Disease detail

1. Foot and Mouth
Disease
Course no: VM 607
Course Title:
Preventive Animal Medicine
Prepared By-
18 VMED - JJ 11M
18 VMED - JJ 12M

2. Outline
 Definition
 Etiology
 Epidemiology
 Transmission
 Pathogenesis
 Clinical Findings
 Diagnosis
 Treatment
 Prevention and Control
 Vaccination

3. Definition
 Foot-and-mouth disease (sometimes called hoof
and-mouth disease ) is a highly contagious acute
disease of all cloven-footed animals
 Caused by Aphthovirus
 Characterized by- fever and vesicular eruption in
the mouth and on the feet [3]

4. Etiology
 Picorna Virus
 Member of the genus Aphthovirus
 There are seven serotypes of FMD virus: A, O, C,
Asia-1, and southern African Territories (SAT) 1, 2
and 3 [2]
 Within this serotypes, over 60 subtypes have been
described and new subtypes occasionally arise
spontaneously

5. Contd…
 Non-enveloped icosahedral, containing single-
stranded RNA

6. Resistance to physical and
chemical action
 Temperature – inactivated by temperature above
500 C
 pH – inactivated by pH < 6.0 or > 9.0
 Disinfectant – inactivated by NaOH (2%), Na2CO3
(4%) & the citric acid (0.2%)
 Sensitive to environmental influence such as
sunlight & desiccation
 Survives for long period at freezing temperature

7. Epidemiology
(a) Geographical distribution
 Endemic
 Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America and
Europe
 Currently, the OIE recognizes countries to be in
one of three disease states with regards to FMD
(i) FMD present with or without vaccination
(ii) FMD free with vaccination and
(iii) FMD free without vaccination

8. Contd…
(b) Host range
 Cloven-footed domestic (cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats,
swine ) and wild animals
 Other susceptible species - elephants, rats and mice
 Camelidae (camels) have low susceptibility
 Horses are not susceptible to FMD, and humans are
affected only very rarely
Fig: FMD lesion in cloven footed animal

9. Contd…
Morbidity
 100% in susceptible population of domestic animals
Mortality
 less than 1% but very high in young animals due to
myocarditis [1,2]

10. Sources of virus
 Incubating and clinically affected animals
 Breathe, saliva, feces and urine, milk and semen (up to
4 days before clinical signs)
 Meat and by-products in which pH has remained above
6.0
 Carriers animals
 Particularly cattle and water buffalo
 Recovered cattle may be carriers for 18 to 24 months,
sheep for 1 to 2 months

11. Transmission
 Direct or indirect contact (mainly by inhalation, also
from ingestion, Artificial Insemination etc.)
 Vectors
 Animate ( humans, pigs, birds etc.)
 Inanimate vector (vehicles, implement )
 Highly contagious
 Spread over greater distances with movement of
infected or contaminated animals, products, objects and
people

12. Pathogenesis
Inhalation or ingestion from infected animals and
their products
Replication in the epithelium of the upper respiratory
tract or alimentary tract
Vesicles are formed in 1-4 days in the lips or oral-
mucosa
Followed by viremia and pyrexia

13. Contd…
Secondary vesicles are formed 2 days later
Hydropic degeneration (balloon degeneration)
followed by necrosis.
In young animals the virus tends to localize in the
myocardium leading to sudden death [4]

14. Contd…
Fig: Grayish or yellowish streaking in the myocardium
(degeneration and necrosis)
These findings are known as ‘tiger heart’disease

15. Clinical findings
 Incubation period 2 to 21 days (average 3-8 days )
 Initial signs
 Fever (103 to 105° F)
 Dullness
 Anorexia
 Shivering
 Reduction in milk production for 2 to 3 days

16. Contd…
 Blisters on buccal and nasal mucous membranes
including mouth, tongue, lips [5]
 Blisters between the claws and coronary band,
even on the udder and teat
 After 24 hours, rupture of vesicles leaving erosion
 Sticky, foamy, stringy saliva drips from an animals
mouth
 Painful tongue and mouth that decrease in
appetites, resulting in weight loss

17. Fig: Tongue vesicle Fig: Ruptured vesicle
in dental pad
Contd…

18. Fig: FMD lesion in leg, mouth and dental pad
Contd…

19. Contd…
Signs in sheep and goats
 Lesions are less pronounced
 Foot lesions may go unrecognized
 Lesions in dental pad of sheep
 Agalactia

20. Contd…
Signs in pigs
 Lesions observed in snout
 Severe foot lesions particularly when housed on
concrete
 High mortality in piglets

21. Sequelae to FMD in cattle
 Tongue erosion
 Mastitis
 Breeding problems
 Secondary infection
 Myocarditis and death in
young
 Panting – pituitary gland
damage
 Hoof deformation
 Unthriftiness
 Abortion
 Low milk production
 Diabetes mellitus

22. Diagnosis
 History
 Clinical signs: fever, dullness vesicle, erosion,
abortion etc.
 Collection of samples / specimens:
Oral, nasal, foot or mammary lesions are good
sources of specimens
 Vesicular fluid
 Epithelium covering a vesicle (0.5gm)
 About 5ml of blood with anticoagulant
 Esophageal- pharyngeal fluid

23. Contd…
Isolation and identification
 10% suspension preparation
 Inoculation into susceptible tissue culture (primary
bovine thyroid cells and primary pig, calf and lamb
kidney cells, inoculation of BHK-21 and IB-RS-2cell
lines)
 CFT, ELISA and RT PCR

24. Differential diagnosis
Differential
Points
FMD ( foot &
mouth disease )
VE
( Vesicular
Exanthema )
VS
( Vesicular
Stomatitis )
Characteristics Vesicle,
myocarditis, &
gastroenteritis
Vesicle, no
myocardditis
&
gastroenteritis
Less
conspicuous
vesicles, no
myocarditis &
gastroenteritis

25. Treatment
 Washing the affected area with mild disinfectant (2%
caustic soda, 4% soda ash and 2% acetic acid)
 Applying antibiotics locally (eg. FMD cure or Pow.
Apthocure)
 Protective dressing to inflamed areas to prevent
secondary infection
 Sulfadimidin or broad-spectrum antibiotics injections
are useful to the secondary bacterial infection
 A good systemic response is reported to the
administration of flunixin meglumine
 Fly repellent must be used

26. Contd…
Trade
name
Composition Trade
dose
Pack
size
Company
Inj.Diadin 333mg/ml
Sulphadimid
ine
15-30ml/50kg;
IM, SC, IV.
Half dose
from 2nd day.
30,
100ml
Renata
Inj.Renamycin 50,100mg:
oxytetracycline
5-10mg/kg
IM, IV
10ml vial Renata
Suggested drug

27. Prevention
 Export restrictions should be imposed on countries
with known outbreaks
 Quarantines and movement restrictions
 Euthanasia of affected animals
 Cleansing and disinfection of affected premises,
equipment and vehicles
 Infected carcasses must be disposed safely by
incineration, rendering, burial or other techniques

28. Contd…
 Milk from infected cows can be inactivated by
heating to 100°C for more than 20 minutes
 Slurry can be heated to 67°C for three minutes
 Rodents and other vectors may be killed
 Good biosecurity measures should be practiced to
prevent entry of the virus

29. Biosecurity
 Should be practiced as a matter of routine
 In which vehicles and roads infected animals travel
should be properly cleansed and disinfected
 The boots, clothing, and hands of any person who
has been in contact with infected animals can
spread the disease should be disinfected
 Best practice guidance at livestock markets

30.  Early detection and immediate reporting to
veterinarians in any suspicious signs of disease
 Culling of susceptible animals
 Limiting the further spread through National
Movement bans, application of cleansing and
disinfection and highlighting biosecurity measures at
national level
Approach to disease control

31. Contd…
 Undertaking risk assessments based on
epidemiological evidence
 Taking decisions about control measures with regard
to costs and benefits
 Vaccination, an extra control measure would help to
control and eradicate the disease

32. • In endemic regions to protect animals from FMDV
• Must closely match the serotype and strain
• Vaccine of one serotype does not protect the animal
against other serotypes
• Currently, there is no universal FMD vaccine
Vaccination

33. Vaccines available in Bangladesh
Vaccine produced by LRI:
 Bivalent: cattle/buffalo (6 months): 6ml
sheep/goat (4 months) : 2ml
SC, In every 4 months interval
 Trivalent: cattle/buffalo: 9ml; sheep/goat: 3ml, SC
Vaccine produced by FnF:
 Bangla FMD Vac (FnF) (inactivated) Cattle/buffalo:
2ml SC; sheep/goat: 1ml, SC. Immunity: 6months

34. References
 ALEXANDERSEN, S., Z. ZHANG, A. I. DONALDSON, A.
J. M. GARLAND (2003): The pathogenesis and diagnosis
of foot-and-mouth disease. J. Comp. Pathol. 129, 1-36
 BACHRACH, H. L (1968): Foot-and-mouth disease. Ann.
Rev. Microbiol. 22, 201-244
 DONALDSON, A. I., R. F. SELLERS (2000): Foot-and-
mouth disease. In: Diseases of Sheep. (Martin, W. N., I. D.
Aitken, Eds). Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom.
pp. 254-258
 GULBAHAR, M. Y., W. C. DAVIS, T. GUVENC, M. YARIM,
U. PARLAK, Y. B. KABAK (2007): Myocarditis associated
with foot-and-mouth disease virus type o in lambs. Vet.
Pathol. 44, 589-599
 GUNES, V., H. M. ERDOGAN, M. CITIL, K. OZCAN
(2005): Assay of cardiac troponins in the diagnosis of
myocardial degeneration due to foot-and-mouth disease in
a calf. Vet. Rec. 156, 714-715