The document discusses the structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953. Some key points:
- Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure with two polynucleotide strands coiled around each other.
- The strands are anti-parallel, with nitrogenous bases projecting inward and forming hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs of A-T and C-G.
- Their model explained how DNA replicates - the two strands separate and each acts as a template for a new partner strand, ensuring the base pairings are preserved.
DNA is tightly packed in the nucleus of every cell. DNA wraps around special proteins called histones, which form loops of DNA called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. Chromatin in turn forms larger loops and coils to form chromosomes.
DNA packaging is crucial because it makes sure that those excessive DNA are able to fit nicely in a cell that is many times smaller.
The DNA in bacterial cells are either circular or linear. To accommodate the size of bacterial cell, supercoiled DNA are folded into loops with each loop resembles shape of bead-like packets containing small basic proteins that is analogous to histone found in Eukaryotes.
The presentation covers the details of DNA replication starting from the basics of the replication process to the chemistry of DNA synthesis as well as the different models of replication.
DNA is tightly packed in the nucleus of every cell. DNA wraps around special proteins called histones, which form loops of DNA called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. Chromatin in turn forms larger loops and coils to form chromosomes.
DNA packaging is crucial because it makes sure that those excessive DNA are able to fit nicely in a cell that is many times smaller.
The DNA in bacterial cells are either circular or linear. To accommodate the size of bacterial cell, supercoiled DNA are folded into loops with each loop resembles shape of bead-like packets containing small basic proteins that is analogous to histone found in Eukaryotes.
The presentation covers the details of DNA replication starting from the basics of the replication process to the chemistry of DNA synthesis as well as the different models of replication.
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
The following slides contains a brief comparison of the different forms of the DNA. It includes A-DNA, B-DNA , and Z-DNA.
It also briefs about the conditions that would favor the transition from one form to the another
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
GAMETES
STRUCTURE OF GAMETES
SPERM
OVUM
RECOGNITION OF EGG AND SPERM
CAPACITATION
ACROSOME REACTION
SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION
GAMETE BINDING AND RECOGNITION
GAMETE FUSION
PREVENTION OF POLYSPERMY
ACTIVATION OF GAMETE METABOLISM
FUSION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
The presentation includes about the basic knowledge of Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA. It involves the definition, structure, occurence, quantity, chemical composition, stability, variety, types, molecular weight, complementary of base pairs, absorbance, viscosity, ionic interactions, alternative forms and functions of DNA.
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
The following slides contains a brief comparison of the different forms of the DNA. It includes A-DNA, B-DNA , and Z-DNA.
It also briefs about the conditions that would favor the transition from one form to the another
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
GAMETES
STRUCTURE OF GAMETES
SPERM
OVUM
RECOGNITION OF EGG AND SPERM
CAPACITATION
ACROSOME REACTION
SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION
GAMETE BINDING AND RECOGNITION
GAMETE FUSION
PREVENTION OF POLYSPERMY
ACTIVATION OF GAMETE METABOLISM
FUSION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
The presentation includes about the basic knowledge of Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA. It involves the definition, structure, occurence, quantity, chemical composition, stability, variety, types, molecular weight, complementary of base pairs, absorbance, viscosity, ionic interactions, alternative forms and functions of DNA.
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DNA is a highly complex, intricate and extraordinary macromolecule found within all living cells. DNA is a "biochemical noun" and can be defined as "...a self- .... In other words, DNA refers to the molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next. The scientific name for DNA .... Free Essays from 123 Help Me | acid (DNA) is a molecule, a material rather, that is present in almost all living organisms. It is self-replicating and is .... 17. 2. 2022 ... Dna is the genetic fabric which is present in all the cells of the body. This molecule present a few characteristics, as VNTR, special present .... 24. 4. 2020 ... Genetic ancestry testing holds the potential to identify the geographic origins of an individual's ancestors, ancestral lineages, and relatives, .... 25. 4. 2022 ... 2022 DNA Day Essay Contest: Full Essays ¡ 1st Place: Man Tak Mindy Shie, Grade 12. Teacher: Dr. Siew Hwey Alice Tan School: Singapore .... DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic acid, is two self replicating biopolymer strands that contain biological information that is necessary for human life. DNA is what .... DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is a genetic information-carrying molecule that is essential for the development, growth, and reproduction of all .... DNA stand for deoxyribonucleic acid. RNA stands for ribonucleic acid. They share some similarities, such as both being nucleic acids.. Free Essay: The Structure and Replication of DNA Introduction The ... The enzyme polymerase is used to add new nucleotides to the growing DNA strands.
DNA - The building blocks of all life - lecture notes from a presentation by Jill Pullan to Mansfield U3A Science and Technical group.
http://www.mansfield-u3a.org.uk/.
UNDERSTANDING THE INVOLVEMENT OF N-TERMINAL DOMAIN OF FATS IN INTERACTION WIT...Santosh Kumar Sahoo
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Fat family members (FAT1, FAT2, FAT3, and FAT4) are human homologs of Drosophila Fat and are implicated in tumour suppression and planar cell polarity. Cellular homeostasis is largely maintained at the cellular level via transcription regulation, which can vary in response to physiological alterations. FAT atypical cadherin 1 (FAT1), which encodes a protocadherin, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancer. FAT1 is thought to play a vital role in the maintenance of organ and cellular homeostasis, as well as activating a number of signalling pathways via protein-protein interactions, such as the Wnt/catenin, Hippo, and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. Unregulated FAT1 expression can cause cancer and have a negative impact on prognosis. In this study, we focused on the structural and functional aspects of various domains and motifs of FAT1. Global bioinformatic databases resulted in streamlining a list of putative protein associates of FAT1. Since FAT1-mediated structural and functional alterations, as well as variations in FAT1 expression, contribute to disturbances in cellular homeostasis and result in patho-physiological disorders including cancer, we essentially focused on cancer-related genes functionally related to the FAT1. FAT1 is a huge protein composed of 4588 amino acid residues. By mutational analysis and further protein-protein docking studies using multiple bioinformatic tools it was confirmed that the C-terminus 4204-4214 and 4300-4400 amino acid residues are critical for interaction with cancer-related genes including Tumor necrosis factor, Myc proto-oncogene and Rela proto-oncogene. Interestingly, it was found that the small peptides corresponding to the C-terminus domain 4204-4214 and 4300-4400 of FAT1 effectively interact with tumor-suppressor genes. These evidences widens up the possibility of administering potential peptides when the FAT1 expression is inhibited. Our preliminary results will pave way forward in improving the prognosis and treatment of patients with cancer.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
History of PCR
Instrumentation of PCR
Principle of PCR
Components of PCR
Steps of PCR
Optimal PCR Factors
Applications of PCR
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
NCBI; Introduction, Homepage and about
Tools and database of NCBI
BLAST; Introduction, Homepage and types of BLAST
Some databases of NCBI
References
Acknowledgements
Fatty acid oxidation
Types of fatty acid oxidation
Overview of fatty acid oxidation
Beta-Oxidation of fatty acid
Steps in Beta-Oxidation of fatty acid
Stoichiometry of Beta oxidation
Reference
vector born diseases
malaria facts
Malaria; One of the worldâs deadliest vectorborne diseases
Global malaria scenario; As for World
Malaria report 2020
Current Malaria scenario in INDIA
malaria vector control
prevention
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesarâs dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empireâs birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empireâs society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Review Literature
Occurrence of DNA
METHODOLOGY
What is DNA?
Chemistry of DNA
Model of DNA
Structure of DNA
Conclusion
Presentation
Outline
3. COMMUNITY LEVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROFILING
WHAT IS DNA?
ī DNA is an important bio molecule which
transfer the genetic material from generation
to generation.
ī DNA is responsible for all metabolic
activities inside the body and it is present
inside the body.
ī The DNA is purely responsible for physical
appearance of the organism.
OCCURANCE:-
ī It occurs inside each of the cells of the
organism.
Introduction
4. COMMUNITY LEVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROFILING
ī Roselind Franklin discovered the double helical
structure of DNA by X-ray Crystallographic
studies.
ī Watson and Crick discovered the double helical
model of DNA in 1953 and they share a noble
prize in 1962.
Model of DNA
1953 â Watson and Crick's 3D Model
of DNA
5. COMMUNITY LEVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROFILING
Chemistry of DNA
ī The two strands of DNA are known as polynucleotide since they are simple units
called nucleotides.
ī Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is bound in nucleus and mainly in the
chromosomes.
ī DNA consist of
(i) Nitrogenous Bases
(ii) Deoxyribose sugar or Pentose sugar
(iii) Phosphoric Acid
(i) Nitrogenous Bases:-
It mainly consist of purine and pyrimidine.
1. Purine:- It consist of Adenine and Guanine.
2. Pyrimidine:- It consist of Thymine and Cytosine
(ii) Deoxyribose sugar/Pentose sugar:-
The sugar present in DNA is deoxyribose type. So it is called pentose sugar.
(iii) Phosphoric acid :-
The phosphoric acid present is DNA phosphoric acid.
7. COMMUNITY LEVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROFILING
Structure of DNA
ī The structure of DNA molecule was
proposed by James D. Watson and
H.C. Crick in 1953.
ī For their work they were awarded
with Nobel Prize in year 1962.
ī According to them DNA is composed
of two long chains or strands coiled
around each other to form a double
helical structure.
ī Two chains runs in opposite
direction.
8. COMMUNITY LEVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROFILING
Salient features of Watson and Crick model
ī DNA consists of nucleotides and a nucleotide consist of nitrogenous bases, pentose
sugar and phosphoric acid.
ī Adenine forms double bond with thymine and Guanine forms triple bond with
cytosine.
ī The bond between nitrogenous base is loose hydrogen bond. In a DNA two strands
are coiled with each in a ladder like manner just like a rope stair is twisted to form a
spiral. It has diameter of about 20 angstrom.
ī A DNA consist of minimum 10 nucleotides and the total length of DNA is 34
angstrom.
ī DNA is a double helix structure and the distance between two adjacent nucleotides
is about 3.4 angstrom.
ī There are 4 types of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in DNA- (i) dAMP (ii)
dGMP(iii) dCMP (iv) dTMP
9. COMMUNITY LEVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROFILING
Salient features of Watson and Crick model
ī Phosphodiester bonds are formed between 5'C of sugar of another nucleotide.
Hence known as 3',5' - phosphodiester bond.
ī Watson and Crick model of DNA is right handed i.e. it runs in clockwise
direction . The model is B form of DNA.
ī DNA can be coiled like a rope in a process called DNA super coiling. In this
process if the DNA is twisted in clockwise direction then +ve super coiling
and bases are held more tightly together, whereas if the DNA is twisted in
anticlockwise manner then it is called -ve super coiling.
ī In nature most of the DNA has -ve super coiling that is introduced by enzyme
topoisomerase.
10. COMMUNITY LEVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROFILING
Salient features of Watson and Crick model
ī Two strands of double helix are anti-parallel.
ī Each polynucleotide chain has sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous
base directed inside the helix. These bases are stacked on top of each other
like a ladder fashion.
ī The nitrogenous bases of anti-parallel polynucleotide strands are linked
through hydrogen bonds. There are2 hydrogen bonds A and C where as 3
between H and C.
ī The hydrogen bonds are the only attractive forces between the two
polynucleotide of the double helix. they serve two hold the structure
together.
11. COMMUNITY LEVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROFILING
CONCLUSION
ī DNA is very important for life.
ī From the helical structure of DNA it is confirm that Adenine pairs only with
thymine whereas Cytosine with Guanine.
ī So the number of adenine and cytosine is equal with the number of thymine
and guanine respectively.