This document discusses prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. It defines the disease and outlines its etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, and prevention and control strategies. Prevention focuses on strict biosecurity measures regarding animal movement, facilities, equipment, and people. Control involves surveillance, vaccination, quarantine, and culling infected or exposed animals. Vaccination can help control outbreaks but has disadvantages like short-term immunity and limited protection against different virus strains. Early detection and rapid response are critical to control disease spread.

1. Prevention and
Control of Foot
and Mouth
Disease
Course no: VM 607
Course Title:
Preventive Animal Medicine
Prepared By-
18 VMED - JJ 11M
18 VMED - JJ 12M

2. Outline
 Definition
 Etiology
 Epidemiology
 Transmission
 Prevention
 Control

3. Definition
 Foot-and-mouth disease sometimes called hoof
and-mouth disease, is a highly contagious acute
disease of all cloven-footed animals.
 Caused by Aphthovirus.
 Characterized by- fever, salivation and vesicular
eruption in the mouth and on the feet
 Myocarditis in young animals
Alexandersen S et al., 2003

4. Fig: FMD lesion in dental pad and drippling of saliva
Contd…

5. Contd…
Fig: Grayish or yellowish streaking in the myocardium
(degeneration and necrosis)
These findings are known as ‘tiger heart’disease

6. Etiology
 Picorna Virus
 Non-enveloped icosahedral, containing single-
stranded RNA
 There are seven serotypes of FMD virus: A, O, C,
Asia-1, and Southern African Territories ( SAT) 1, 2
and 3
Fig: Structure of FMD virus
Gulbahar M. Y et al., 2007

7. Epidemiology
Geographical distribution
 Endemic
 Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America and Europe
Host range
 Cloven-footed domestic (cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, swine)
and wild animals
 Other susceptible species - elephants, rats and mice
Morbidity
 100% in susceptible population of domestic animals
Mortality
 less than 1% but very high in young animals due to myocarditis
Alexandersen S et al., 2003

8. Transmission
 Direct or indirect contact (mainly by inhalation, also
from ingestion, Artificial Insemination etc.)
 Vectors
 Animate ( humans, pigs, birds etc.)
 Inanimate vector (vehicles, implement )
 Highly contagious
 Spread over greater distances with movement of
infected or contaminated animals, products, objects and
people

9. Prevention practices
General Precautionary Measure
 Strict biosecurity measures for
Animals and animal products
Vehicle
People and
Equipment
 Restriction of animal movement
 Observe, detect and report any disease or unusual
signs immediately

10. Animals
 Not allowing contact of animals with neighbor’s
livestock
 Fencing off streams and rivers
 Monitoring animals closely and frequently
 Isolating sick animals from the herd to minimize
disease spread

11. Contd…
 Using separate facilities, equipment and staff to
handle isolated livestock
 Not acquiring semen from FMD outbreak areas
 Newly purchased animals should be quarantined for
30 days
 Preventing contact with free roaming animals

12. Vehicles
 Minimizing traffic to only that essential
 Not allowing off-farm vehicles, they should be
parked at the entrance
 Vehicles entering the farm must have their wheels
sprayed with disinfectant prior to entry and again
upon leaving
Fig: Disinfection of Vehicle

13. People
 Limiting employees to only those necessary
 Implementing strict biosecurity measures for
employees
 Contacting the herd veterinarian immediately if
unusual illness or signs are noticed
 Minimizing visitors to only those necessary

14. Contd…
 Providing the following items for visitors: -
 Clean coveralls, hats and disposable or
disinfected rubber boots
 Facilities for disinfecting vehicles, footwear and
clothing
Fig: Personnel Protection

15. Cleaning and Disinfection of
equipment
 Removing any organic material before any cleaning
or disinfection
 Using the proper concentration of disinfectant
 Allowing the disinfection solution to “sit” (contact
time) and work (usually at least 5 minutes)
 Cleaning and disinfecting anything that has come in
contact with manure or secretions
 Cleaning isolation areas and replacement of
bedding regularly
 Surfaces should be scraped, cleaned with high
pressure hot water and detergent, and rinsed

16. Record Keeping
 Maintain thorough and accurate records of animal
movement

17. Control
 Clinical Surveillance
 Migration Control and Monitoring
 Control of cross-border livestock trade
 Early detection measures and epidemic control
 Other biosecurity

18. Clinical surveillance
 Regular random sampling of serum from across the
state
 Testing the sample for the presence of infection
 Identification of infected carriers or new infections
 Quarantine and control measures including
emergency vaccination
Bachrach H. L., 1968

19. Migration Control and Monitoring
 New dairy animal imported into another state has to
be tested and certified free of FMD before the
purchase is made

20. Control of Cross-Border
livestock
 A screening program at border check-posts to
screen and exclude infected animals has to be
implemented
 The tagging system at the check-posts should be
extended to retain test data and associate it with
individual animals

21. Early detection measures and
epidemic control
 The most important step in FMD epidemic control is
early detection
 This data should be used to establish the infection
perimeter quickly and accurately
 This perimeter should then be used to implement
quarantine measures in the infected area

22. Contd…
 Emergency vaccination should be performed around
the perimeter to block spread
 Once the epidemic is over, all the animals in the
area should be screened again for the presence of
carriers so that follow-up outbreaks do not occur
Gunes V. H., 2005

23. Other biosecurity
 Fomite control
 Vector control (people, insects, objects,….)
 Cleaning and disinfection of affected premises
 Culling (affected, dangerous contacts,…)
 Vaccination
 Mass vaccination
 Targeted vaccination
 Ring/reactive vaccination
 Specific risk group

24. Advantages and disadvantages
of using vaccination to control
FMD
Advantages
 May not need to cull
 Protection even if cannot apply other control
measures to reduce virus exposure
 Sounds simple
Disadvantages
 Short duration of immunity
 Limited spectrum of protection
 Vaccination failure

25. Vaccination failure
 Vaccine of one serotype does not protect the animal
against other serotypes
 Must closely match the serotype and strain
 Higher rate of mutation occurs among the serotypes
 Administration failure
Donaldson A. I., 2007

26. Vaccines available in Bangladesh
Vaccine produced by LRI:
 Bivalent: cattle/buffalo (6 months): 6ml
 sheep/goat (4 months): 2ml
 SC, In every 4 months interval
 Trivalent: cattle/buffalo: 9ml; sheep/goat: 3ml, SC
Vaccine produced by FnF:
 Bangla FMD Vac (FnF) (inactivated) Cattle/buffalo:
2ml SC; sheep/goat: 1ml SC Immunity: 6months

27. References
1. Alexandersen S., Z. Zhang, A. I. Donaldson, A. J. M.
Garland (2003): The Pathogenesis And Diagnosis Of Foot-
and-mouth Disease. J. Comp. Pathol. 129, 1-36
2. Bachrach H. L (1968): Foot-and-mouth Disease. Ann. Rev.
Microbiol. 22, 201-244
3. Donaldson A. I., R. F. Sellers (2000): Foot-and-mouth
Disease. In: Diseases Of Sheep. (Martin, W. N., I. D. Aitken,
Eds). Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom. Pp. 254-
258
4. Gulbahar M. Y., W. C. Davis, T. Guvenc, M. Yarim, U. Parlak,
Y. B. Kabak (2007): Myocarditis Associated With Foot-and-
mouth Disease Virus Type O In Lambs. Vet. Pathol. 44, 589-
599
5. Gunes V., H. M. Erdogan, M. Citil, K. OZCAN (2005): Assay
Of Cardiac Troponins In The Diagnosis Of Myocardial
Degeneration Due To Foot-and-mouth Disease In A Calf.
Vet. Rec. 156, 714-715