Tanzania veterinary laboratory agency (TVLA): Strengths and experiences
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Presented by Henry Budodi at the Workshop on Scaling up the Delivery of ITM in Tanzania through Facilitation of the ITM Value Chain, Bagamoyo, 28-29 September 2015
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Introduction to participatory epidemiology
Bias refers to a systematic distortion of results or inferences due to some factor in the design or conduct of the study. Some common types of bias include:
- Selection bias - Systematic differences between those selected for the study versus those who were not selected.
- Information bias - Errors in measuring exposures or outcomes. For example, recall bias if cases remember past exposures differently than controls.
- Confounding - The effect of an extraneous variable that is associated with both the exposure and the outcome of interest.
- Observer bias - When observers or investigators influence the results through their expectations or preferences.
- Attrition bias - Systematic differences between those lost to follow up versus those who completed the study.
Rift valley fever
Rift Valley fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease that affects various mammals. It is characterized by abortions in pregnant animals and liver damage. The disease was first described in Kenya in 1931. It is endemic in many African and Middle Eastern countries. Transmission occurs via mosquito bites or contact with infected animal tissues. Symptoms in animals include fever, vomiting, and abortions. The virus can be diagnosed by isolating it from blood or tissues of infected hosts. Controlling mosquito populations and vaccinating susceptible animal species are important for prevention.
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Babesiosis
Babesiosis is caused by Babesia parasites that infect red blood cells and are transmitted through tick bites. It is most common in the Northeast and Midwest U.S. during warm months. While many infected people do not show symptoms, some experience flu-like symptoms. It can be severe for those without a spleen or with weak immune systems. Effective treatment is available. To prevent babesiosis, simple steps can be taken to reduce tick exposure like walking on cleared trails, applying repellent, and conducting full-body tick checks after being outdoors.
Canin parvovirus disease
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Introduction to participatory epidemiology
Bias refers to a systematic distortion of results or inferences due to some factor in the design or conduct of the study. Some common types of bias include:
- Selection bias - Systematic differences between those selected for the study versus those who were not selected.
- Information bias - Errors in measuring exposures or outcomes. For example, recall bias if cases remember past exposures differently than controls.
- Confounding - The effect of an extraneous variable that is associated with both the exposure and the outcome of interest.
- Observer bias - When observers or investigators influence the results through their expectations or preferences.
- Attrition bias - Systematic differences between those lost to follow up versus those who completed the study.
Rift valley fever
Rift Valley fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease that affects various mammals. It is characterized by abortions in pregnant animals and liver damage. The disease was first described in Kenya in 1931. It is endemic in many African and Middle Eastern countries. Transmission occurs via mosquito bites or contact with infected animal tissues. Symptoms in animals include fever, vomiting, and abortions. The virus can be diagnosed by isolating it from blood or tissues of infected hosts. Controlling mosquito populations and vaccinating susceptible animal species are important for prevention.
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Babesiosis is caused by Babesia parasites that infect red blood cells and are transmitted through tick bites. It is most common in the Northeast and Midwest U.S. during warm months. While many infected people do not show symptoms, some experience flu-like symptoms. It can be severe for those without a spleen or with weak immune systems. Effective treatment is available. To prevent babesiosis, simple steps can be taken to reduce tick exposure like walking on cleared trails, applying repellent, and conducting full-body tick checks after being outdoors.
Canin parvovirus disease
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals
Lumpy skin disease by Dr. Mushhood Qazi
LSD outbreak take place in India & Bangladesh & now Pakistan's Ministry of Livestock & Dairy Development alerts farmers & vets regards this disease.
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This document discusses the identification and characteristics of various ticks and mites of veterinary importance. It identifies key genera of ticks, including Amblyoma, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, and Argas, as well as mites such as Psoroptes, Sarcoptes, Demodex, and Tunga penetrans. It describes their life cycles, medical significance as vectors of disease, and potential control methods. The conclusion is that the student successfully identified and explained the ticks and mites and their importance to animal and public health.
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Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals like cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. It is caused by a picornavirus with multiple serotypes. The virus is transmitted through direct contact or contact with infected animals/materials. Clinical signs include fever and blister-like lesions in the mouth and on the feet. Diagnosis involves identifying lesions, virus isolation from samples, and serological tests. Treatment focuses on supportive care while prevention relies on quarantine, vaccination, and good biosecurity practices.
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This document discusses Babesia, a tick-borne protozoan parasite with a complex life cycle involving ticks and mammalian hosts. It causes babesiosis, also known as Texas cattle fever, in cattle and other animals. The parasite infects and lyses red blood cells, causing anemia. Clinical signs include fever, hemoglobinuria, jaundice and respiratory distress. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood smears or serological tests. Control relies on reducing tick populations through acaricides and quarantining infected animals.
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- The virus exists in 7 types and many subtypes that are diagnosed using techniques like virus isolation, ELISA, and PCR.
- Clinical signs vary by species but include lameness, vesicles, and decreased milk production. The disease has significant economic impacts.
- Diagnosis involves detecting viral antigen or antibodies. Techniques include virus isolation, ELISA, and PCR which are
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2. It provides details on the classification, morphology, life cycle, behavior, habitat, and medical importance of different Glossina species.
3. Specifically, it notes that Glossina palpalis transmits Gambiense sleeping sickness mainly in West and Central Africa, while G. morsitans transmits Rhodesiense sleeping sickness in East Africa.
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This document discusses Babesia, a protozoan parasite that causes Babesiosis. It begins with an introduction to Babesia taxonomy and species. It then discusses the life cycle of Babesia, noting it is transmitted through tick bites. Clinical signs of Babesiosis include fever and hemolytic anemia. The document outlines methods used to analyze gene expression changes in ticks infected with Babesia bovis and differences identified. Prevention focuses on avoiding tick habitats while treatment typically involves antibiotics like clindamycin and quinine.
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1. Flies are important vectors of human disease and include blackflies, midges, tabanids, tsetse flies, sand flies, and house flies.
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This document discusses the identification and characteristics of various ticks and mites of veterinary importance. It identifies key genera of ticks, including Amblyoma, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, and Argas, as well as mites such as Psoroptes, Sarcoptes, Demodex, and Tunga penetrans. It describes their life cycles, medical significance as vectors of disease, and potential control methods. The conclusion is that the student successfully identified and explained the ticks and mites and their importance to animal and public health.
Foot and Mouth Disease
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals like cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. It is caused by a picornavirus with multiple serotypes. The virus is transmitted through direct contact or contact with infected animals/materials. Clinical signs include fever and blister-like lesions in the mouth and on the feet. Diagnosis involves identifying lesions, virus isolation from samples, and serological tests. Treatment focuses on supportive care while prevention relies on quarantine, vaccination, and good biosecurity practices.
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This document summarizes information about foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). It describes FMD virus, the clinical signs of disease, diagnosis, and pathogenesis. Key points include:
- FMD virus causes an acute, highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals characterized by fever and vesicles around the mouth and feet.
- The virus exists in 7 types and many subtypes that are diagnosed using techniques like virus isolation, ELISA, and PCR.
- Clinical signs vary by species but include lameness, vesicles, and decreased milk production. The disease has significant economic impacts.
- Diagnosis involves detecting viral antigen or antibodies. Techniques include virus isolation, ELISA, and PCR which are
Equine babesiosis
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Blackleg is an acute, infectious disease most commonly caused by the bacteria Clostridium chauvoei that affects cattle, sheep, and goats worldwide. It causes swelling of heavy muscles and is often fatal within 1-2 days. The bacteria likely enters via ingestion and remains dormant in muscle until stress causes an outbreak. Vaccination is the most effective prevention, with annual boosters recommended for young livestock in high-risk seasons.
Viral zoonotic disease
This document discusses viral zoonotic diseases, with a focus on rabies. It defines zoonoses as diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Rabies virus causes progressive infection of the central nervous system. Rabies occurs worldwide except Australia and Antarctica. Transmission is typically through bites from rabid animals, most commonly dogs. Symptoms in humans include pain at the bite site, hydrophobia, and paralysis. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting the rabies virus or antibodies. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleansing, rabies immunoglobulin, and rabies vaccines. Prevention relies on surveillance, mass dog vaccination, population control, and public education.
Glossina - tsetse fly
1. The document describes the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which transmits human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and animal trypanosomiasis (Nagana).
2. It provides details on the classification, morphology, life cycle, behavior, habitat, and medical importance of different Glossina species.
3. Specifically, it notes that Glossina palpalis transmits Gambiense sleeping sickness mainly in West and Central Africa, while G. morsitans transmits Rhodesiense sleeping sickness in East Africa.
Theileria
The document discusses the life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of Theileria, a protozoan parasite transmitted by ticks that infects lymphocytes and red blood cells in cattle. Theileria hijacks the cell division and growth control mechanisms of lymphocytes, causing uncontrolled proliferation that transforms the cells and leads to pathology similar to lymphoma. Effective control methods include tick control, drug treatments like buparvaquone and parvaquone, and vaccination to control East Coast fever in endemic areas.
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What is fascioliasis?
In what parts of the world if fascioliasis found?
How do people get infected with fascioliasis?
What are the signs and symptoms of Fasciola infection, and when do they begin?
How is Fasciola infection diagnosed?
Can Fascioliasis be treated?
How can fasciola infection be prevented?
Prevention and control of FMD
This document discusses prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. It defines the disease and outlines its etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, and prevention and control strategies. Prevention focuses on strict biosecurity measures regarding animal movement, facilities, equipment, and people. Control involves surveillance, vaccination, quarantine, and culling infected or exposed animals. Vaccination can help control outbreaks but has disadvantages like short-term immunity and limited protection against different virus strains. Early detection and rapid response are critical to control disease spread.
المحاظرة الخامسة / معدية / دكتور اسعد / Epizootic lymphangitis
EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS is a chronic, contagious fungal disease that affects horses, donkeys, and mules. It is characterized by suppurative lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, and skin ulcers. The causative agent is the fungus Histoplasma farciminosum. The disease spreads through direct contact with infected animals or contact with contaminated soil or flies. Clinical signs include spreading skin lesions and lymphangitis along the limbs. Diagnosis involves identifying the fungus microscopically or through culture. Treatment has limited success. Control relies on identifying and destroying infected animals, quarantining other animals, and disinfecting equipment.
Babesia
This document provides information about bovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Babesia. It affects cattle and is transmitted by ticks. The most important species are B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, jaundice, and red urine. Severe cases can cause death. Diagnosis involves finding the parasites on blood smears. Control relies on tick control, vaccination, and treatment of infected cattle. Babesiosis can also infect humans in some areas.
TRICHURIS TRICHURIA
Trichuris trichiura, commonly known as the whipworm, infects approximately one quarter of the world's population. It resides in the large intestine of humans. Whipworm infection is transmitted via fecal-oral route and is more common in less developed countries with poor sanitation. Heavy infections can cause bloody diarrhea, anemia, and rectal prolapse. Diagnosis involves detecting the barrel-shaped whipworm eggs in stool samples. Treatment includes mebendazole or albendazole which kill the worms. Prevention focuses on proper handwashing and sanitation to avoid ingesting contaminated soil or food.
Babesia
This document discusses Babesia, a protozoan parasite that causes Babesiosis. It begins with an introduction to Babesia taxonomy and species. It then discusses the life cycle of Babesia, noting it is transmitted through tick bites. Clinical signs of Babesiosis include fever and hemolytic anemia. The document outlines methods used to analyze gene expression changes in ticks infected with Babesia bovis and differences identified. Prevention focuses on avoiding tick habitats while treatment typically involves antibiotics like clindamycin and quinine.
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More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
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This document provides information on the taxonomy, morphology, life cycles, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of various helminth parasites. It describes the characteristics of nematodes and discusses specific nematodes like Trichuris trichura and Enterobius vermicularis. For T. trichura, it provides details on its morphology, life cycle, clinical manifestations including rectal prolapse, and microscopic identification of eggs in stool samples. For E. vermicularis, it discusses epidemiology in children, morphology of adult worms and eggs, life cycle involving nocturnal emergence of females, and diagnosis using scotch tape tests. Treatment involves repeated doses of albendazole or mebendazole
Entomology
1. Flies are important vectors of human disease and include blackflies, midges, tabanids, tsetse flies, sand flies, and house flies.
2. Blackflies breed near fast moving water and can transmit filarial worms. Tabanids are large biting flies that can mechanically transmit anthrax and tularemia.
3. Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Sand flies spread leishmaniasis. House flies can mechanically transmit enteric diseases.
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Tanzania veterinary laboratory agency (TVLA): Strengths and experiences
- 1. TANZANIA VETERINARY LABORATORY AGENCY (TVLA): STRENGTHS AND EXPERIENCES Dr Henry Budodi Magwisha Veterinary Complex 131 Nelson Mandela Road P O Box 9254 15487 DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA Website: www.tvla-tz.org; Email: info@tvla-tz.org; Phone: +255 22 286 1152
- 2. INTRODUCTION • TVLA was formed on 14th of July 2012 through Executive Agency Act Cap 245 (RE 2009) • Is lead by Chief Executive (CE) who is assisted by three Directors namely – Technology Development (DTD) – Surveillance and Diagnostic Services (DSD) – Business Development (DBD) • Has 11 Centres, strategically located in the country (See on the map on next slide) 2Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
- 3. DISTRIBUTION OF TVLA CENTRES 3Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
- 4. Vision To be a leading Agency in Sub-Saharan Africa in provision of quality veterinary diagnostic services, development and production of biological and technological packages by 2025 Mission Develop and provide quality veterinary products, technological packages and services to stakeholders through cost effective diseases diagnosis, surveillance and research to enhance sustainable livestock productivity, food safety, security and the national economy 4Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
- 5. Mandates 1. To develop and market appropriate biological and technological packages; 2. To Institutionalize management system and strengthen institutional arrangement; 3. To strengthen Surveillance and diagnostic services; 4. To improve laboratory infrastructures and facilities; 5. To strengthen Financial and Human Resource management systems; 6. To address crosscutting issues such as HIV/AIDS, gender, environment, and good governance 5Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
- 6. TVLA- Strengths and experiences No ITEM DESCRIPTION 1 TVLA Centres (11) Wider reach 2 Diagnosis All VBD 3 Knowledge and Skills Competent staff 4 Vaccine Production Present (TVI) 5 Past Experience ECF vaccine (ITM) 6 ITM Pharmaco vigilance Research 7 Vaccine Efficacy (M&E) Pre-& post analysis 6Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency
- 7. CVL-building since 1958 Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency 7
- 8. Some pieces of laboratory equipment Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency 8
- 9. THE END: THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Gracie Danke Asanteni kwa kunisikiliza 9Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency