Semi-Conservative Dna Replication Essay

Semi-Conservative Dna Replication Essay
DNA replication is described as semi–conservative. It is semi–conservative because the replication of one helix results in two daughter helices each of
which contains one of the original parental helical strands. Furthermore, it is semi–conservative because the two new daughter DNA molecules are
"half old" and "half new"; this means that half the original DNA molecule is saved, or conserved in the daughter DNA molecules.
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Introduction:
DNA replication is one of the fundamental processes involved with the central dogma and is instrumental in the development of mutations, alternations
and others changes that allow the process of evolution to operate and proceed leading to the biodiversity. In the process proposed by Watson and
Crick (1953), the double helix unwinds to expose the bases in each strand of the DNA , where each of the two separate strands act as the template or
molecular mould for the synthesis of a new molecule of DNA . As it is well known that the process of replication allows for the complementary base
formation among the template strand and the newly synthesized DNA strand .this mechanism of complementary base pairing has resulted in the semi
conservative mode of replication of the DNA molecule (Pray,2008).'
Stages of replication: The molecular mechanism of the process of replication is directed towards the fidelity of the DNA molecule. Along with
numerous interacting enzymes and other molecules working in split second accuracy and timing to synthesize, proof read, repair and eventually
produce a newly synthesized strand of DNA with error s at the rate of one per 100 million nucleotides (Alberts et al., 2002). The fundamental process
of replication can be considered in three phases–– initiation, elongation and termination.
Fundamental requirements for DNA replication
For the smooth and successful integration of the different molecule r events leading to the proper mechanism

Replication Of The Viral Dsdna
LYTIC INFECTION
Once the viral dsDNA has entered the nucleus, if it circularizes itself and becomes an episome within the nucleus, then the virus has entered a lytic life
cycle. EBV replication takes place in specialized sites within the host nucleus, referred to as replication compartments8. It is believed that EBV
replicates following the rolling circle replication model1. Figure 3 demonstrates how RCR works: after being cut with an endonuclease one strand is
replicated continuously and the other is replicated discontinuously, putting together segments called linear concatamers and they code for circularDNA.
Once EBV replication has begun the three stages of transcription begin to follow.
EBV, along with some other viruses, transcribe their DNA in a very regulated and temporal fashion. These stages, or sets of genes, are called the
immediate early (IE) genes, early (E) genes, and late (L) genes. The tegument protein VP16 helps initiate the transcription of the IE genes, which
code for DNA binding proteins that will be useful for the remaining steps of transcription1. E genes codes for proteins necessary for vDNA
replication as well as other helpful proteins for transcription and L genes code for structural proteins that aren't needed until after viral replication has
started1. As IE and E genes are replicated and transcribed they are exported to the cell cytoplasm for translation and the appropriate proteins are
brought back into the nucleus to aid in transcription or

DNA Replication essay
Transcription is a process in which information in a strand of DNA is copied to a new molecule of messenger RNA. DNA stores genetic material in
the nuclei of cells. RNA is a copy of the original DNA material but is not used for long term storage and is free to exit the nucleus. Although it is not
an exact copy of the DNA segment. Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and proteins called transcription factors. Newly
formed mRNA copies of genes serve as blueprints for protein synthesis during translation.
Translation is the process of a protein that is synthesized from information contained by a molecule of messenger RNA. In translation mRNA defined
is translated into a 20 letter code of amino

Dna Replication Essay examples
DNA REPLICATION
WHAT IS DNA?
DNA is a molecule that has a repeating chain of identical five–carbon sugars (polymers) linked together from head to tail. It is composed of four ring
shaped organic bases (nucleotides) which are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T). It has a double helix shape and contains the
sugar component deoxyribose.
THE PROCESS OF DNA REPLICATION
How DNA replicates is quite a simple process. First, a DNAmolecule is "unzipped". In other words, it splits into two strands of DNA at one end of
the DNA molecule. This separation will cause a formation of a replication fork.
After the replication fork has been established the strands of DNA are ready for the next stage. On each strand is a sequence...show more content...
&#61623; The first discovery Chagraff made was that the amount of adenine present in all DNA molecules is equal to the amount of thymine.
&#61623; The second discovery Chagraff made was that the amount of guanine was equal to the amount of cytosine.
&#61623; The third discovery Chagraff made was that the amount of adenine plus thymine often differs greatly from the amount of guanine plus
cytosine.
HOW THE IMAGE OF DNA WAS FIRST DISCOVERED
After Chagraff's discoveries, two British scientists by the name Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens were able to apply his observations. Thus,
these two scientists were the first ones to discover the image of what a DNA molecule actually looked like in three–dimension.
How these scientists manage to obtain the image of a DNA molecule was by the use of "x–ray crystallographic analysis". In this process, DNA
molecules are bombarded with a x–ray beam. These x–rays encounter atoms, which in turn causes their paths to bent or diffract. The pattern created by
the sum of total of these diffractions are then captured on a photographic film. The pattern is then interpreted into the image of the molecule through
careful analysis. Thus, because of this research it led to the first theory and model structure of DNA.

MAURICE WILKENS
Maurice Wilkens was born in the year 1916 and is a British

Rosalind Franklin Dna Replication
Because of her discovery of the B–form of DNA, recognition that two states of the
DNA molecule existed and defined the conditions for the transition, essentially being literally only two steps away from discovering the structure of
DNA herself, Rosalind
Franklin deserved to be a co–winner of the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize Nobel Prize in
Medicine for elucidating the structure of DNA in such a way that the mechanism for genetic replication was revealed. The x–ray, or photograph that
James Watson, Francis
Crick and Maurice Wilkins used, and was extremely viable in all three of their research, was a direct result of work carried out by Rosalind Franklin
while at King's College in
London. Instead, the three men received the recognition and Rosalind...show more content...
From these photographs, or x–rays, she was able to draw a logical conclusion to the basic dimensions of DNA strands. Rosalind actually presented
these findings at a lecture in King's College at which one of the eventual Prize winners, James Watson, were in attendance. Franklin tried to figure out
how the double helix worked but wasn't able to. Without her permission,
Franklin's co–worker, Maurice Wilkins, secretly showed her photos to the American scientist Watson. He andFrancis Crick, his British research partner,
were trying to build a DNA model. When Watson saw the photographs, he realized that DNA is a double
– stranded helix and the two were able to
complete the model.
In 1953, the same year Rosalind left Cambridge, both Wilkins and Franklin published papers on their X–ray data in the same journal issue with Watson
and Crick's paper on the structure of DNA. Neither published paper gave credit to the photo that would eventually help, if not become the breakthrough
they needed in their

Dna And Sequence Of Dna Essay
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a self–replicating nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in cells in a double helix structure. The 2 stranded
helix is composed of 4 nucleotides, Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). The base pairs only form between A and T connected
by 2 Hydrogen bonds and G and C connected by 3 hydrogen bonds. Foremost DNA wrapping comes about as DNA wraps around protein called
histones. These combined loops of DNA and protein are called nucleosomes and the nucleosomes are packaged into a thread called chromatin.
Chromosomes are made up of packaged chromatin and can be seen in the nucleus of dividing cells and form around DNA replication. Furthermore,
DNA replication begins with 2 DNA strands being separated by the helicase enzyme. Single stranded DNA binding proteins attach to these strands to
keep them from re–connecting. 1 DNA strand begins to encode called the leading strand, which Forms from 5' to 3' end using DNA polymerase 3
the primary polymerase. The other strand is referred to as the lagging strand, which presents problems because it has to form from the 5' to 3'end as
well. As continuous replication of the leading strand continues the lagging strand forms in pieces called Okazaki fragments. RNA primase forms as
RNA primer and polymerase III lay down new DNA. This process repeats again and again. DNA polymerase I replaces RNA primers with DNA and
DNA ligase links the Okazaki fragments. Along with the process of DNA

Dna Rna And : Dna Replication
1. The process where a cell passed its DNA sequence onto another cell is known as DNA replication. This process usually took place in the S phase
cell cycle through mitosis where the copy of DNA molecule are segregated and cytoplasm open up leading to cell division. In order for the process to
happen, an enzyme helicase must hack the hydrogen bond where the DNA "unzip" and "unwind" to establish two open template. DNA polymerase
then replace the RNA primer by adding new complementary nucleotides to the templates by following the base pairing rules––A=T, C=G, G=C, and
T=A. Once the process is complete, two new sisters DNA strand are produce identical to the original strand. 2. This template is an 6 amino acid
(CAT CTA ACC CCA GAG GAG ), where each codon is a triplet code for one amino acid. This template has to be transcript into (GTA GAT TGG
GGT CTC CTC) where it then can be translate into mRNA. The translation of mRNA shows each codon for a particular amino acid (GUA GAU
UGG GGU CUC CUC). The new amino acid that has been translated can now be used to create haemoglobin protein (Val Asp Trp Gly Leu Leu). 3.
GTA GAT TGG GGT CAC CTC [Sickle Cell Anemia] GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC [Normal hemoglobin] CAT CTA ACC CCA GAG GAG
[Template Strand] In comparison of the template strand and normal cell with the sickle cell stand, there is a coding error on the second last triplet.
The template strand has a GAG and normal response of CTC, however the sickle cell

Dna Synthesis Case Study
To achieve accuracy of DNA replication after the unwinding of DNA, the DNA must be synthesized. DNA synthesis, in the case, the two strands are
disconnected and then turned into single–stranded DNA. This is called replication fork. The replication fork acts as a model for DNA synthesis.
However, the site of impaired or mutated DNA can cause a lower rate pf success for DNA synthesis. Impaired DNA can also lead to unprocessed and
unligated okazaki fragments. Okazaki frgaments are small DNA fragments that are linked to the lagging strand of DNA. The research article suggest
that okazaki fragemts should be tracked for the benefit of cancer patients. For instamce, the lack of DNA ligase 1 is caused by the delay of okazaki
frgaments. DNA ligase 1...show more content...
An ubiquitin can change the way a cell functions or even where the call is located. The researchers then use a cdc9 with a wild–type of DNA ligase 1
to determine whether PCNA ubiquitination happens because of the nicked DNA or because of the lack of PCNA–DNA ligase interaction. While
reviewing this, they noticed that the cdc9 mutants come to a halt during the later phases of the cell cycle and they collect unligated okazaki
fragments. THis proves that PCNA ubiquitination occurs because of the nicked DNA. The nicks are left behind for repairin the last phase of the
cell cycle, G2. Although they discovered this, they alos discovered that breaks in the DNA were present in the cdc9 mutants. They caused the
replication forks to be held up. These breaks need to be repair via HR. To repair the breaks they suggest RAD52 to be used. Unfortunately, RAD52
was unsuccessful and did not interact with the mutant. They then test if RAD59 can be used to repair the breaks. THey recognize that RAD59 played
an important role in supporting the kinase needed for checkpoint activation of the cell cycle, known s Mec1. However, RAD59instead deactivated
Mec1 by restraining a protein coding gene called

Dna Replication And The Cell Cycle
Have you ever fell while riding a bicycle? Bobby was riding on his bike down a slope hill when he suddenly loses control of the bike and runs into a
tree. Ow! Bobby falls down his bike and onto the ground, scraping his knee. About a week later, Bobby's skin is pretty much healed up. How? How did
Bobby's wound heal?
When you get a cut in your skin, your skin cells divide to replace the ones that died from the injury. An important part of the division of cells isDNA
replication. Without DNA replication, the new cells wouldn't have DNA. So why is DNA so important? DNA is the basic blueprint of life, and it
serves to tell the cells what to do, and what proteins to code for. Let's take a deeper look into Bobby's cell to see what fascinating events happens
during DNA replication.
DNA Replication & The Cell Cycle
Before Bobby's cells enter the the stage of mitosis to divide, it goes through DNA replication. This process occurs in the nucleus of the cell during
the "S" phase of the interphase of the cell cycle. The process of DNA replication is important in that it is the instruction manual found in every cell
that serves to regulate your body and its functions. For example, if tells your cells which proteins to code for.
DNA is replicated so that it can be passed into the daughter cells at the end of mitosis.
Replication Forks and Bubbles
First, let's understand where DNA replication is happening along the DNA. The whole region of unwound DNA is called the

Dna Replication Essay
Since we discovered that DNA is in the nucleus in every single cell, we're curious about how exactly DNA can be replicated in a way that can keep
our identity, including our characteristics. This could be described after learning about DNA and its very individual characteristics, along with
transcription and translation, which are the two steps of DNA replication. These steps can determine our characteristics, as well as our personalities.
DNA is mostly made of adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. These all make hydrogen bonds, and that's only if it's connected to the correct base.
An example of this would be when thymine connects to adenine and guanine connects to cytosine. Though, since this is mRNA being created, adenine
would connect...show more content...
The DNA helicase latches on to the DNA molecule, unzipping the double helix, letting enzymes break the hydrogen bonds that connect the base pairs.
Also, complementary nucleotides that are floating around and about in the nucleus form hydrogen bonds according to their pairs: thymine to adenine
and guanine to cytosine. Due to the hydrogen bonds being more breakable, the DNA is much easier to "unzip" for replication. In the cytoplasm you
can also find tRNA. tRNA contains a 3 nucleic code on one side and on the other side, there's a special protein on the other. In the cytoplasm, mRNA
attracts ribosomes that have a similar 3 letter code of tRNA. The amino acids from tRNA then bond with the mRNA, which then creates a protein chain
when a start codon or Methionine is reached. This chain will eventually stop once the stop codon is reached. This will then create a completed protein.
In conclusion, even through replication, we are still able to keep our characteristics due to the stationary and unchanging method of replication, which
is where we keep the same genetic coding. With the steps of DNA replication, this determines our characteristics, along with our personalities. The more
we continue the studying of genetics, we may one day be able to cure disorders before the person is even born or

The Replication Of DNA In Escherichia Coli
Introduction
Today's issue of Biology: Meselson and Stahl (Vol 4, 1958) includes a groundbreaking development into further understanding of DNA Replication. On
pages 671 – 682 is an article titled "The Replication of DNA in Escherichia Coli". Meselson and Stahl conducted an experiment to understand how
DNA self–replicates by the use of Bacterial transformation to clone parental DNA.
In the article, Meselson and Stahl investigate the distribution between the parental and daughter DNA molecules. This is achieved by the use of Radio
Isotopic labelling. Uniform Isotopic N15 was grown in E.coli consisting of N14 medium to observe the distribution of N15 DNA macromolecules.
Within the article, the authors also discuss the problems they faced during the investigation and how significant Watsons and Cricks Double helix
suggests how DNA self–replicates.
What is DNA?
The discovery of the structure of DNA has always been associated with Watson and Crick. Their double helix structure, which they developed in 1983,
has been used as a model to understand how DNA self–replicates (Karp, 2009). The structure of DNA is made up of covalent bonds between 4 unique
nucleotide bases. These bases bind together via complementary base pairing, therefore allowing Adenine to only bind with Thymine, and Cytosine
with Guanine (Penn State, Ebery College of Science, 2016). The use of covalent bonds makes the structure strongly bound like a zipper. However, just
like a zipper, it can easily open up

At the core of every organism lies a particular cellular alphabet which encodes the information for the lifelong development and maintenance of that
organism. This genetic library, or genome, of an organism is located in the nucleus and consists of the complete set of DNA segments that are packaged
into chromosomes. Each chromosome has one long twisted DNA molecule which is made up of hundreds to thousands of genes that encode genetic
information in the specific sequence of the four types of nucleotides: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. The deoxyribonucleic acid of all
organisms is composed of the four kinds of nucleotides but the differences in their sequencing is what distinguishes one organism from another. Hence,
all life forms...show more content...
This phenomenon, called the "end replication problem", was pointed out by James Watson in 1972. Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules
overcome this problem by the molecular mechanism of telomeres. Telomeres are appendages of non–coding, repetitive sequences of nucleotides
located at the ends of linear DNA molecules such as those in eukaryotic cells. These protective "caps" found at chromosomes ends prevent the
shortening of genes during DNA replication, make it possible for our cells to divide without the erosion of genetic units and ensure that genetic material
is successfully passed down from one generation to the next. They also protect the chromosomes from fusing and connecting DNA with each other.
Recent studies have also shown that telomeres correlate to aging and that telomeres play a significant role in the immortality of cancer cells. As
previously noted, eukaryotes have repeated nucleotide sequences on the ends of their chromosomes. For example, the repeated unit in human telomeres
is TTAAGGG. Now as the DNA replicates, the enzyme telomerase catalyzes the elongation of telomeres at chromosome ends. Through this telomerase
activity, telomeres prevent chromosomes from losing base pair sequences that can code for an organism's genes. Ultimately, telomeres suspend the
erosion of genes at chromosome ends. This

DNA Essay
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid are two chemical substances involved in transmitting genetic information from parent to offspring. It was
known early into the 20th century that chromosomes, the genetic material of cells, contained
DNA. In 1944, Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty concluded that DNA was the basic genetic component of chromosomes.
Later, RNA would be proven to regulate protein synthesis. (Miller, 139)
DNA is the genetic material found in most viruses and in all cellular organisms.
Some viruses do not have DNA, but contain RNA instead. Depending on the organism, most DNA is found within a singlechromosome like bacteria, or
in several chromosomes like most other living things. (Heath, 110)...show more content...
(Grolier Encyclopedia, 1992)
DNA does not act directly in the process of protein synthesis because it does not leave the nucleus, so a special ribonucleic acid is used as a messenger
(mRNA). The mRNA carries the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm during transcription. (Miller,
76)
This leads to the topic of replication. When DNA replicates, the two strands of the double helix separate from one another. While the strands separate,
each nitrogenous base on each strand attracts it's own complement, which as mentioned earlier, attaches with hydrogen bonds. As the bases are bonded
an enzyme called
DNA polymerase combines the phosphate of one nucleotide to the deoxyribose of the opposite nucleotide.
This forms a new polynucleotide chain. The new DNA strand stays attached to the old one through the hydrogen bonds, and together they form a new
DNA double helix molecule. (Heath, 119) (Miller, 144–145)
As mentioned before, DNA molecules are involved in a process called protein synthesis. Without RNA, this process could not be completed. RNA
is the genetic material of some viruses. RNA molecules are like DNA. They have a long chain of macromolecules made up of nucleotides. Each
RNA nucleotide is also made up of three basic parts. There is a sugar called ribose, and at one end of the sugar is the phosphate group, and at the

other end is one of several nitrogenous bases.
There are four main nitrogenous bases found in

DNA Complications In Biology
1–using Other proteins unwind the template DNA and stabilize single–stranded regions: Helicases unwind the two strands of parental DNA ahead of
the replication fork. Single–stranded DNA–binding proteins then stabilize the unwound template DNA, keeping it in an extended single–stranded state
so that it serve as templates for new DNA synthesis. Single–stranded DNA–binding proteins (SSB) have high affinity to single–stranded (ss) DNA and
participate in DNA replication, recombination, and repair as accessory protein .SSB plays a role in separating DNA strand during replication and
prevent ssDNA from re–form a double helix.
2–Activation of topoisomerases enzyme : the two strands of template DNA unwind, the DNA ahead of the replication fork...show more content...
DnaA is a member of the AAA+ family of ATPases. DnaA directly stimulates DNA replication initiation from a single defined origin of replication
(oriC) once per cell cycle. Multiple ATP–bound DnaA molecules bind to an array of recognition sequences (DnaA–box 5вЂІ–TTATCCACA
–3вЂІ)
within oriC where they assemble into a helical filament that promotes duplex DNA unwinding so the amount of ATP
–bound DnaA dictates the rate of
DNA replication initiation. Artificial overexpression of DnaA increases the frequency of DNA replication initiation
5–Adjust The growth curve (four phases) of bacteria: cells initially adjust to the new medium (lag phase) until they can start dividing regularly by the
process of binary fission (exponential phase). When their growth becomes limited, the cells stop dividing (stationary phase), until eventually they
show loss of viability (death phase). Note the parameters of the x and y axes. Growth is expressed as change in the number viable cells vs time.
The cells divide at a constant rate depending upon the composition of the growth medium and the conditions of incubation. The rate of exponential
growth of a bacterial culture is expressed as generation time, also the doubling time of the bacterial population ( the doubling time in fast growing
cells is less as compared to the slow growth). The microorganisms are rapidly growing and heir

Dna Synthesis
DNA creates the code for all the proteins in your body. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It lives in the nucleus of a cell and cannot leave the
nucleus without damaging itself. So how does it get the code to the ribosome to make the proteins? The DNA transcribes the code on to something
called an mRNA. This mRNA can now travel through the cell's cytoplasm to the ribosome with the code. Then the ribosome makes the proteins for the
DNA code. Each protein makes the trait. Say the DNA coded for blue eyes, then the mRNA that is made would also code for blue eyes. Then the
ribosome makes the protein that has blue pigment which makes your eyes

Dna Replication Research Paper
DNA replication, or DNA synthesis, is the process in which makes a copy of itself prior to cell division. Every cell needs a copy of genetic material.
The cell needs an entire copy of the DNA molecule, so for humans that means 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. Even though a cell needs an entire copy of
the DNA, it only uses a portion of it. There are three major steps to DNA synthesis: binding of the enzyme to the DNA, unwinding and unzipping of the
DNA, and synthesis of new complementary strand. In the first major step of DNA replication enzymes bind to specific areas of DNA called replication
origins. In eukaryotes, like us, there are numerous binding sites that start at the same time because DNA molecules are so large that it would take too
long to start at one end and go to the other. However, in prokaryotes there is only one single, circular DNA molecule so there is only one replication
origin. The replication in these cells begins at one point and goes in both directions until the whole circular chromosome...show more content...
DNA is wound in a double helix structure because of an attraction of charges. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold the base pairs, adenine
and thymine, guanine and cytosine, together. The separation of the two single strands of DNA forms a Y shape, known as a replication fork. These
two separated strands act as a guide for the new strands to form. The final major step in DNA replication is synthesizing the new DNA strands. DNA
polymerase is an enzyme that creates DNA molecules. This happens by assembling nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA. The DNA
polymerase reads the new DNA base and brings in the matching nucleotide. This process of reading the base and bringing in the complementary
nucleotide continues until the next replication origin is reached. These enzymes are essential to DNA

The Process of DNA Replication Essay
The Process of DNA Replication
The process of DNA replication plays a crucial role in providing genetic continuity from one generation to the next. Knowledge of the structure of
DNA began with the discovery of nucleic acids in 1869. In 1952, an accurate model of the DNA molecule was presented, thanks to the work of
Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and FrancisCrick. To reproduce, a cell must copy and transmit its genetic information (DNA) to all of its progeny.
To do so, DNA replicates following the process of semi–conservative replication. Two strands of DNA are obtained from one, having produced two
daughter molecules that are identical to one another and to the parent molecule. This essay reviews the three stages...show more content...
Moreover, there are many enzymes that participate in the unwinding of the old strands of DNA molecule such as topoisomerase. This enzyme is
responsible for initiation of the unwinding of the old strands of DNA molecule. Once supercoiling has been eliminated by the topoisomerase, helicase
accomplishes unwinding of the original double strand. In order to aid with the unwinding process, DNA gyrase catalyzes the formation of negative
supercoils. The unwound helix, with each strand being synthesized into a new double helix, is called the replication fork.
The second stage of the process is complementary base pairing. In this stage, new complementary nucleotides are positioned following the rules of
complementary base pairing: adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C). Then, the binding of free nucleotide with complementary
bases is catalyzed by DNA polymerase.
The last stage of the process, joining, involves bonding of complementary nucleotide to each other so as to form new strands. The nucleotides are
joined to one another by hydrogen bonds to form a new DNA molecule. This joining continues until a new polynucleotide chain has been formed
alongside the old one, forming a new double–helix molecule. This stage of the process also takes place with the assistance of enzymes. The DNA
polymerase links the complementary nucleotides

Dna And Cloning Research Paper
DNA is 2 strands of coiled molecules called a double helix, it gives us all different characteristics and qualities, It is also a hereditary material found in
humans and almost all other organisms. DNA bases pair up with each other, Adenine(A) must pair with Thymine(T) and Guanine(G) must pair with
Cytosine(C) to make weak hydrogen bonds. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid made of subunits called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of a
Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. 2 hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine(A) and Thymine(T), 3 hydrogen bonds are
required to bond Guanine(G) and Cytosine(C). Each base pair is combined by a hydrogen bond.
Clones are organisms that are genetic copies of one another. DNA is very identical to one another, cloning will allow scientists to discover what
proteins do and what their functions are. With or using recombination scientists can replicate cells. Cloning can happen naturally to plants and animals
(single celled). Cloning has some effect, eliminating genes,...show more content...
As the 2 DNA strands open at the origin, replication, 2 strands open forming replication forks(Y shaped) then new strands grow on the forks As the 2
DNA strands open, replication bubbles form, Prokaryotes (Bacteria) have a SINGLE bubble, and Eukaryotic chromosomes have many bubbles.
Enzymes unwind and separate the 2 DNA strands by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds. Single strand binding proteins attach and keep the 2 DNA
strands separated and untwisted. Enzyme topoisomerase attaches to the 2 different forks of the bubble to relieve stress on the DNA molecule as it
separates. Before new DNA strands can form, they must be RNA primers present to start the addition of new nucleotides. Primase is the enzyme that
synthesizes the RNA primer, DNA polymerase can then add the new nucleotides. Cloning is a good

Semi-Conservative Dna Replication Essay

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Semi-Conservative Dna Replication Essay