This is a seminar presentation conducted by 4th year medical students under supervision of a lecturer. Reference were not attached here, but all information are from google, few textbooks and also from previous ENT posting's seminar.
Acute epiglottitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the epiglottis and nearby structures like the arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds, and vallecula.It is a life-threatening infection that causes profound swelling of the upper airways which can lead to asphyxia and respiratory arrest.Bacterial etiology is the most common cause of epiglottitis. Soft tissue lateral xray of neck shows thumb sign. Airway management is the main concern of epiglottitis.
Acute epiglottitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the epiglottis and nearby structures like the arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds, and vallecula.It is a life-threatening infection that causes profound swelling of the upper airways which can lead to asphyxia and respiratory arrest.Bacterial etiology is the most common cause of epiglottitis. Soft tissue lateral xray of neck shows thumb sign. Airway management is the main concern of epiglottitis.
to differentiate b/w wheezing and stridor....lead to know to make clinical dx for asthma, croup, laryngomalacia, epiglottis...there many noisy breathing....our focus wheezing n stridor....
Approach to non-infectious Upper Airway Obstruction “Stridor” in children.pptxJwan AlSofi
This lecture will discus the approach to stridor / upper airway obstruction in children and paediatric age group.
Topics to be discussed:-
Upper Airway Obstruction (UAO):- eitiology, clinical features, invetigations, treatment
Foreign Body Aspiration
Choanal Stenosis (Atresia)
Laryngomalacia (Floppy Larynx)
Subglottic Stenosis
Adenoidal and Tonsillar Hypertrophy
Others causes of UAO
Seminar presentation by 5th-year medical students under the supervision of in house lecturer. He was previously working as a consultant surgeon in Syria. Reference as mentioned in the slides.
Seminar presentation by 5th year Medical Student under the supervision of a pediatric surgery specialist from HRPZ II. Reference as mentioned in the slide.
Seminar presentation by group C 5th year medical student under supervision Dato Imi, endocrine specialist in HRPZ II.
Reference as mentioned at the end of the slide presentation
4th year medical student's seminar presentation under supervision of orthopedic lecturer. Reference is from Dr. Sameh Doss Textbook of upper and lower limb, and also other multiple websites.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. WHAT IS STRIDOR?
Stridor is an abnormal, high-pitched
breath sound produced by turbulent
airflow through a partially obstructed
airway at the level of the supraglottis,
glottis, subglottis, or trachea.
Stertor
heavy snoring inspiratory sound
occurring in coma or deep sleep,
sometimes due to obstruction of the
larynx or upper airways.
Causes of stertor : choanal stenosis,
enlarged tonsils and/or adenoids, and
redundant upper airway tissues.
3. TYPES OF STRIDOR
1. INSPIRATORY STRIDOR
2. EXPIRATOTY STRIDOR
3. BIPHASIC STRIDOR
Suggests an airway obstruction at or above the level of
vocal cord
Suggests airway obstruction at the level of trachea
and bronchioles. Commonly referred as wheeze.
Suggests a supraglottic or glottic airway obstruction
8. ACQUIRED CAUSES
TRAUMA
INFLAMMATORY
FOREIGN BODY
ALLERGY
NEOPLASIA
Thermal or chemical, iatrogenic (intubation)
Ac epiglottitis, Ac laryngitis, ALTB, Retropharyngeal
abscess, Diptheria
In the larynx, trachea or bronchus & external
compression from oesopharyngeal foreign body
Angiomeurotic oedema of larynx or trachea
Benign e.g. laryngeal papillomatosis
Malingnant e.g. laryngeal or bronchial carcinoma
12. ACUTE EPIGLOTTITIS
It is an acute inflammation in the supraglottic
region of the oropharynx with inflammation of the
epiglottis, vallecula, arytenoid and aryepiglottic.
It is rapidly progressive
Common in children (2-7 y/o)
It is emergency case as the time interval from start
of symptom to total respiratory obstruction may
be extremely short
13. CAUSES
1. H. influenza type B
2. Streptococcus pneumonia
3. Group A streptococci
4. Burn / Trauma
19. OVERVIEW
CONGENITAL
METABOLIC
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis or croup is an acute infection
involving the larynx, trachea and bronchus.
Commonly seen in the children up to age of 7 years old.
Parainfluenza viruses (types 1, 2, 3) are responsible for about
80% of croup cases.
Spread through either direct inhalation from a cough and/or
sneeze, or by contamination of hands
Most likely to occur during the winter and early spring.
25. WESTLEY SCORING
CONGENITAL
METABOLIC
Croup scores have been developed to assist the clinician in assessing
the patient's degree of respiratory compromise.
The final score sum has a range of 0 to 17.
Sum score of less than 2
Occasional barking cough, hoarseness, no stridor at rest, and mild
or absent suprasternal or subcostal retractions.
Specific respiratory symptoms (rhinorrhea, sore throat, cough)
Fever ( generally low grade but may exceed to 40⁰C )
Hoarseness of voice
Barking cough
Stridor
Chest retraction
A. MILD DISEASE
26. WESTLEY SCORING
CONGENITAL
METABOLIC
Sum score of 3 – 5 indicates moderate disease.
Frequent cough, audible stridor at rest, and visible retractions,
but little distress or agitation.
Sum score of 6 – 11.
Prominent inspiratory (and, occasionally, expiratory)
stridor, frequent cough, marked chest wall retractions,
decreased air entry on auscultation, significant distress and
agitation.
B. MODERATE DISEASE
C. SEVERE DISEASE
27. WESTLEY SCORING
CONGENITAL
METABOLIC
Sum score of ≥ 12
At this point, a barking cough and stridor may no longer be
prominent.
Lethargy, cyanosis, and decreasing retractions are harbingers of
impending respiratory failure.
D. IMPENDING RESPIRATORY FAILURE
28. INVESTIGATIONS
CONGENITAL
METABOLIC
1. Full blood count
– Lymphocytosis
2. ABG
– Hypoxia and hypercapnia in respiratory failure
3. X-ray :
– Steeple sign (signifies the subglottic narrowing )
4. Laryngoscopy
33. ANATOMY
Bounded anteriorly by visceral layer of
pretracheal fascia and posteriorly by alar fascia
of the deep layer of deep cervical fascia.
Situated posterior to the pharynx and the
esophagus extending from base of skull to T4
vertebra level.
Contains lymph nodes (lymph nodes of
rouviere) that disappear by 3-4 years of age
RETROPHARYNGEAL SPACE
35. RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
Is a collection of pus at the retropharyngeal space
secondary to infection.
There are 4 different ways in which it can occurs:
1. Suppuration of retropharyngeal lymph nodes of
rouviere
2. Spread of infection from parapharyngeal abscess
3. Trauma causing perforation of the posterior
pharyngeal wall leading to infection.
4. Tuberculosis of cervical spine.
40. TREATMENT
IV broad spectrum antibiotics and drainage
by an incision in the posterior pharyngeal
wall through oral cavity.
Adults with tuberculous abscess are treated
with anti tuberculous drugs, drainage
through an external neck incision when
required.
43. INTRODUCTION
Foreign body aspiration is a common cause of acute
stridor.
The peak incidence is between one and two years of
age because children have the habits of putting small
objects into the mouth.
The site where the foreign body gets lodged depends
on the size and nature of the foreign body.
The foreign body can be anything, but the most
common is food.
A history of aspiration or choking can be obtained in
90 percent of cases.
45. CLINICAL FEATURES
It depends on the site where the foreign body get stuck.
Cough, stridor, dyspnea and rarely aphonia.
Symptoms:
Sudden onset of choking (early stage), productive cough and fever (later
stage).
Signs:
Unilateral wheezing, poor chest movement and reduced breath sound.
Organic FB (vegetables, foods) may produce a severe mucosal reaction,
while non-organic FB (coins, toys) produce little or no mucosal reaction.
Foreign body in larynx:
Foreign body in tracheobronchial:
47. INVESTIGATIONS
2. CHEST X-RAY
Will initially show collapse beyond the
obstructed bronchus and later
consolidation
Look for unilateral hyperinflation, lobar
or segmental atelectasis or mediastinal
shift.
On chest radiographs, children have air
trapping more often, while adults have
atelectasis more often
A normal finding on chest radiographs
does not exclude the diagnosis
Foreign body can only be visualized on
x-ray if it is radio-opaque. (E.g.
vegetables foreign body is not radio-
opaque)
48. INVESTIGATIONS
3. BRONCHOSCOPY OR LARYNGOSCOPY
Both rigid and flexible can be both diagnostic and therapeutic
4. CT SCAN
Show the object and may identify localized air trapping
CT scanning supplemented with virtual bronchoscopic imaging may
further provide such useful information prior to an attempt at
bronchoscopy.
Attempting to pass a flexible bronchoscope beyond the first object
encountered is not an advisable course of action
51. TREATMENT
Depends on the location of foreign body.
Removal of the foreign body by an experienced surgeon assisted by
anaesthetist.
Flexible laryngoscopy or bronchoscopy can be done under the LA.
Rigid direct laryngoscopy or bronchoscopy is performed under GA
using small endotracheal tube.
The patient lies supine position with the neck flexed on an extended
head (barking dog position)
If the FB impacted deeper.
1. HEIMLICH MANEUVER
2. LARYNGOSCOPY OR BRONCHOPSCOPY
3. OPEN THORACOTOMY
55. TREATMENT
2. LARYNGOSCOPY OR BRONCHOPSCOPY
The patient lies supine position with the
neck flexed on an extended head
(barking dog position)
56. HOW TO APPROACH?
HISTORY
Stridor is a physical sign and not a disease. Attempt should always
be made to discover the cause. It is important to elicit:
1. TIME of Onset – To elicit the cause is from congenital or
acquired.
2. MODE of Onset – Sudden onset (foreign body, oedema),
gradual and progressive (laryngomalacia, subglottic
haemangioma, juvenile papillomas).
3. DURATION –
Short : foreign body, oedema, infections
Long : Larygomalacia, laryngeal stenosis,
subglottic haemangioma, anomalies of tongue
and jaw
57. HOW TO APPROACH?
HISTORY
Stridor is a physical sign and not a disease. Attempt should always
be made to discover the cause. It is important to elicit:
4. RELATION to feeding – Aspiration in laryngeal paralysis,
oesophageal atresia, laryngeal cleft, vascular ring, foreign body
oesophagus.
5. CYANOTIC SPELLS – Indicate need for airway maintainence
6. ASPIRATION OR INGESTION of a foreign body
7. Laryngeal TRAUMA – Blunt injuries to larynx, intubation,
endoscopy
58. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
1. Stridor always assoc. with respiratory distress. There may be recession in
suprasternal notch, sternum, intercostal spaces and epigastrium during
inspiratory efforts.
2. Note whether stridor is inspiratory, expiratory or biphasic - indicates the
probable site of obstruction.
3. Note assoc. characteristics of stridor:
4. Assoc. fever indicates infective condition, e.g. acute laryngitis, epiglottitis,
croup, or diphtheria
5. Stridor of laryngomalacia, micrognathia, macroglossia and innominate artery
compression disappears when baby lies in prone position.
59. HOW TO APPROACH?
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
6. Sequential auscultation with unaided ear and
with stethoscope over the nose, open mouth,
neck and the chest helps to localize the probable
site of origin of stridor.
7. Examination of nose, tongue, jaw, and pharynx
and laryx can exclude local pathology in these
areas. In adults, indirect laryngoscopy can be
done easily while infants and children require
flexible fibreoptic laryngoscopy.
FLEXIBLE FIBREOPTIC LARYNGOSCOPY
Can be done under topical anaesthesia as an outdoor procedure
Allow examination of nose, nasopharynx and larynx
Helps in dx of laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, laryngeal papillomas,
laryngeal cysts and congenital anomalies of larynx, e.g. laryngeal web or clefts
60. HOW TO APPROACH?
INVESTIGATION
History and clinical examination will dictate the type of tests required.
1. Soft tissue lateral and PA view of neck & X-Ray chest in PA and
lateral view help in diagnosing the foreign bodies of the airway.
2. X-Ray chest in respiratory & expiratory phases or a fluoroscopy of
chest help to diagnose radiolucent foreign bodies.
3. CT scan with contrast is helpful for mediastinal mass and other
congenital vascular anomalies innominate artery, double aortic
arch or an anomalous left pulmonary forming a sling around the
trachea.
4. Angiography may be need for above vascular anomalies before
operation.
5. Oesophagogram with contrast may be needed for
tracheobronchial fistula or aberrant vessels or oesophageal
atresia.