Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals

1. Canine
Parvovirus
Prepared By:
Pradhuman Yadav
B.V.Sc & A.HB.V.Sc & A.H

2. History
• Emerged in 1977-1978
• Feline Panleukopenia
• Extremely hardy
• Survives outside its host for up to 6 months
• Species specific

3. What is it?
• Canine parvovirus
• Smallest virus
• Naked, icosahedral capsid
• ssDNA
Replicates only when host is replicating!
• 2 Syndromes:
• Acute myocarditis
• Hemorrhagic enteritis

4. Incidence
• Any age can become infected
• Mild and Asymptomatic
• Severe clinical disease
• Puppies 2 to 6 months of age
• Rottweilers and Doberman Pinchers

5. Life cycle of Parvovirus

6. Clinical syndrome
• Host vitality
• Immune experience, vaccination status
• Environment
• Humidity, temperature, etc
• Virulence of the virus
• Including viral load

7. Protection
• Colostrum
• Maternal antibodies protective until 2 month of age
• Regular Vaccination
• Keep indoors
• Until the vaccination series are complete

8. Pathogenesis
TonsilsTonsils
Replicates in Lymphocytes
in the next 3-4 days
Cell lysisCell lysis  ViremiaViremia
Bone MarrowBone Marrow
Stem cells
GITGIT

9. Mechanisms of Death
1. Diarrhea and vomiting
extreme dehydration  SHOCK
1. Loss of intestinal barrier
 bacterial invasion  SEPTIC SHOCK

10. Symptoms
• Fever, lethargy, anorexia.
• Severely dehydrated.
• Vomiting.
• Diarrhea: watery, bloody, with a tell-tale odor.

11. Symptoms Shown By Dog

12. Hemorrhagic enteritis
• Villi become blunted and unable to absorb
nutrients.
• Barrier to GIT flora is broken down.

13. Biopsy of the Small Intestine
Collapsed cryptsCollapsed crypts
Depleted Peyer’s patchesDepleted Peyer’s patches

14. Inclusion bodies in Crypt cells
Kelly, 1978Kelly, 1978

15. Diagnosis
• History and physical examination.
• Symptoms
• ELISA
• False positives with recent vaccination Hx
• Antibody titer
• CBC (Complete Blood Count).
• Biopsy
• Necropsy
• Lower and middle small intestines
• Bone marrow

16. Additional tests
• Serum chemistry.
• UA (Urine Analysis).
• Fecal flotation
• Rapid immunochromatographic tests.
• Hemmaglutination inhibition test.
• Fluorescence antibody test.

17. Symptomatic Treatment
• Fluids - Colloids, Plasma, RBC
• Antimetics - Metoclopramide
• Antibiotics - Cefoxitin, Enrofloxacin.
• Antihelmintics - Pyrental
• Analgesic - Buprenorphine

18. Prognosis
• Most recover with intensive therapy
• Dobermans and Rottweilers
• Sensitive to the virus
• Poor prognosis
• Intussusception
• Hypoproteinemia
• No improvement after 4th
day of intesive care

19. Home care
• Antibiotics (PO)
• Diet management
• Bland, highly digestible food
• Frequent, small feedings
• Restricted activity
• Avoid introducing new puppies
• Disinfect with bleach

20. Maternal Antibodies
• Critical period and vaccine response varies with the
individual
• Dams antibody level
• First born, aggressive pups
• More colostrum ⇒ Higher MA

21. Vaccine Failure: Interference by
Maternal Antibodies
2 4 6 8 10 12
*
*
*
*
*
*
Passiveantibody
Weeks after birth
Minimum level needed for
protection
Window of
susceptibility
HAI - 80
HAI - 10 to 20
Successful
Vaccination

22. Vaccine Failure
• Ineffective Vaccine
• Inappropriate storage
• Inappropriate administration
• Low titer vaccine
• Immunogenicity and Serological response
• Virulence of parent viral strain
• Method and level of virus attenuation
• No vaccine produces 100% immunity

23. Vaccine Failure
• Health Status
• Fever
• Immunocompromised animals
• Client Compliance
• Recommended vaccination schedule
• Breed
• A disproportionate number of Rottweilers that have
been properly vaccinated will develop parvo