimulation of tissue reaction
• Kangarootendons:
they are prepared from the tails of kangaroo by the method
similar to the preparation of catgut.
• Used in hernia and bone repairs.

• Synthetic polyester:
the polymers obtained by the
condensation of cyclic derivatives of glycolic acid
(glycolide) with cyclic derivatives of lactic acid
(lacticide) are used to prepare synthetic absorbable
sutures.
• High tensile strength
• Degraded by hydrolysis
• Absorbed in tissues

Non absorbable sutures
• Non absorbable sutures are not affected by the
body fluid and remained unchanged for a long
period. They are removed after healing of the
wounds.
• Types of non absorbable sutures
• Natural
• Synthetic
• Metallic (Leads College of Pharmacy 95

• Natural non absorbable sutures:
• Silk sutures:
they are prepared by the spinning or twisting silk fibres into
a single strand of varying diameters.
• Smooth and strong and braided by combining several twisted yarns
into a compact mass.
• Strands are sterilized and boil with water to soften them.
• Cotton sutures:
• Have uniform size
• Recommended into critical parts where strength of the sutures is
required for long time.

• Linen sutures:
• Cheap
• Strong under moist condition
• Not uniform in diameter
• Synthetic non absorbable sutures
• Synthetic non absorbablesuture:
• Nylon sutures:
the microfilaments of nylon are braided into strands of required
diameter.
• Strong and water resistant
• Used in skin and plastic surgery
• Metallicsutures:
metallic wires of silver or stainless steal are used as surgical aid. These
wires are available as mono-filaments, twists and braids.

Haemostatic sutures
• Also known as uterine compression sutures
• Hemostatic multiple square suturing is a technique
using a straight number 7 or number 8 needle and
number 1 chromic catgut is a new surgical
technique to approximate anterior and posterior
uterine wall, especially in areas where there is
heavy bleeding. It controls postpartum hemorrhage
by attachment and compression of the hemorrhage
site of endometrium or myometrium.

• A material used to protect a wound and to heal is called a surgical dressing.
• They serve various functions for the injured site. They remove wound exudates from the site,
prevent infection, and give physical protection to the healing wound and mechanical support to
the supporting tissues.
• A good quality of dressing should be durable, easy to handle, sterilized, formed from loose
threads and fibers, and it should not adhere to the granulating surface.
Surgical Dressing:
104(Leads College of Pharmacy

• Previously, the accepted wisdom was that to prevent the infection of a wound, the wound was to
kept as dry as possible.
• In 1860, English Surgeon, Joseph Lister, began treating his surgical gauze with carbolic acid,
known today as phenol, and subsequently dropped his surgical team’s mortality rate by 45%.
• In 1990, the surgical dressings expanded into the well-recognized groups of products, such as
vapor-permeable adhesive films, hydrogen gel and synthetic foam dressings.
• Additionally, new groups of products such as anti-adhesive like Barriers films have been
introduced.
• Finally, combination products & engineered skin substitutes were developed.
History:

• Provide mechanical and bacterial protection
• Maintain a moist environment at the wound dressing.
• Allow gaseous and fluid exchange.
• Remain non-adherent to the wound.
• Should be non-toxic, no sensitizing, and no allergic.
• Well acceptable by the patient.
• Low cost i.e. cheap
Properties:

• Surgical Dressings are classified in following classes:
• Primary Wood Dressing
• Absorbents
• Bandage
• Protective
• Adhesive Tapes
 Lets discuss them one by one.
Classification of Surgical Dressing:

• Primary wound dressings are applied over the wound surface to absorb pus, mucus and blood.
• They minimize maceration.
• Some dressings adhere to the wound surface and cause pain on removing them.
• Now nonadherent dressings are available such as petrolatum-impregnated gauge, viscose gauze
impregnated with a bland, hydrophilic oil-in-water emulsion or an absorbent pad faced with a soft
plastic film having openings.
Primary Wound Dressings:

Primary dressings

Non adherent
bandages

• A primary dressing is the first dressing that covers a wound. It is placed directly on top of the
wound to cover it and to manage any oozing or bleeding. A secondary dressing covers
the primary dressing (i.e. tape, gauze, etc).
Primary vs. Secondary Dressings:

• Absorbent cotton is widely used to absorb wound secretions. Other absorbent materials are
rayon wool, cotton wool, gauze pads, laparotomy sponges, sanitary napkins, disposable cleaners,
eye pads, nursing pads, and cotton tip applications.
• They are used in the shape of balls or pads.
Absorbents:

Absorbents

• A bandage is a material which holds dressing at the required site, applies pressure, or supports an
injured part or checks hemorrhage.
• The bandages may be elastic or nonelastic in nature.
• Common gauze roller bandage and muslin bandage rolls are employed most frequently.
• Elastic bandages may be woven to form elastic bandage, crepe bandage and conforming bandage.
Bandages:

Bandages

• Surgical adhesive tapes may be a rubber-based adhesive or an acrylate adhesive.
• Rubber adhesive tapes are cheap, superior and provide strength of backing.
• In case of operation or post operation acrylate, adhesive tapes are used to reduce skin trauma
Adhesive Tapes:

Adhesive Tapes:

• Protectives are employed to cover wet dressings, poultices, and for retention of heat.
• They prevent the escape of moisture from the dressing.
• Some protectives are plastic sheeting, rubber sheeting, waxed or oil-coated papers, and plastic-
coated papers
Protectives:

Protectives:

• Reference: Biren Shah and Internet

Pharmacognosy Surgical Dressings

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