This document discusses different types of fibers used in surgical dressings. It begins by defining fibers and describing their origins from animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic sources. Key fibers discussed include cotton, wool, rayon and their structures and production processes. The document emphasizes that the quality of surgical dressings depends on the fiber used and describes properties important for wound care like absorbency and strength.
The document discusses fibres, including their definition, classification, and key types. Fibres are hair-like materials that can be obtained from animal, vegetable, or mineral sources and made into nonwoven fabrics. They are classified based on their source as natural fibres including vegetable, animal and mineral fibres, or as man-made fibres such as regenerated fibres and synthetic fibres. The document focuses on cotton and rayon/viscose as examples of important natural and regenerated fibres respectively.
This document provides information on surgical and fiber dressings. It defines surgical dressings as materials used for wound dressing or injured tissues that are designed to be in direct contact with wounds. The key purposes of dressings are to provide a moist environment for healing, prevent maceration and promote hemostasis. Dressings are classified based on function, with primary dressings contacting wounds and secondary dressings providing further protection. Common dressing materials include gauze, bandages, lints, and plasters made from natural fibers like cotton and synthetic fibers like nylon. Selection of the appropriate dressing depends on the wound characteristics and healing stage.
Castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the castor oil plant. The main country producers are Brazil, India, and other tropical and subtropical countries. Castor oil contains triglycerides of ricinoleic acid which give it its laxative properties. It is a pale yellow, viscous liquid with a slight odor. Chemically, castor oil is tested for properties like acid value, iodine value, and saponification value. Its main uses are as a cathartic and lubricant in industries like paint, varnish, and soap production.
1. The document discusses different types of plant fibers including their biological sources and uses. Cotton fibers come from the trichomes of cotton plants and are used to make fabrics and surgical dressings.
2. Jute fibers are obtained from the stems of jute plants and consist of both cellulose and lignin. Jute is used to make hessian, sacking, and other products due to its low cost and durability.
3. Hemp fibers come from the stems of hemp plants and contain psychoactive compounds. Hemp fibers are used to make rope, canvas, and other products.
This document provides information about various lipids (fats and oils) obtained from plants and animals. It discusses the basic chemistry of lipids, describing them as esters of fatty acids and alcohols. Specific lipids are then outlined, including their source, composition, properties, and some uses. Key lipids discussed include olive oil, coconut oil, castor oil, linseed oil, peanut oil, chaulmoogra oil, and beeswax.
Jute is collected from the stem bark of Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius plants. The stems are cut before flowering and undergo a retting process where they are soaked in water. This softens the fibers and allows them to be separated from the inner woody core. Jute fibers are long, golden yellow in color, and contain high amounts of cellulose. They are used to make cloth, sacks, twine and rope. Hibiscus cannabinus fibers can substitute for jute.
The document discusses fibres, including their definition, classification, and key types. Fibres are hair-like materials that can be obtained from animal, vegetable, or mineral sources and made into nonwoven fabrics. They are classified based on their source as natural fibres including vegetable, animal and mineral fibres, or as man-made fibres such as regenerated fibres and synthetic fibres. The document focuses on cotton and rayon/viscose as examples of important natural and regenerated fibres respectively.
This document provides information on surgical and fiber dressings. It defines surgical dressings as materials used for wound dressing or injured tissues that are designed to be in direct contact with wounds. The key purposes of dressings are to provide a moist environment for healing, prevent maceration and promote hemostasis. Dressings are classified based on function, with primary dressings contacting wounds and secondary dressings providing further protection. Common dressing materials include gauze, bandages, lints, and plasters made from natural fibers like cotton and synthetic fibers like nylon. Selection of the appropriate dressing depends on the wound characteristics and healing stage.
Castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the castor oil plant. The main country producers are Brazil, India, and other tropical and subtropical countries. Castor oil contains triglycerides of ricinoleic acid which give it its laxative properties. It is a pale yellow, viscous liquid with a slight odor. Chemically, castor oil is tested for properties like acid value, iodine value, and saponification value. Its main uses are as a cathartic and lubricant in industries like paint, varnish, and soap production.
1. The document discusses different types of plant fibers including their biological sources and uses. Cotton fibers come from the trichomes of cotton plants and are used to make fabrics and surgical dressings.
2. Jute fibers are obtained from the stems of jute plants and consist of both cellulose and lignin. Jute is used to make hessian, sacking, and other products due to its low cost and durability.
3. Hemp fibers come from the stems of hemp plants and contain psychoactive compounds. Hemp fibers are used to make rope, canvas, and other products.
This document provides information about various lipids (fats and oils) obtained from plants and animals. It discusses the basic chemistry of lipids, describing them as esters of fatty acids and alcohols. Specific lipids are then outlined, including their source, composition, properties, and some uses. Key lipids discussed include olive oil, coconut oil, castor oil, linseed oil, peanut oil, chaulmoogra oil, and beeswax.
Jute is collected from the stem bark of Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius plants. The stems are cut before flowering and undergo a retting process where they are soaked in water. This softens the fibers and allows them to be separated from the inner woody core. Jute fibers are long, golden yellow in color, and contain high amounts of cellulose. They are used to make cloth, sacks, twine and rope. Hibiscus cannabinus fibers can substitute for jute.
Cotton consists of the epidermal trichomes of various Gossypium species. It is commercially produced in countries like the US, Egypt, and India. Cotton fibers are unicellular and ribbon-like, ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 cm in length. Chemically, cotton is composed primarily of cellulose. It is used as a filtering medium and in surgical dressings and bandages due to its absorbency. Cotton fibers are identified microscopically by their twisted shape and transverse grooves and chemically by turning purplish-blue when treated with iodine and sulfuric acid.
Tragacanth is a dried gummy exudation obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer. It occurs in thin, flattened, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellowish-white in color. Tragacanth contains two fractions - the water-soluble portion called tragacanthin and the water-insoluble portion called bassorin. It is used as a demulcent, emollient, and thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical and food products.
This document provides information about various plant-based fibers including cotton, jute, and hemp. It discusses the biological source, chemical composition, uses, and preparation processes for each fiber. Cotton fibers come from the seeds of cotton plants and are mainly used for absorbent cotton, surgical dressings, and filtering. The document outlines the ginning and scouring processes used to prepare cotton fibers. Jute fibers come from the stems of jute plants and are composed primarily of cellulose. They are used for wrapping bales. The retting process is described for extracting jute fibers from the stems. Identification tests are also listed to distinguish between different types of fibers.
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
CARDIOTONIC
Definition:
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle.
Examples:
Digitalis
Arjuna
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Enzymes are protentious substances that catalyze or increase the rate of chemical reactions in a living organism.
It acts as a catalyst for specific reactions and converts the specific substrate into a specific product.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place.
They are practically inactive at 0°C and beyond 65°C get denatured.
Crude drugs which contain enzymes are Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
Factor like pH of the medium direct affects their action.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are aromatic oily liquids found in many plants. They are highly volatile and evaporate easily at room temperature. Volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbons and oxidized hydrocarbons derived from terpenes. They are found stored in secretory cells, cavities, or channels located in different parts of plants. Volatile oils have various therapeutic uses and are also used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings due to their strong aromas. They are extracted from plants using various techniques including water and steam distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage.
Wool fat
Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
Cardiotonic are the drugs that give strength or energy to the activity of the heart. Cardiotonic increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle and stimulates the overall activity of the heart. The drugs which are used as Cardiotonics are
Digitalis and Arjuna.
Cod liver oil is extracted from the livers of cod fish. It is mainly sourced from Scotland, Norway, Germany, Iceland, and Denmark. To produce cod liver oil, the cod liver is cleaned, minced, and heated to 80°C to destroy the lipase enzyme. The oil is then extracted and stored in barrels cooled to -2 to -5°C to precipitate palmitin, which is removed by filtration. Cod liver oil is a pale yellow, fishy-smelling oil that contains vitamins A and D. It is used to treat conditions like rickets and tuberculosis due to its nutritional and vitamin content.
ISOLATION IDENTIFICATION of alkaloids atropine and quinine.pptxSnehalKashid1
This document discusses the isolation, identification, and analysis of the alkaloids atropine and quinine. It describes how atropine is extracted from plants like belladonna through solvent extraction and crystallization. Tests for identifying atropine include TLC and the Vitalin-morin test. Uses of atropine include treating low heart rate and as an antidote. The isolation of quinine from cinchona bark is also outlined, involving extraction with benzene and crystallization of quinine sulfate. Quinine is used as an antimalarial and quinidine for cardiac arrhythmias.
Pharmacognosy OF LIQUORICE(Saponin Glycoside)ALOK SINGH
This document summarizes information about the plant liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It is grown in sub-Himalayan regions and parts of Europe. Microscopically, it exhibits cork layers, medullary rays, phloem fibers, xylem vessels and fibers, and parenchyma cells containing starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals. It contains saponin glycosides and glycyrrhetinic acid. Liquorice has demulcent, expectorant, and mineralocorticoid properties and is used in cough syrups, lozenges, and to mask bitter tastes in medicines. Its saponins aid absorption of some drugs. Adulterants include
Cod liver oil is prepared from the fresh livers of cod fish. It is a pale yellow, slightly fishy-smelling liquid that is soluble in organic solvents. Chemically, it contains vitamins A and D, as well as omega-3 fatty acids. Cod liver oil is used as a dietary supplement and for its nutritive properties. It is used to treat rickets, tuberculosis, and helps wound healing. It also reduces inflammation and cholesterol levels and can help treat ulcers. Due to its sensitivity to light and air, it must be stored in air-tight, colored containers.
This document summarizes information about castor oil. It discusses that castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant through cold pressing. The main growing regions are India, Brazil, and parts of Asia. It describes the multi-step process of removing the seed coat, pressing the kernels to extract 30% oil, filtering and heating the oil to remove toxins. Finally, it notes that castor oil is used for medicinal purposes as a laxative as well as various industrial applications like coatings, lubricants, and manufacturing plastics.
Ipecacuanha root is obtained from the dried rhizomes and roots of the Cephaelis Ipecacuanha plant belonging to the Rubiaceae family. It contains several phenolic alkaloids such as cephaline and dimethyl psychotrine, as well as non-phenolic alkaloids including emetine, psychotrine, and ipecacuanhin. Ipecacuanha root is used as an expectorant to treat whooping cough and amoebic dysentery, and is an ingredient in many cold formulations.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Coriander is a spice produced from the round, tan-colored seeds of the coriander plant (Coriandrum sativum), which is a member of the parsley family. The word coriander can be used to describe the entire plant: leaves, stems, seeds, and all.
This document provides an overview of various surgical aids used to dress wounds and injured tissues. It discusses different types of surgical dressings like primary dressings (plain gauze, impregnated gauze), secondary dressings (absorbents, bandages, adhesive tapes), and composite dressings (hydrogels, calcium alginate). It also covers sutures and ligatures that are used to hold wound edges together, including absorbable materials like catgut and synthetic polymers, as well as non-absorbable options like silk, nylon, and polyester. The document concludes by describing absorbable gelatin sponges that can be applied to bleeding surfaces to promote hemostasis.
Cassia angustifolia, commonly known as senna, is a shrub cultivated in regions near the Arabian peninsula and Nile river. Its dried leaves and pods are used medicinally and contain sennosides, which act as stimulant laxatives by irritating the lining of the intestines and increasing bowel movements. Senna is commonly used as a purgative or cathartic to relieve constipation and cleanse the digestive system, though long term use can cause side effects like diarrhea, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. It should be used cautiously by those with gastrointestinal disorders and may interact adversely with certain medications that affect potassium levels or gastrointestinal motility.
FIBRE TO FARIC
A Material which is available in the form of thin and continuous stand is called Fibre.
The thin strands of thread that we see are made up of still thinner strands called Fibres.
The cloth produced by weaving or knitting textile fibre is called Fabric.
There are two types of fibres, vi
1. Natural Fibre
2. Man – Made fibre or Synthetic Fibre
Pharmacognosy Chapter no 6 Diploma In Pharmacy.pdfSumit Tiwari
This document discusses different types of plant fibers that can be used as surgical dressings. It describes the characteristics of various fibers including cotton, silk, wool, and regenerated fibers. Cotton fibers are obtained from the seeds of cotton plants and are soft, fluffy and staple. Silk fibers are obtained from silkworm cocoons and are very fine, solid and smooth. Wool fibers come from sheep and are curly, elastic and hygroscopic. Regenerated fibers like rayon are made by dissolving and reconstituting cellulose. These fibers are used to make surgical dressings, bandages and as filtering mediums due to their absorbent properties.
Cotton consists of the epidermal trichomes of various Gossypium species. It is commercially produced in countries like the US, Egypt, and India. Cotton fibers are unicellular and ribbon-like, ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 cm in length. Chemically, cotton is composed primarily of cellulose. It is used as a filtering medium and in surgical dressings and bandages due to its absorbency. Cotton fibers are identified microscopically by their twisted shape and transverse grooves and chemically by turning purplish-blue when treated with iodine and sulfuric acid.
Tragacanth is a dried gummy exudation obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer. It occurs in thin, flattened, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellowish-white in color. Tragacanth contains two fractions - the water-soluble portion called tragacanthin and the water-insoluble portion called bassorin. It is used as a demulcent, emollient, and thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical and food products.
This document provides information about various plant-based fibers including cotton, jute, and hemp. It discusses the biological source, chemical composition, uses, and preparation processes for each fiber. Cotton fibers come from the seeds of cotton plants and are mainly used for absorbent cotton, surgical dressings, and filtering. The document outlines the ginning and scouring processes used to prepare cotton fibers. Jute fibers come from the stems of jute plants and are composed primarily of cellulose. They are used for wrapping bales. The retting process is described for extracting jute fibers from the stems. Identification tests are also listed to distinguish between different types of fibers.
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
CARDIOTONIC
Definition:
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle.
Examples:
Digitalis
Arjuna
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Enzymes are protentious substances that catalyze or increase the rate of chemical reactions in a living organism.
It acts as a catalyst for specific reactions and converts the specific substrate into a specific product.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place.
They are practically inactive at 0°C and beyond 65°C get denatured.
Crude drugs which contain enzymes are Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
Factor like pH of the medium direct affects their action.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are aromatic oily liquids found in many plants. They are highly volatile and evaporate easily at room temperature. Volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbons and oxidized hydrocarbons derived from terpenes. They are found stored in secretory cells, cavities, or channels located in different parts of plants. Volatile oils have various therapeutic uses and are also used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings due to their strong aromas. They are extracted from plants using various techniques including water and steam distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage.
Wool fat
Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
Cardiotonic are the drugs that give strength or energy to the activity of the heart. Cardiotonic increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle and stimulates the overall activity of the heart. The drugs which are used as Cardiotonics are
Digitalis and Arjuna.
Cod liver oil is extracted from the livers of cod fish. It is mainly sourced from Scotland, Norway, Germany, Iceland, and Denmark. To produce cod liver oil, the cod liver is cleaned, minced, and heated to 80°C to destroy the lipase enzyme. The oil is then extracted and stored in barrels cooled to -2 to -5°C to precipitate palmitin, which is removed by filtration. Cod liver oil is a pale yellow, fishy-smelling oil that contains vitamins A and D. It is used to treat conditions like rickets and tuberculosis due to its nutritional and vitamin content.
ISOLATION IDENTIFICATION of alkaloids atropine and quinine.pptxSnehalKashid1
This document discusses the isolation, identification, and analysis of the alkaloids atropine and quinine. It describes how atropine is extracted from plants like belladonna through solvent extraction and crystallization. Tests for identifying atropine include TLC and the Vitalin-morin test. Uses of atropine include treating low heart rate and as an antidote. The isolation of quinine from cinchona bark is also outlined, involving extraction with benzene and crystallization of quinine sulfate. Quinine is used as an antimalarial and quinidine for cardiac arrhythmias.
Pharmacognosy OF LIQUORICE(Saponin Glycoside)ALOK SINGH
This document summarizes information about the plant liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It is grown in sub-Himalayan regions and parts of Europe. Microscopically, it exhibits cork layers, medullary rays, phloem fibers, xylem vessels and fibers, and parenchyma cells containing starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals. It contains saponin glycosides and glycyrrhetinic acid. Liquorice has demulcent, expectorant, and mineralocorticoid properties and is used in cough syrups, lozenges, and to mask bitter tastes in medicines. Its saponins aid absorption of some drugs. Adulterants include
Cod liver oil is prepared from the fresh livers of cod fish. It is a pale yellow, slightly fishy-smelling liquid that is soluble in organic solvents. Chemically, it contains vitamins A and D, as well as omega-3 fatty acids. Cod liver oil is used as a dietary supplement and for its nutritive properties. It is used to treat rickets, tuberculosis, and helps wound healing. It also reduces inflammation and cholesterol levels and can help treat ulcers. Due to its sensitivity to light and air, it must be stored in air-tight, colored containers.
This document summarizes information about castor oil. It discusses that castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant through cold pressing. The main growing regions are India, Brazil, and parts of Asia. It describes the multi-step process of removing the seed coat, pressing the kernels to extract 30% oil, filtering and heating the oil to remove toxins. Finally, it notes that castor oil is used for medicinal purposes as a laxative as well as various industrial applications like coatings, lubricants, and manufacturing plastics.
Ipecacuanha root is obtained from the dried rhizomes and roots of the Cephaelis Ipecacuanha plant belonging to the Rubiaceae family. It contains several phenolic alkaloids such as cephaline and dimethyl psychotrine, as well as non-phenolic alkaloids including emetine, psychotrine, and ipecacuanhin. Ipecacuanha root is used as an expectorant to treat whooping cough and amoebic dysentery, and is an ingredient in many cold formulations.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Coriander is a spice produced from the round, tan-colored seeds of the coriander plant (Coriandrum sativum), which is a member of the parsley family. The word coriander can be used to describe the entire plant: leaves, stems, seeds, and all.
This document provides an overview of various surgical aids used to dress wounds and injured tissues. It discusses different types of surgical dressings like primary dressings (plain gauze, impregnated gauze), secondary dressings (absorbents, bandages, adhesive tapes), and composite dressings (hydrogels, calcium alginate). It also covers sutures and ligatures that are used to hold wound edges together, including absorbable materials like catgut and synthetic polymers, as well as non-absorbable options like silk, nylon, and polyester. The document concludes by describing absorbable gelatin sponges that can be applied to bleeding surfaces to promote hemostasis.
Cassia angustifolia, commonly known as senna, is a shrub cultivated in regions near the Arabian peninsula and Nile river. Its dried leaves and pods are used medicinally and contain sennosides, which act as stimulant laxatives by irritating the lining of the intestines and increasing bowel movements. Senna is commonly used as a purgative or cathartic to relieve constipation and cleanse the digestive system, though long term use can cause side effects like diarrhea, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. It should be used cautiously by those with gastrointestinal disorders and may interact adversely with certain medications that affect potassium levels or gastrointestinal motility.
FIBRE TO FARIC
A Material which is available in the form of thin and continuous stand is called Fibre.
The thin strands of thread that we see are made up of still thinner strands called Fibres.
The cloth produced by weaving or knitting textile fibre is called Fabric.
There are two types of fibres, vi
1. Natural Fibre
2. Man – Made fibre or Synthetic Fibre
Pharmacognosy Chapter no 6 Diploma In Pharmacy.pdfSumit Tiwari
This document discusses different types of plant fibers that can be used as surgical dressings. It describes the characteristics of various fibers including cotton, silk, wool, and regenerated fibers. Cotton fibers are obtained from the seeds of cotton plants and are soft, fluffy and staple. Silk fibers are obtained from silkworm cocoons and are very fine, solid and smooth. Wool fibers come from sheep and are curly, elastic and hygroscopic. Regenerated fibers like rayon are made by dissolving and reconstituting cellulose. These fibers are used to make surgical dressings, bandages and as filtering mediums due to their absorbent properties.
This document provides an overview of textile science, focusing on different types of fibers including their properties and production methods. It discusses natural fibers such as cotton, flax, hemp, jute, kapok, manila, ramie, sisal, coir, pina, wool, alpaca wool, angora wool, cashmere, mohair, vicuna, and silk. It also covers man-made fibers including regenerated fibers like rayon and modal, synthetic fibers like polyester and nylon, and inorganic fibers like asbestos and glass. For each fiber, key details are given around its plant or animal source, harvesting or production process, and common uses.
Primary metabolites, Fibers, Teratogens, Marine organismMegha Shah
This document provides information about different types of fibers including natural fibers like cotton, jute, hemp and hallucinogens. It defines fibers and discusses their classification into natural and man-made fibers. For each fiber, it describes the biological source, geographical source, production/preparation, physical properties, chemical constituents and uses. It also provides differences between natural and synthetic fibers, plant and animal fibers and discusses chemical tests to identify different fibers. The document classifies hallucinogens into psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants based on their mechanism of action in the brain.
This document discusses natural fibers that can be used for textiles and other industrial purposes. It begins by defining fibers and natural fibers. The main types discussed include plant-based cellulosic fibers like cotton, flax, jute, and hemp as well as animal-based protein fibers like silk and wool. For each fiber, it describes the biological source, preparation process, chemical constituents, and common uses. It also briefly covers other fibers including viscose rayon, asbestos, and glass wool.
Textile fiber is the raw material used in the textile industry. There are several ways to classify textile fibers, including by their nature and origin, moisture absorption abilities, and source. Natural fibers come from plants, animals, or minerals. Plant fibers include those from seeds like cotton, from plant skins like flax, and from leaves like sisal. Animal fibers include silk from silkworms and wool from animal hair. Mineral fibers include asbestos. Man-made fibers are artificially produced from other substances, like polyester and nylon. Regenerated fibers are produced from natural cellulose sources like cotton. Fibers can also be classified as hydrophilic, able to absorb water like cotton, or hydrophobic
This document provides information about natural vegetable fibers, including cotton, flax, jute, hemp, and sisal. It describes the plants they are extracted from, the fibers themselves, and their production processes. Cotton is the most widely used natural fiber and comes from cotton plants. Flax fibers are used to make linen and come from flax plants. Jute fibers are extracted from jute plants and are strong but soft. Hemp fibers come from cannabis plants and are long and durable. Sisal fibers come from agave plants and are coarse but strong. The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of these fibers and their various uses.
Chemical and Physical Structures of Natural Polymer FibersOneebNaeem
The document discusses the chemical and physical structures of several natural fibers, including cotton, flax, jute, wool, hemp, silk, kapok, ramie, and sisal. For each fiber, it provides a brief description of its source plant and notes that the chemical and physical structures will be discussed. However, the chemical and physical structure sections for each fiber are blank, indicating this assignment was not fully completed.
Textile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to TextilesTextile Fibers- Introduction to Textiles
This document provides information on different types of fibres, including their classification, characteristics, and analysis. It discusses natural fibres like silk, wool, cotton, flax, and hemp as well as man-made fibres such as polyamide, polyester, and regenerated fibres. Fibres are classified based on their origin as either natural or man-made, and further divided into categories like animal, vegetable, mineral, synthetic, and regenerated. The properties of different fibres depend on their chemical composition and molecular structure. Fibre analysis involves examining characteristics like morphology, refractive index, and molecular orientation using microscopy techniques.
Fibers can be divided into natural fibers and man-made or chemical fibers. Natural fibers include vegetable fibers like cotton, linen and jute, animal fibers like wool and silk, and mineral fibers like asbestos. Man-made fibers include regenerated fibers made from natural polymers like cellulose or protein, and synthetic fibers made from chemicals. Fibers are classified based on their origin, length, size and chemical composition to standardize and easily identify them.
This document provides information on various plant fibers including cotton, hemp, and jute. It describes the biological sources, geographical sources, preparation methods, microscopic and chemical properties of each fiber. Cotton fibers come from cotton plants and are processed to remove impurities before being bleached and sterilized. Hemp fibers come from cannabis plants and are used to make rope, canvas and paper. Jute fibers come from jute plants and are prepared through a retting process to separate fibers from the stem.
The document discusses different types of plant fibers including cotton, hemp, and jute. It provides details on their biological sources, preparation methods, microscopic and chemical properties, and uses. Cotton fibers come from cotton plants and are processed to remove impurities. Hemp fibers are obtained from cannabis plants through retting and separation from woody portions. Jute fibers come from jute plants and the stems undergo retting and processing to release fibers which are then used to make sacks and cloth.
The document discusses different types of fabrics. There are two main categories of fabrics: natural fibers which include cotton, wool, silk and jute obtained from plants and animals, and man-made or synthetic fibers such as polyester, nylon and velvet created in laboratories. Each natural fiber is then described in more detail along with examples of products made from that material.
Different Types Of Fibers With Pictures & Their PropertiesPandaSilk
Fibers can be natural or synthetic. Natural fibers include cotton, bast fibers like flax and hemp, wool, and silk. Synthetic fibers are man-made and include nylon, polyester, acrylic, and rayon. Cotton fibers are soft, porous, and absorbent. They have low thermal conductivity. Wool fibers have a crimped structure and can be dyed with acid or reactive dyes. Silk fibers are very fine and smooth with triangular cross-sections, but have low UV light resistance. Common synthetic fibers each have their own properties suitable for various applications like clothing, parachutes, and tires.
Flax is a natural cellulose bast fiber that comes from the stem of the Linum usitatissimum plant. It is classified as a heavy fiber due to its high cellulose (92%) content. The manufacturing process of linen involves several steps: harvesting flax plants, retting to separate fibers from stems, breaking and scutching, hackling and combing, spinning into yarn, weaving, and finishing/dyeing. Flax fibers are long, thin cells that provide strength and moisture absorption properties to linen textiles.
Types of Textile Fibre & Classification DescriptionTextile Industry
Textile fiber is the basic and principle raw materials to produce various types of textile finished products. A fiber that can be spun into yarn or processed into textile such as a woven fabric, knit fabric, lace, felt, non-woven etc by means of an appropriate interlacing method is called as textile fiber.
This presentation discusses the classification of fibers into three main categories: vegetable fibers, animal fibers, and synthetic fibers. Vegetable fibers like cotton are made of cellulose and come from plants. Animal fibers such as wool are composed of proteins and sourced from animals. Synthetic fibers like nylon are man-made from petrochemicals and consist of polymer chains. Each category was explained with examples of common fibers like cotton, wool, and nylon along with their composition and uses.
This document provides information about different types of fibers, yarns, fabrics and textile processes. It discusses natural fibers like cotton, jute, hemp and wool as well as man-made fibers including polyester, nylon, acrylic and spandex. It also describes yarn construction methods, fabric types like woven, knit and non-woven, and finishing processes in the textile industry such as spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing. The key stages in converting fibers to yarns and different classification systems for measuring yarn thickness are also summarized.
This document discusses evaporation and distillation processes. It defines evaporation and describes the mechanisms and factors that affect evaporation rates, including temperature, surface area, agitation, and atmospheric conditions. It also discusses different types of evaporators like natural circulation evaporators, forced circulation evaporators, and film evaporators. Film evaporators spread materials into a thin film over a heated surface to facilitate evaporation.
This document discusses otic preparations, which are medications used in the ear. It describes the different types of otic preparations including solutions, suspensions, drops, and their main uses for removing earwax and treating ear infections, inflammation, and pain. It provides examples of active and inactive ingredients used in common otic preparations and how they are formulated, packaged, and administered in the ear.
This document discusses pharmaceutical oral solutions. It begins by explaining that oral solutions are homogeneous liquid preparations containing one or more completely dissolved active ingredients. They provide rapid absorption and are particularly useful for patients who have difficulty swallowing solid dosage forms. The document then defines pharmaceutical solutions as preparations where active ingredients and excipients are dissolved in a solvent system. It discusses the types of excipients commonly used in solutions, including vehicles, co-solvents, preservatives, and viscosity modifiers. The document outlines factors that can affect drug solubility and methods to enhance it, such as salt formation, pH adjustment, and use of co-solvents. It also discusses formulation of solutions and common excipients used in oral solutions.
This document discusses ophthalmic preparations including definitions, advantages, disadvantages, common drugs used, applications, normal eye capacity, retention time, factors to enhance contact time, systemic absorption, drug delivery systems, sterility, preservation, buffering, isotonicity, viscosity, and thickening agents. It provides information on various ophthalmic dosage forms including solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, and gels. It also covers categories of ophthalmic drugs and considerations for formulation of eye drops.
This document discusses various galenical preparations used to extract active compounds from crude drugs. It defines infusions, decoctions, fluid extracts, and other extraction methods. Infusions are dilute solutions made by steeping drugs in water. Decoctions are solutions made by boiling drugs in water to extract heat-stable, water-soluble compounds from hard, woody materials. Fluid extracts are liquid preparations containing alcohol as a solvent and preservative. Extraction methods are important in pharmacy to obtain therapeutic components from crude drugs and remove inert materials.
This document discusses various solvents used in pharmaceutical preparations. It begins by defining solvents as substances that can dissolve, suspend, or extract other materials without chemically changing. Common solvents used include purified water, dehydrated alcohol, alcohol, glycerin, propylene glycol, and isopropyl rubbing alcohol. Purified water is produced through distillation, ion exchange, or reverse osmosis and is used in aqueous dosage forms. Alcohol is a useful solvent that forms hydroalcoholic mixtures and is commonly used in oral products in concentrations under 10%. Glycerin, propylene glycol, and isopropyl rubbing alcohol are also discussed as pharmaceutical solvents.
Suppositories are solid or semi-solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body cavities like the rectum or vagina. They melt or dissolve in the cavity fluid and exert local or systemic effects. Suppository bases include fatty bases like cocoa butter and hydrogenated oils, water-soluble bases like glycerogelatin and polyethylene glycol, and combinations. Factors affecting drug absorption from suppositories include physiological factors, drug properties, and base properties. Suppositories are used to deliver drugs locally or systemically and have advantages over oral drugs in certain situations.
Oral rehydration therapy involves drinking modest amounts of water, sugar, and salts like sodium and potassium to prevent and treat dehydration caused by diarrhea. The sugar and salts in oral rehydration solutions help the body absorb water and replace lost electrolytes through diarrhea. A typical oral rehydration solution contains sodium, potassium, chloride, citrate, and glucose to replenish fluids and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate lost during diarrhea.
This document discusses pharmaceutical aerosols. It defines pharmaceutical aerosols as pressurized dosage forms that emit a fine dispersion of liquid and/or solid materials in a gaseous medium upon actuation. It describes how pharmaceutical aerosols work using propellants to exert pressure and force the product out in an even stream. It discusses the types of propellants and pressurized containers used, factors influencing drug absorption from aerosols, and advantages and disadvantages of aerosols.
This document discusses aromatic waters, which are clear aqueous solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic substances. It defines three categories of aromatic waters and describes three common methods for their preparation: distillation, solution, and an alternative solution method. Specific aromatic waters are mentioned like rose water, orange flower water, and witch hazel. Therapeutic uses include perfuming formulations, and some have specific uses like camphor water in eye drops. Aromatic waters require storage in light-resistant containers and labeling to protect from sunlight due to volatile constituents.
To prepare relatively stable and homogeneous mixtures of two immiscible liquids.
Permits administration of a liquid drug in the form of minute globules rather than in bulk.
Palatable administration of an otherwise distasteful oil by dispersing it in a sweetened, flavored aqueous vehicle.
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) provide an alternative to oral administration and injections by delivering drugs through the skin. TDDS consist of a backing layer, drug reservoir, release liner, and adhesive layer. Drugs must have certain properties like molecular weight <1000 Daltons to permeate the skin. Permeation enhancers can temporarily increase skin permeability. The four main types of TDDS are membrane modulated, adhesive diffusion controlled, matrix dispersion, and microreservoir systems. The design objectives are to deliver drugs through the skin at therapeutic levels over time.
This document discusses disperse systems, specifically suspensions. It defines suspensions as preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed throughout a vehicle. Suspensions can be classified based on particle size (coarse vs fine), proportion of solid particles (dilute vs concentrated), electrokinetic properties, or intended route of administration (oral, topical, injectable). Key aspects of suspensions include maintaining proper particle size, using wetting agents, preventing sedimentation, and ensuring stability. The document provides examples of pharmaceutical suspensions and discusses their preparation, packaging, storage, and some extended-release options.
Biphasic system
emulsions
Classification of emulsion
Theories of emulsification
The HLB system
Stability of Emulsion
Emulsion Manufacturing
Test for emulsions
Pharmaceutical applications of emulsions
Packaging of emulsions
Notes made by PU student:
INTRODUCTION TO DRUG AND DIFFERENT DOSAGE FORMS
Drug
Pharmaceutical Preparations Manufactured by Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical Preparations Compounded Individually
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORM
NEW DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Powders, granules, tablets and capsules are common solid oral dosage forms. Powders are mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals that can be used internally or externally. Particle size influences properties like dissolution rate and suspendability. Powders are classified based on number of active ingredients and mode of dispensing. Granules are agglomerates of powder particles made using a solvent or binder. They have better flow properties than powders. Granules can be coated to modify drug release. Effervescent granules contain acid and carbonate ingredients that react to produce carbon dioxide when mixed with water, masking unpleasant tastes.
This document defines and describes gels and magmas. It discusses:
- The definition of gels as semisolid systems made up of dispersed particles or molecules in a liquid.
- That gels and magmas are considered colloidal dispersions containing particles of colloidal dimension.
- Examples of gelling agents used to form gels including various polymers, gums, and minerals.
- Methods of preparing inorganic gels through precipitation or hydration reactions to form fine particles that interact strongly with water.
- Factors that influence gel formation such as temperature, interactions between particles, and addition of salts or alcohols.
This document discusses pests and pesticides. It defines pests as animals or plants that damage crops, ornamental plants, or endanger human/animal health. Pesticides are toxic substances used to kill pests and are classified based on the organism they target (e.g. insecticides, fungicides). Common pests include rodents, insects, weeds, and parasitic fungi. Methods of pest control include mechanical, biological, environmental, agricultural and chemical methods. Chemical pesticides include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides.
This document provides information about cleanrooms, their classification, design, and testing. It defines cleanrooms and classifications based on maximum allowable particle concentrations. ISO classification ranges from 1 to 9, with lower numbers indicating cleaner rooms. Design considerations include personnel and material flows, air flow patterns to minimize contamination, construction materials for cleanability, and HVAC systems for air filtration and pressure differentials between zones. Parameters like particle levels, air changes, temperature and humidity are monitored regularly to maintain cleanroom quality.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
2. Fibers are fine hair like structures of animal,
vegetable, mineral or synthetic origin
They can be defined as “elongated thick
walled cells, with pointed ends.”
The quality of surgical dressings depends
upon the type of fiber used to prepare
dressings.
3. Dressings make direct contact with the
wound
Bandages used to hold dressings in place.
However B.P classify them as same thing.
4. Commercially available fibers have
diameters ranging less than 0.004 to 0.2mm.
The fibers used for surgical dressings have
shorter length.
For textile use. Fibers must have length of at
least 1000 times to its diameter.
5. They may be of different forms.
a) Staple or chopped: they are short fibers.
b) Monofilament: it is continuous single fiber.
c) Tow: it is untwisted bundles of continuous
filaments.
d) Yarn: it is twisted bundles of continuous
filaments.
6. These are classified based upon their origin.
These include:
1. Animal fiber
2. Vegetable fiber
3. Regenerated fibers
4. Mineral fibers
5. Synthetic fibers
7. They are obtained from animals.
All animal fibers are complex proteins.
They are resistant to most organic acids and
to certain powerful mineral acids such as
H2SO4.
They may be damaged by mild alkalies and
may be dissolved by strong alkalies such as
sodium hydroxide.
E.g. Silk and Wool
8.
9. They are obtained from plants and are
generally based on the arrangement of
cellulose, often with lignin.
These fibers are mainly made up of
cellulose.
They resist alkalies and most organic acids.
However they are dstroyed by strong mineral
acids.
There are four major types of vegetable
fibers:
10. i- Seed Fibers
These are the soft hairs that surround the
seeds of certain plants e.g. Cotton, Kapoka
(Ceiba) etc.
ii- Bast fibers
These are the tough fibers that grow
between the bark and the stem of many
dicotyledonous plants e.g. Flax, Hemp, Jute
and Sunn etc
11.
12. iii-Vascular fibers
These are the tough fibers found in the
leaves and stem of monocotyledonous e.g.
Agave (sisal), Henequen etc.
iv-Grass stem fibers
They are obtained from entire stem of some
grasses and straw, such as esparto.
13.
14. They are prepared from naturally occurring
polysacchrides e.g. cellulose.
The cellulose is modified to prepare a
suitable fiber form. It is prepared by
dissolving the cellulose in chemicals and
making it into fiber again.
Examples are Viscose, cellulose acetate,
oxidized cellulose, nitrocellulose etc.
15.
16. They are obtained from minerals.
Examples include Glass fibers, asbestos
fibers and aluminium fibers.
17.
18. These are produced by polycondensation of
organic molecules i.e. cellulose
These are stronger than natural fibers e.g.
nylon, terylens and polyethylene etc.
19. Fibers can be distinguished by chemical
tests and by studying their microscopic
structures.
Synthetic and mineral fibers give negative
tests of vegetable and animal fibers.
20. Biological source: Gossypium herbeceum
Family: Malvaceae
Parts used: hairs and epidermal trichomes of
seeds of small trees and shrubs
Habitat: majorly grown in india for atleast
5000 years. From india, it spread to China,
Egypt and USA and now cultivated there as
a crop.
21. Half of the cotton of the world is produced in
USA and the other important sources are
Egypt, India and Pakistan.
Preparation: plants are shrubs or small trees
producing capsules containing numerous
small seeds. Capsules open upon maturity
and seeds get exposed. Seeds are covered
with mass having long white hairs or cotton
fibers called “lint”. Cotton fibers are collected
in the absence of rain and dew drops and
dried in shade. After drying, they are
22. ginned to remove the hairs from the seeds.
Seeds are again subjected to another type of
gin which is used to separate smaller hairs
called “Linters” from the seeds. These short
hairs are used to make cotton wools while
seeds are used in the preparation of cotton
seed or cattle cake. The cotton obtained is
called raw cotton which have various impurities
such as broken seeds, fragment, leaves etc.
most of these impurities are removed during
manufacturing of yarn.
23. Structure and characters: cotton consists of
unicellular hairs. Each of these hairs is
flattened, tabular with spiral twist. The length
of fiber is upto 5cm with a diametet of 9-24
micrometer. The number of twists in the
indian, pakistani cotton fibers is 75 per cm.
USA cotton fibers have 150 twists per cm.
hair has cellulose wall which is covered with
waxy cuticle layer. Due to the presence of
cuticle it is non-absorbent.
24. Identification test:
1. On ignitin, cotton burns with a flame, giving
little odour of burning leaves and fumes. The
ash leftovers easily crumbles. Small samples
of burning cotton can be blown out as in
candle.
2. Raw cotton dissolves in copper oxide
ammonia solution (cuoxam) forming a blue
color.
3. Raw cotton is soluble in cold sulphuric acid
80% w/w.
25. 4. Raw cotton is insoluble in warm HCL, in
5%potassium hydroxide solution and in
acetone.
5. It is insoluble in 90% formic acid or 90%
phenol.
6. When raw cotton is treated with cold
shirlastain-A for one minute, it gives blue or
purple color after washing.
7. When raw cotton is treated with cold
shirlastain-C for minutes, it gives mauve to
reddish-brown color after wahing.
27. Uses:
1. raw cotton is used as filtering medium
2. It is a chief constituents of many surgical
dessings and insulating materials.
3. Used in textile industry
4. Used to manufacture explosives, cellulose
acetate and other cellulose derivatives.
28.
29. Synonyms: absorbent wool, purified cotton.
Botanical source: Gossypium herbceum and
other species of Malvaceae family.
Family: Malvaceae
Parts used: epidermal hairs of seeds of
plants of Malvaceae family
It is made from cotton waste i.e. fibers or
hairs (comber waste, linters, sardstrip or
cardfly) which are rejected or seperated
30. By cotton combing machine during the
preparation of cotton for spinning (to draw out
and twist into threads)
Preparation: following steps are involved;
S1: remove impurities from comber waste
firstly.
S2: comber waste is heated with dilute sodium
hydroxide solution and soda ash (Na2CO3)
solution at 1-3 atmospheric pressure for 10-15
hours. Most of the fatty cuticle is removed and
the trichome wall becomes absorbent in this
process.
31. S3: in this step, the cotton is washed with water,
decolorizd with sodium hypochlorite solution and
treated with dilute HCl and than dried.
S4: the dried fibers are in matted condition i.e.
twisted together into a thick mass, so they are
opened up by machines.
S5: in this step the absorbent cotton is converted
into thin continuous sheets with the help of a
carding machine. Several sheets are placed upon
one another and paper is kept between the two
sheets. Finally they are packed into rolls and
sterilization.
32. Chemical tests: same as that of raw cotton.
Characters: absorbent cotton occurs as
white, soft, fine hairy filaments. The filaments
consists of unicellular hair of 2.5-5cm in
length. The diameter is 9-24 µm. Hairs are
cylindrical when young and becomes
flattened and twisted at maturity. The
number of twists varies from 75 per cm to
150 per cm for different species. Absorbent
cotton is odorless and tasteless.
33. Chemical nature:
Absorbent cotton consists of cellulose.
Cellulose is compose of a number of glucose
units linked together by beta 1, 4 glucosidic
bonds.
Uses:
a) Absorbent cottons is used for surgical
dresssings e.g, it is used to absorb blood,
mucus, pus, and for mechanism support.
b) As it is sterlized and purified, therefore used
to protect wound from bacteria.
34. Synonyms: animal wool or sheep’s wool.
Biological Source: Zoological name is Ovis
arries
Family is Bovidae.
Parts used: Wool obtained from the fleece of
domestic sheep
Geographical Source: Wool producing
countries include; Australia, Russia,
Argentina, India and America.
35.
36. Preparation: The fleece of sheep is generally
cut once in a year, usually in the spring or early
summer. Wool from the different parts of the
same fleece varies greatly in length of fibers,
fitness and structure. Wool from shoulders and
sides of the sheep is usually superior to that
from other parts of the body.
The following steps are involved in the preparation
of wool.
S1: the hairs are removed from the fleece of the
sheep. As the length and quality of the hairs
varies, so they are spread on a frame, covered
with wire netting to separate it into wool of
different sizes and qualities.
37. S2: the fibers are beaten over the netting to
remove dust and dirt. The other foreign
substances are also removed.
S3: in this step, fibers are cleaned because it
contains an oily substances i.e. wool grease.
So the wool is washed in tanks containing
warm, soapy water to remove the wool grease.
S4: the wool is dried by hot air. The fibers are
loosened and drawn straight into a
38. continuous from with the help of carding
machine. This process is known as carding.
Finally these fibers are spun into yarn.
S5: The wool grease from washing process is
collected by mechanical means or by or
organic solvents. Purified wool grease is
known as “wool fat” or anhydrous lanolin. It is
used in cosmetics and ointments.
39. Structure: wool consists of elastic, shiny and
smooth hairs or fibers. The length of hair is from
2-50cm.
Under microscope, the hair can be distinguished
into three regions;
a. Cuticle; consists of epithelial scales which are
lying over each other like “tiles”. Strong
solution of ammonia can separate the epithelial
scales in a few minutes.
b. Cortex; consists of elongated cells.
c. Medulla; consists of rounded cells containing
fatty matter or pigments.
40. Characters:
A single wool fiber can resist breakage when
subjected to weight of 15-30g and when
stretched as much as 25-30% its length.
Wool is insoluble in warm HCl and in cold
concentrated H2SO4.
Wool fiber has great affinity for dyestuffs. It
can absorb 17 times of moisture of its
weight.
41. It has good resistance to dry-cleaning solvents,
strong alkalies and high temperatures.
Wool fiber may be damaged by ageing, larval
attack such as cloth moths, carpet beetles and
exposure to sunlight.
It does not continue to burn when removed
from a flame
42. Identification tests:
Wool is insoluble in warm HCl and in cold
concentrated H2SO4.
they respond positively with Millon’s test i.e.
wool gives thick red color with Millon’s reagent
on gentle heating.
They are stained permanently with picric acid.
With picric acid it gives deep yellow color.
43. They are dissolved in 5% aquous potassium
hydroxide solution.
Wool gives blue color when treated with
ammonia copper oxide solution.
When lead acetate is added to a solution of
wool in caustic soda, black precipitates are
formed.
44. Chemical constituents:
Raw wool consists of;
Woo fibers….. 31% (wool fibers are composed
of protein called keratin which is rich in maino
acid cystine. Keratin consists of C,H,O and N
elements. It gives strength and elasticity to the
wool fiber and thus the fiber can be stretched to
an extent).
Wool sweat or suint….. 32% (suint is an oily
substancecomposed of potassium salts of fatty
acids.
Dirt and dust….. 25%
Wool grease or lanolin.
45. Uses:
wool is used in pharmaceuticals as filtering
and staining medium.
Used to prepare crepe bandages.
46. An artificial textile material composed of
cellulose obtained from cotton linters or from
the pulp (soft and fleshy part) of the trees such
as Spruce (an evergreen tree of the pine
family).
In other words, rayon is regenerated cellulose
or fibers.
Regenerated fibers are prepared from naturally
occuring polysacchrides.
These compounds are modified to yield a
suitable fiber form.
47. Preparation:
Can be prepared by two processes.
1. Viscose process
2. Cuprammonium process.
1. Viscose process
The process was introduced by three British
chemists Baedle, Bevan, Cross in 1892.
In this process the starting material is cellulose
obtained from the crushed wood of Spruce or
from Cotton linters.
The following steps are involved in this
process.
48. S1: the wood of Spruce is delignified to
produce white pulp. The pulp contains 80-90%
of cellulose and some hemicellulose.
S2: as hemicellulose are alkali soluble
therefore it is removed by treating product with
NaOH. The remaining alkali cellulose is
dissolved in a mixture of carbon disulphide
and sodium hydroxide solution to form a
viscous yellow liquid Viscose. The liquid is
allowed to ripen and filtered.
S3: in this step the filterate is forced through
small holes in a nozzle into liquid bath.
49. The bath contains dilute sulphuric acid and
sodium sulphate. The cellulose is regenerated
in the form of continuous filaments in the bath.
This process is called Extrusion.
S4: the filaments are spun into yarns. The
yarns are combined, twisted and treated with
sodium sulphide to remove free sulphur. After
desulphurization, the yarns are bleached
washed, dried and a 10% moisture content is
adjusted. Surgical dressings are prepared from
the viscose yarns.
50. 2. Cupramonium Process
In this process purified cellulose is treated with
cupramonium liquor then with sodium
hydroxide to form viscose. The remaining
steps are the same as that for viscose process.
Delustring and Dying
Delustring is done, when the fibers are used for
surgical dressings. The fibers can be
delustered by the addition of white pigment i.e.
titanium oxide to the solution before
preparation of yarns. The
51. delustered viscose also called mall viscose is
used to prepare surgical dressings. Similarly
the fibers may be dyed by the addition of
suitable dye instead of titanium oxide.
Preparation of Cellophane
when viscose soultion (formed in step 2) is
passed through a nozzle into a regenerating
bath, sheets of viscose are formed. These
sheets are washed bleached, treated with
glycerin solution and dried to produce
cellophane.
52. Cellophane is a valuable packing material and
is also used as dialyzing membrane. It is also
used as protective dressing.
Characters
Viscose is pure form of cellulose.
It is white lustrous in color.
Its molecule contains 450 residue units
whereas the molecules of wood cellulose
contains 9000 glucose units.
Viscose fibers are solid, transparent, 15-
20µm in diameter and slightly twisted.
53. Identification tests
On ignition, rayon burns with a flame, giving
little odor and fumes, it does not produce bead
and leaves a small white ash.
A blue color is produced, when rayon is
moistened with a mixture of iodine and
sulphuric acid.
Rayon dissolves in copper oxide ammonia
solution (cuoxam) forming a blue color.
Rayon is soluble in cold sulphuric acid 80%
w/w.
54. Rayon is insoluble in warm HCl, in 5%KOH
solution and in acetone.
It is insoluble in 90% formic acid or 90%
phenol.
When rayon is treated with cold shirlastain-A
for one minute, it gives blue or purple color
after washing.
When rayon is treated with cold shirlastain-C
for 5 min, it gives violet to reddish-brown color
after washing.
It does not produce red color, when treated
with phloroglucinol and HCl.
55. Uses
Viscose rayon is used to prepare fabrics,
surgical dressings, absorbent wool, enzyme
and cellophane.
It has advantage over cotton dressings in that
they show no less of absorbance on storage.