2. Stridor is defind as an abnormal harsh high
pitched noise generated due to turbulent flow
of air through a partial obstruction of the
airway in the larynx or trachea
* Usually associated with dysnea
*It indicates an emergency and should always
be evaluated immediatly
Stridor
3. OTHER TYPES OF NOISYOTHER TYPES OF NOISY
BREATHINGBREATHING
Stertor harsh, low pitched
turbulent sound during
respiration due to partial
obstruction proximal to larynx
(Nasopharynx and oropharynx)
Snoring same as stertor which
occures only during sleep
8. TYPES OF STRIDOR AND THEIR SITETYPES OF STRIDOR AND THEIR SITE
OF ORIGINOF ORIGIN
9. 1. In children ,chronic stridor is usually
due to congenital lesions, mostly due to
laryngomalacia
2. In childron,acute stridor is most
commonly coused by acute upper
respiratory tract infection
3. In adults, stridor is much less common.
Chronic stridor in adults and old ages
often indicates a serious underlying
pathology e.g. Laryngeal carcinoma
Magit/Pransky: AAO Stridor 2007
11. Guide to diagnosis and intervention
Age
Congenital vs. Acquired
Characteristics of stridor
Clinical picture
Assessment Strategies
12. Clinical picture -HistoryClinical picture -History
Enquire about the prematurity and require
ventilation if any,as it would had required intubation
and prolonged ventilation
Enquire about Laryngomalacia usually become
symtomatic only after first few weeks
Vocal cord palsy result in stridor , which manifest at
birth
In laryngeal mass like polyp, stridor is noted when
the child is in supine position
Stridor during feeding or during sleep and which
decreases when the child cry is indicative of
bilateral chonal atresia
13. Approach to StridorApproach to Stridor
Detailed history:
time & mode of onset
Duration & progression
relation to feeding
cyanotic spells
Trauma
Foreign body aspiration or ingestion
14. Detailed examinationDetailed examination
Level of consciousness / responsiveness
Signs of hypoxia ( tachypnea, tachycardia,
cyanosis, irritability)
Fever
Type of stridor
Vitals
Relation to cry & body positions
Complete examination of Oral, Nose, Neck &
Chest
15. Fever
Drooling (new onset)
Change in cry or voice
Decrease in oral intake
Cough can be a sign of aspiration ( typical feature
of tracheoesophageal fistula and tracheomalacia)
Apnoeas with cyanosis are typical of severe
tracheobronchomalacia and these two are termed
as Dying spell
Detailed examination:
16. INVESTIGATIONSINVESTIGATIONS
X-RAY neck AP/Lateral view
Chest X-RAY PA/Lateral view
X-RAY Chest in expiratory and inspiratory phases
Barium swallow with valsalva and under
fluoroscopy
Rigid/Flexible fibreoptic laryngoscopy
Contrast-enhanced CT scan/ MRI – Neck /
mediastinum
Rigid/Flexible Bronchoscopy
17. TREATMENTTREATMENT
Conservative – O2 supplementation, parenteral antibiotics,
steroids, bronchodilators etc
Intubation
Cricothyroidotomy
Tracheostomy
Further specific medical & surgical therapy
20. Treatment:
BiPAP / CPAP
Tracheotomy – variable tube length
Stenting – if no other choice
Tracheomalacia
21. Begins about 6 months to 3year,
male child M/C
Xray of neck AP view symmetric
steeple or funnel shaped
narrowing of the subglottic region
(“steeple sign”)
Endoscopically: 2 “sets” of vocal
cords
Hospitalisation ; IV steroids, cold
mist tent, hydration, O2 sat
monitor
Croup
(Laryngotracheobronchitis)
22. Traditionally caused by
H. influenza b
Suden onset, rapidly progressive
course of fever,dysphagia,
drooling,patients often sit in
sniffing dog position
Xray lateral view of neck -THUMB
SIGN due thickning of epiglottis
The risk of sudden death for persons is
high due to sudden airway obstruction
Absence of a deep well defind
vallecula –THE VALLECULA SIGN
Treatment:
Immediate intubation in OR with
ENT present
Send Cultures
Appropriate antibiotics
Epiglottitis
23.
24. Acute lower airway
infection
Typically develops as
bacterial super-infection
after viral croup
Acute airway
obstruction, high fever,
elevated WBC develop
2-3 days after onset viral
illness
Treatment:
Monitor, Humidified O2
Bronchoscopy for
suctioning of purulent
secretions and culture
Antibiotics:
Consider Staph aureus
(MRSA), H. flu, B-
hemolytic strep,
pneumococcus
Treat for 7-10 days
Tracheotomy in severe
cases
Tracheitis
25. Subglottic Hemangioma
Usual time of presentation- after 3- 6 months of age
Crying may worsen the stridor
Laryngoscopy:- Reddish blue mass below vocal cords
Treatment:
- tracheostomy
- steroid therapy
- CO2 laser excision
New Management Options - Propanolol!
26. Lryngeal webLryngeal web
•Incomplete recanalinazation of
larynx
•Presents with features of stridor,
weak cry or aphonia from birth
Treatment:
Thin webs- cut with a knife or
CO2
laser
Thick webs- may require excision
via laryngofissure &
placement of silicon
keel and subsequent
dilatation
Magit/Pransky: AAO Stridor 2007
27. Airway foreign bodiesAirway foreign bodies
Treatment:
- Heimlich manoeuvre
- Cricothyroidotomy
- Emergency tracheostomy
- Removal by direct laryngoscopy/ rigid or flexible
bronchoscope
29. Post Intubation InjuriesPost Intubation Injuries
Seen in
Intubation--even transient
NICU patients
Treatment:
-Endoscopic division
-Laryngeal keel
-Short term post-op
intubation
-Mitomycin (?)
Magit/Pransky: AAO Stridor 2007