This document discusses stem cell research, including:
1) It provides a brief history of stem cell research from 1998-2004, including key discoveries and policy decisions.
2) It defines stem cells and describes their main characteristics of self-renewal and ability to differentiate.
3) It outlines the main types of stem cells - totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells - and examples of each.
4) It discusses some potential applications of stem cell research, including treatment of diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and cancers. However, it also notes there are still technical challenges to overcome.
Stem cells were first extracted from human embryos in 1998 and researchers grew stem cells from embryos using private funding in 2004. There are several types of stem cells including pluripotent stem cells found in early embryos which can form any cell type, and multipotent adult stem cells which are more limited in what cells they can form. Stem cell research is important because stem cells can replace diseased cells and allow the study of development, but the use of embryonic stem cells is controversial because it destroys the early embryo.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research. It begins with a brief history of stem cell research from 1998-2004. It then defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can continuously divide and differentiate. There are three main types of stem cells: embryonic, which come from 5-6 day embryos; embryonic germ cells from embryos/fetuses; and adult stem cells found in tissues after birth. Stem cell research aims to understand development, aging, and disease through experimental models to develop cell-based therapies and pharmaceuticals for treating injuries and diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injuries. The importance of stem cell research is that stem cells can replace diseased cells, allow study of development and genetics,
Stem cells are the promising cells that are capable to differentiate into any deserved cell type. By using stem cells we can generate tissues and even organs that can be used in multiple disciplines as drug testing, as a source used for organ transplantation...etc.
The document discusses stem cells and their potential medical applications. It defines two main types of stem cells - tissue-specific stem cells which are multipotent and can only form certain cell types, and pluripotent stem cells (embryonic and induced pluripotent) which can form any cell type. Tissue-specific stem cells are found throughout the body and already used to treat conditions like leukemia. Pluripotent stem cells have greater potential but also more challenges, as embryonic stem cells require embryo destruction and induced pluripotent stem cells are difficult to create reliably. Overall stem cells may help develop more individualized regenerative and personalized medical treatments.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and self-renew to produce more stem cells. They can be totipotent, pluripotent, or unipotent. Stem cells are found in embryos, fetuses, and specific adult tissues. They have unique properties including telomerase activity that allows indefinite cell division. Stem cells can migrate throughout the body and transform into specialized cells as needed for repair in response to molecular signals from damaged tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow are a promising source for regeneration as they can differentiate into many cell types.
The document discusses stem cell research and covers topics like the discovery of human embryonic stem cells in 1998, what stem cells are, the potential medical applications of stem cell therapies, the ethical debates around stem cell research, and key terms related to stem cells and research techniques. It also provides questions for stem cell scientists and videos for further information.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are derived from embryos and are pluripotent, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cell research holds promise for developing new treatments for diseases by enabling cell regeneration and replacement. However, there are still challenges to overcome regarding isolating and delivering stem cells safely and effectively for clinical applications.
Stem cells were first extracted from human embryos in 1998 and researchers grew stem cells from embryos using private funding in 2004. There are several types of stem cells including pluripotent stem cells found in early embryos which can form any cell type, and multipotent adult stem cells which are more limited in what cells they can form. Stem cell research is important because stem cells can replace diseased cells and allow the study of development, but the use of embryonic stem cells is controversial because it destroys the early embryo.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research. It begins with a brief history of stem cell research from 1998-2004. It then defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can continuously divide and differentiate. There are three main types of stem cells: embryonic, which come from 5-6 day embryos; embryonic germ cells from embryos/fetuses; and adult stem cells found in tissues after birth. Stem cell research aims to understand development, aging, and disease through experimental models to develop cell-based therapies and pharmaceuticals for treating injuries and diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injuries. The importance of stem cell research is that stem cells can replace diseased cells, allow study of development and genetics,
Stem cells are the promising cells that are capable to differentiate into any deserved cell type. By using stem cells we can generate tissues and even organs that can be used in multiple disciplines as drug testing, as a source used for organ transplantation...etc.
The document discusses stem cells and their potential medical applications. It defines two main types of stem cells - tissue-specific stem cells which are multipotent and can only form certain cell types, and pluripotent stem cells (embryonic and induced pluripotent) which can form any cell type. Tissue-specific stem cells are found throughout the body and already used to treat conditions like leukemia. Pluripotent stem cells have greater potential but also more challenges, as embryonic stem cells require embryo destruction and induced pluripotent stem cells are difficult to create reliably. Overall stem cells may help develop more individualized regenerative and personalized medical treatments.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and self-renew to produce more stem cells. They can be totipotent, pluripotent, or unipotent. Stem cells are found in embryos, fetuses, and specific adult tissues. They have unique properties including telomerase activity that allows indefinite cell division. Stem cells can migrate throughout the body and transform into specialized cells as needed for repair in response to molecular signals from damaged tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow are a promising source for regeneration as they can differentiate into many cell types.
The document discusses stem cell research and covers topics like the discovery of human embryonic stem cells in 1998, what stem cells are, the potential medical applications of stem cell therapies, the ethical debates around stem cell research, and key terms related to stem cells and research techniques. It also provides questions for stem cell scientists and videos for further information.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are derived from embryos and are pluripotent, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cell research holds promise for developing new treatments for diseases by enabling cell regeneration and replacement. However, there are still challenges to overcome regarding isolating and delivering stem cells safely and effectively for clinical applications.
This document defines stem cells and discusses their characteristics, sources, and functions. It makes three key points:
1. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. They are classified based on their potency and sources as embryonic, adult, totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells.
2. Stem cells have plasticity, meaning they can take on cell fates different from their tissue of origin. This is influenced by their microenvironment.
3. Stem cells work by maintaining an interaction with their niche, the surrounding differentiated cells that secrete factors influencing stem cell behavior like division, death, or differentiation. Loss or
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several sources of stem cells including embryonic stem cells derived from early stage embryos, adult stem cells found in adult tissues, and fetal stem cells from fetuses. Stem cells are categorized by their potency, or ability to differentiate, with totipotent stem cells able to differentiate into all cell types and unipotent stem cells only able to produce their own cell type. Stem cell therapy works by transplanting stem cells into injured tissues where they receive signals to differentiate into the needed cell types to repair damage. Potential applications of stem cell therapy include treating diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's, and brain injuries.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells found in blastocysts that can form any cell type, and multipotent adult stem cells that can form a limited number of cell types. Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult cells that have been genetically modified to behave like embryonic stem cells. While stem cells show promise for research and medical applications, growing entire organs from stem cells remains a challenge.
This document summarizes stem cell basics. It defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, fetal and induced pluripotent stem cells. The unique properties of all stem cells are their ability to divide, renew themselves and differentiate. Potential uses of stem cells include testing new drugs, generating cells and tissues for therapies, and developing a renewable source of cells and tissues for transplant. However, significant challenges remain to safely and effectively use stem cells for therapies.
This document discusses stem cells, including:
- A brief history of stem cell research from 1988 to 2004.
- An introduction explaining that stem cells can divide and differentiate into other cell types, serving as a repair system.
- The main types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells from early embryos and adult stem cells found in tissues.
- Potential uses of stem cells in tissue regeneration, disease treatments, and cell deficiency therapy.
- Methods of stem cell donation and their advantages over transplanted tissues.
- The role of stem cell research in understanding gene functions and cell differentiation, aiding drug development.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. They are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and can reproduce many tissue and cell types. Stem cells are found in bone marrow, fat cells, and blood in adults, where they replenish skin and blood cells throughout life. Stem cells can be extracted, grown or replicated in culture, and injected into defect areas where they differentiate into cell types like blood or muscle cells. Over time, our reserves of stem cells deplete and the cells accumulate epigenetic changes, making them less effective at regenerating tissues and repairing damage as we age.
Stem cells can differentiate into many specialized cell types and can divide to produce more stem cells. The main types are embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are tissue-specific and multipotent. In 2007, induced pluripotent stem cells were discovered whereby adult cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell research continues to provide potential treatments for diseases.
This document discusses the history and potential applications of stem cell research. It begins with a timeline of important developments in stem cell research from 1998 to 2004. It then defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can divide and differentiate into other cell types. The document outlines the main types of stem cells: embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. It provides examples of how stem cells may be used to treat diseases like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. The document concludes by discussing the technical challenges of stem cell research and the ethical controversies surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research including:
1) A chronological history of major stem cell discoveries from 1959 to present.
2) Explanations of different types of stem cells and their properties of self-renewal and ability to differentiate.
3) Potential uses of stem cells including research, toxicology screening, cell therapy, and drug delivery.
4) Discussion of ethics, guidelines, and current status of stem cell research in India.
This document discusses the origin and types of stem cells. It notes that the term "stem cell" was coined in 1908 and that hematopoietic stem cells were discovered in human cord blood in 1978. It describes the two main types of stem cells as embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells and explains their potential (totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, unipotent). Stem cell research offers promise for developing prevention methods and treating cancers and rare blood diseases in the future.
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in tissues and organs that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. They help maintain homeostasis by replacing old or damaged cells through regeneration. When activated, adult stem cells divide asymmetrically to both self-renew and produce progenitor cells that differentiate into target cell types. Different types of adult stem cells exist in tissues like bone marrow, brain, skin, and muscle. Clinical trials study the safety and efficacy of potential stem cell therapies for diseases. While stem cell tourism offers experimental treatments, national regulatory processes provide oversight of legitimate therapies.
1. Definition
2. History
3. Discrimination of stem cells from other types of cells
4. Types
5. Why stem cells are important
6. Properties
7. Application of stem cells
8. Advantages and disadvantages
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from early-stage embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells may be useful for regenerative medicine applications like treating diseases but their research and use is also ethically debated.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research, including:
- Key discoveries and events in stem cell research history from 1998-2010.
- Different types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent, and hematopoietic stem cells found in umbilical cord blood.
- Potential uses and ethical debates around embryonic stem cell research.
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da69DB6dU58&lc=z13osnvyfnnryny2z22qh3y4rs2bd3h2d
Stem cells can be defined simply as cells which are not specialized in any specific tissue or organs.
In other words, stem cells have not differentiated into other cell types to form tissues and organs.
They are the base or foundational cells to develop into cells which specialized in certain functions.
Another distinguishing characteristics of stem cells is their ability to undergo division, giving rise to more stem cells.
The significance of stem cells in their application to the human body and human health boils down to the two important characteristics of differentiation and self-regeneration.
Imagine how powerful they can be if stems cells can be developed into heart cells, especially when someone’s heart is doomed to fail Or, for someone with damaged brain cells or nerve cells, wouldn’t it be extremely great news if stem cells can develop new brain cells or nerve cells for the person.
Indeed, the potential and possibilities of exploiting stem cells for medical science and health science are enormous.
Many untreatable diseases and ailments may in the near future become curable.
Stem cells are classified into various types based on their ability to undergo differentiation into different cell types.
In other words, their classification, and hence their name, is derived from their potential to develop into one, two or several other cell types.
In my presentation I’ll discuss the principals of formation the stem cell and its applications .
1.Introduction
2. Stem cell history
3.Why are stem cell important?
4.Classification of stem cell
5.Culturing stem cells embryonic
6.Bone marrow
7.Umbilical Human cord culture.
8.Media that are used
9.Applications
10.Conclusion
11.References.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells found in the inner cell mass of blastocysts and adult stem cells found in various tissues. There are three known sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans: bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood. Stem cells are defined by their abilities of self-renewal through cell division and potency to differentiate into other cell types.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into various cell types and serve as a repair system for the body. There are several types of stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most versatile and found in early-stage embryos, while adult stem cells are found in tissues and can differentiate into multiple cell types. Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated from adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed. The potential medical uses of stem cells are debated due to ethical issues around embryonic stem cell research.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. The document discusses the characteristics and types of stem cells in detail. It explains that embryonic stem cells are derived from early embryos and can differentiate into any cell type, while adult stem cells are found in tissues and can generate cell types of that tissue. The document provides examples of stem cell differentiation and potential medical uses for regenerative therapies.
Embryonic stem cells can form into many cell types and are harvested from embryos, which is controversial as it involves cells from a potential human. These cells can be grown in labs to replace damaged cells and treat diseases like Parkinson's and diabetes. Scientists culture stem cells by placing them in nutrient broth, then test and characterize the cells to ensure they maintain stem cell properties and can differentiate into other cell types.
From Bench to Bedside: Research and Clinical Applications of Induced Pluripot...TheresaGold
Since the isolation of embryonic stem cells in 1998, stem cell research has been considered the most promising research platform for developmental studies, disease treatment, tissue repair engineering, and regenerative medicine. However, embryonic stem cell research has been widely regulated and restricted due to the ethical issues surrounding research using embryonic tissue. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are stems cells that are derived through the genetic reprogramming of a somatic cell. iPS cells are nearly identical to embryonic stem cells, possessing the potential to give rise to every cell type in an organism, with the exception of extraembryonic tissues. Consequently, induced pluripotent stem cells promise the same research and clinical benefits as embryonic stem cells, without the ethical concerns. This presentation explores the process of generating induced pluripotent stem cells and investigates potential applications of induced pluripotent stem cells in both a research and clinical setting.
This document defines stem cells and discusses their characteristics, sources, and functions. It makes three key points:
1. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. They are classified based on their potency and sources as embryonic, adult, totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells.
2. Stem cells have plasticity, meaning they can take on cell fates different from their tissue of origin. This is influenced by their microenvironment.
3. Stem cells work by maintaining an interaction with their niche, the surrounding differentiated cells that secrete factors influencing stem cell behavior like division, death, or differentiation. Loss or
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several sources of stem cells including embryonic stem cells derived from early stage embryos, adult stem cells found in adult tissues, and fetal stem cells from fetuses. Stem cells are categorized by their potency, or ability to differentiate, with totipotent stem cells able to differentiate into all cell types and unipotent stem cells only able to produce their own cell type. Stem cell therapy works by transplanting stem cells into injured tissues where they receive signals to differentiate into the needed cell types to repair damage. Potential applications of stem cell therapy include treating diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's, and brain injuries.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells found in blastocysts that can form any cell type, and multipotent adult stem cells that can form a limited number of cell types. Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult cells that have been genetically modified to behave like embryonic stem cells. While stem cells show promise for research and medical applications, growing entire organs from stem cells remains a challenge.
This document summarizes stem cell basics. It defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, fetal and induced pluripotent stem cells. The unique properties of all stem cells are their ability to divide, renew themselves and differentiate. Potential uses of stem cells include testing new drugs, generating cells and tissues for therapies, and developing a renewable source of cells and tissues for transplant. However, significant challenges remain to safely and effectively use stem cells for therapies.
This document discusses stem cells, including:
- A brief history of stem cell research from 1988 to 2004.
- An introduction explaining that stem cells can divide and differentiate into other cell types, serving as a repair system.
- The main types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells from early embryos and adult stem cells found in tissues.
- Potential uses of stem cells in tissue regeneration, disease treatments, and cell deficiency therapy.
- Methods of stem cell donation and their advantages over transplanted tissues.
- The role of stem cell research in understanding gene functions and cell differentiation, aiding drug development.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. They are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and can reproduce many tissue and cell types. Stem cells are found in bone marrow, fat cells, and blood in adults, where they replenish skin and blood cells throughout life. Stem cells can be extracted, grown or replicated in culture, and injected into defect areas where they differentiate into cell types like blood or muscle cells. Over time, our reserves of stem cells deplete and the cells accumulate epigenetic changes, making them less effective at regenerating tissues and repairing damage as we age.
Stem cells can differentiate into many specialized cell types and can divide to produce more stem cells. The main types are embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are tissue-specific and multipotent. In 2007, induced pluripotent stem cells were discovered whereby adult cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell research continues to provide potential treatments for diseases.
This document discusses the history and potential applications of stem cell research. It begins with a timeline of important developments in stem cell research from 1998 to 2004. It then defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can divide and differentiate into other cell types. The document outlines the main types of stem cells: embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. It provides examples of how stem cells may be used to treat diseases like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. The document concludes by discussing the technical challenges of stem cell research and the ethical controversies surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research including:
1) A chronological history of major stem cell discoveries from 1959 to present.
2) Explanations of different types of stem cells and their properties of self-renewal and ability to differentiate.
3) Potential uses of stem cells including research, toxicology screening, cell therapy, and drug delivery.
4) Discussion of ethics, guidelines, and current status of stem cell research in India.
This document discusses the origin and types of stem cells. It notes that the term "stem cell" was coined in 1908 and that hematopoietic stem cells were discovered in human cord blood in 1978. It describes the two main types of stem cells as embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells and explains their potential (totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, unipotent). Stem cell research offers promise for developing prevention methods and treating cancers and rare blood diseases in the future.
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in tissues and organs that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. They help maintain homeostasis by replacing old or damaged cells through regeneration. When activated, adult stem cells divide asymmetrically to both self-renew and produce progenitor cells that differentiate into target cell types. Different types of adult stem cells exist in tissues like bone marrow, brain, skin, and muscle. Clinical trials study the safety and efficacy of potential stem cell therapies for diseases. While stem cell tourism offers experimental treatments, national regulatory processes provide oversight of legitimate therapies.
1. Definition
2. History
3. Discrimination of stem cells from other types of cells
4. Types
5. Why stem cells are important
6. Properties
7. Application of stem cells
8. Advantages and disadvantages
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from early-stage embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells may be useful for regenerative medicine applications like treating diseases but their research and use is also ethically debated.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research, including:
- Key discoveries and events in stem cell research history from 1998-2010.
- Different types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent, and hematopoietic stem cells found in umbilical cord blood.
- Potential uses and ethical debates around embryonic stem cell research.
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da69DB6dU58&lc=z13osnvyfnnryny2z22qh3y4rs2bd3h2d
Stem cells can be defined simply as cells which are not specialized in any specific tissue or organs.
In other words, stem cells have not differentiated into other cell types to form tissues and organs.
They are the base or foundational cells to develop into cells which specialized in certain functions.
Another distinguishing characteristics of stem cells is their ability to undergo division, giving rise to more stem cells.
The significance of stem cells in their application to the human body and human health boils down to the two important characteristics of differentiation and self-regeneration.
Imagine how powerful they can be if stems cells can be developed into heart cells, especially when someone’s heart is doomed to fail Or, for someone with damaged brain cells or nerve cells, wouldn’t it be extremely great news if stem cells can develop new brain cells or nerve cells for the person.
Indeed, the potential and possibilities of exploiting stem cells for medical science and health science are enormous.
Many untreatable diseases and ailments may in the near future become curable.
Stem cells are classified into various types based on their ability to undergo differentiation into different cell types.
In other words, their classification, and hence their name, is derived from their potential to develop into one, two or several other cell types.
In my presentation I’ll discuss the principals of formation the stem cell and its applications .
1.Introduction
2. Stem cell history
3.Why are stem cell important?
4.Classification of stem cell
5.Culturing stem cells embryonic
6.Bone marrow
7.Umbilical Human cord culture.
8.Media that are used
9.Applications
10.Conclusion
11.References.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells found in the inner cell mass of blastocysts and adult stem cells found in various tissues. There are three known sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans: bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood. Stem cells are defined by their abilities of self-renewal through cell division and potency to differentiate into other cell types.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into various cell types and serve as a repair system for the body. There are several types of stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most versatile and found in early-stage embryos, while adult stem cells are found in tissues and can differentiate into multiple cell types. Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated from adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed. The potential medical uses of stem cells are debated due to ethical issues around embryonic stem cell research.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. The document discusses the characteristics and types of stem cells in detail. It explains that embryonic stem cells are derived from early embryos and can differentiate into any cell type, while adult stem cells are found in tissues and can generate cell types of that tissue. The document provides examples of stem cell differentiation and potential medical uses for regenerative therapies.
Embryonic stem cells can form into many cell types and are harvested from embryos, which is controversial as it involves cells from a potential human. These cells can be grown in labs to replace damaged cells and treat diseases like Parkinson's and diabetes. Scientists culture stem cells by placing them in nutrient broth, then test and characterize the cells to ensure they maintain stem cell properties and can differentiate into other cell types.
From Bench to Bedside: Research and Clinical Applications of Induced Pluripot...TheresaGold
Since the isolation of embryonic stem cells in 1998, stem cell research has been considered the most promising research platform for developmental studies, disease treatment, tissue repair engineering, and regenerative medicine. However, embryonic stem cell research has been widely regulated and restricted due to the ethical issues surrounding research using embryonic tissue. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are stems cells that are derived through the genetic reprogramming of a somatic cell. iPS cells are nearly identical to embryonic stem cells, possessing the potential to give rise to every cell type in an organism, with the exception of extraembryonic tissues. Consequently, induced pluripotent stem cells promise the same research and clinical benefits as embryonic stem cells, without the ethical concerns. This presentation explores the process of generating induced pluripotent stem cells and investigates potential applications of induced pluripotent stem cells in both a research and clinical setting.
Stem cell therapy and lungs - Dr.Tinku JosephDr.Tinku Joseph
This document discusses stem cell therapy for lung diseases. It defines stem cells and describes their main types, including embryonic, adult, and adult tissue-specific stem cells. It outlines the identification of lung stem cells and controversies over their origin. Studies show lung epithelial cells and bronchoalveolar stem cells may help repair lung injury. The document also discusses applications of stem cell therapy for conditions like COPD and strategies for transplantation.
The document outlines the expertise, qualifications, and experience of an individual with extensive experience in procurement, logistics, supply chain management, and operations. Key areas of expertise include procurement, sourcing, negotiations, vendor management, logistics, contract management, warehouse management, and supply chain processes. The individual holds an MBA in Human Resource Management and a diploma in Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Work experience includes management roles in procurement, logistics, and operations for organizations such as USAID, UNOPS, WFP, and private sector companies.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
Pakuranga Library provides cultural experiences for the community. It offers a variety of books, movies, music and programs that explore different cultures and traditions. Visitors can learn about other societies and beliefs through the library's diverse collection and events.
Este documento proporciona una historia del origen y desarrollo del comercio electrónico desde los años 1920 hasta la actualidad. Explica los diferentes tipos de comercio electrónico como B2B, B2C, C2C, G2C y G2B. También describe las ventajas y desventajas del comercio electrónico para los usuarios y las empresas, así como las razones por las que las empresas deberían implementar el comercio electrónico como nuevos canales de ventas y costos reducidos de operación.
This document appears to be about a class of students in the first grade of the Julio Moreno Municipal Educational Unit. It lists several categories for describing students, including their looks, personalities, talents, clothes, and achievements. Music is also mentioned.
The document analyzes the Australian property market and whether it is a good time to buy property. It finds that property prices have risen significantly in recent years due to low interest rates, economic growth, and high demand. However, many of the key demand drivers are expected to slow or decline in the coming years as interest rates rise, economic growth softens, foreign investment decreases, and housing supply increases. While a sharp decline is not expected, prices are forecast to experience flat or low growth going forward. The conclusion is that while waiting a few years carries some risk, it may be better not to rush into the market until the effects of the changing conditions become clearer.
O documento descreve o projeto Gnesis Company, que oferece vários serviços virtuais em um único lugar. Ele também detalha várias opções de investimento no projeto, com projeções de retornos variando de 25% a 50% ao mês, dependendo do tempo e valor investido. Potenciais investidores podem ganhar comissões indicando novos investidores.
The document provides observations from a visit to a monk temple. It describes various customs observed, including removing shoes before praying and monks not shaking hands to remain pure. Donations from visitors supported different temple needs and came in buckets of supplies. The temple grounds included food stands that only accepted special coins, and areas for eating while listening to speakers. Inside the temple, guests at a wedding formed lines to eat.
The document summarizes a play about a princess who disguises herself and travels into a village where she encounters difficulties. The villagers find her in a cottage and accuse her of stealing, not believing her claims of being the princess. As the villagers suggest punishments for her, a juggler arrives and recognizes her but the villagers still demand proof. The princess is able to juggle apples without dropping them, astonishing the villagers, who then agree to take her home.
The document discusses using the capabilities approach to evaluate social innovation projects funded by the European Social Fund (ESF). It provides guidance on developing calls for proposals that focus on individual well-being and development.
The capabilities approach defines well-being as individuals engaging in activities and conditions they value. Development expands opportunities for this, as well as individuals' ability to create opportunities themselves. Calls should fund projects demonstrating services that better support well-being and development in line with policy goals.
The document discusses using innovation via exploration, which focuses on challenges rather than predefined concepts, allowing phase 1 to provide inputs to decide on phase 2 funding. However, it notes some proposals may already have concepts, so exploration is not always needed.
The document provides summaries of several literature sources on innovation:
1) Literature discusses defining different types of innovation like revolutionary, evolutionary, and specialized. It also outlines splitting the innovation process into conceptualization, development, and dissemination stages.
2) Another source discusses common strategy mistakes like narrowly focusing on existing services rather than new concepts. It recommends funding a range of idea sizes from small to large-scale.
3) A third literature source discusses organizing innovation by creating an environment that motivates innovators and allowing them flexibility in projects. It stresses the importance of learning from failures.
Shaping Sexuality - Joannette van der Veer - BeforeplayFirmaVruchtvlees
Presentation by Joanette van der Veer During the mini symposium Shaping Sex, Designing Sexuality that took place on the 20th of oktober in MU artspace, during the Dutch Design Week in Eindhoven.
Stem cells have the potential to treat many diseases and regenerate tissues due to their unique ability to differentiate into various cell types. There are four main types of stem cells: totipotent stem cells from early embryos, pluripotent stem cells from later embryos, multipotent adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells created in labs. Researchers have studied embryonic stem cells since 1998 and have made progress in growing various cell types, but their use remains controversial due to ethical concerns around destroying embryos. Adult stem cells found in tissues show promise for regenerative medicine but have more limited differentiation potential.
This document provides an overview of stem cell technology and research. It discusses the history and types of stem cells, including embryonic and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can form virtually any cell type, while adult stem cells are multipotent and more limited in what cells they can become. The document also reviews potential applications of stem cell therapy in treating conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and arthritis. However, ethical issues around the use of embryonic stem cells remain controversial.
Stem cell therapy holds promise for treating many incurable diseases by replacing damaged cells. There are various types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. While embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, their use is controversial due to requiring embryo destruction. Alternative sources like adult stem cells and iPS cells do not have the same ethical issues but may have limitations. Stem cell research faces challenges like preventing immune rejection and tumor formation but continues to advance regenerative medicine.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into many or few cell types. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells derived from embryos, while adult stem cells are found in adult tissues and have more limited potential. Stem cell research aims to understand stem cell biology and use stem cells for regenerative medicine applications like treating diseases. However, embryonic stem cell research is controversial due to ethical issues around embryo use and destruction.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into any cell type, and adult or tissue stem cells, which can only differentiate into a limited number of cell types. Stem cells offer potential applications for cell therapy and drug development due to their unique abilities to self-renew and differentiate. However, there are still many challenges to the clinical application of stem cells, such as controlling differentiation and preventing immune rejection.
This document summarizes key information about stem cells. It discusses that stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and have the ability to self-renew. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent stem cells found in fertilized eggs, pluripotent stem cells found in early embryos, and multipotent stem cells found in adult tissues. The document also discusses the unique properties of stem cells and provides examples of how stem cells may be used for research, regenerative medicine, and cell-based therapies to treat conditions such as diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injuries.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and can help treat many medical conditions. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can form nearly every cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and usually form a limited number of cell types. Recent research has shown that mature cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells through nuclear transfer or the introduction of specific factors. This opens up new possibilities for regenerative medicine and treating diseases.
This document provides an overview of stem cells, including their definition, history, characteristics, types, potency, treatments, and research. It discusses embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent cells derived from blastocysts, and adult stem cells found in tissues like bone marrow. The document also outlines the importance of stem cell research for developing new medical treatments, testing drugs, and studying development, while acknowledging the ethical controversies around embryonic stem cell derivation and challenges with stem cell therapies.
The complete, compiled presentation on stem cell research. The contents include background history along with the introduction, different stem cell types, cultivation process, stem cell cloning and potential uses, the negative aspects and ethical concerns regarding stem cell therapy. Different examples of the useful work in stem cell therapy field has also been mentioned.
Stem cells can differentiate into other types of cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can become any cell type but raise ethical issues, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and found in specific tissues where they aid in repair. Stem cell research aims to understand development and treat diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, and spinal cord injuries by replacing damaged cells. Dental stem cells from the pulp have potential for tissue regeneration.
Stem cells have the unique ability to both self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types. This allows stem cells to play an important role in normal development and tissue repair. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can become any cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and usually form cell types of their tissue of origin. Stem cell therapies show promise for treating diseases by replacing damaged cells, though many applications are still experimental. Ethical debates surround the use of embryonic stem cells due to their source as human embryos.
Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
– Derived from the blastocyst of a 5 day-old embryo
– Are pluripotent, i.e., they can differentiate into almost any cell type in the body (primary-like cells)
– Can renew themselves indefinitely
Adult Stem Cells (e.g. MSCs, NSCs, ADSCs)
– Isolated from adult tissues, organs or blood, cord blood, etc.
– Are multipotent – i.e., can give rise to a number of related cell types
– Can renew themselves a number of times but not indefinitely
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS Cells)
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to form pluripotent stem cells called induced pluripotential stem cells (iPS cell).
Stem cell therapy involves using stem cells to treat diseases. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells derived from embryos, adult stem cells found in tissues, and induced pluripotent stem cells created from adult cells. Stem cell therapy works by replacing damaged cells with healthy stem cell-derived cells. It is being used and researched for treating conditions like cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders. However, the use of embryonic stem cells raises some ethical issues as it involves the destruction of embryos.
This document discusses stem cells, including their characteristics and different types. It begins with an introduction to stem cells, noting they are unspecialized cells that can divide indefinitely and give rise to specialized cells. It then describes the main characteristics of stem cells, including being unspecialized, capable of proliferation, able to differentiate, and demonstrating plasticity. The document discusses the different types of stem cells, including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells which can form any cell type but not placental cells, and multipotent adult stem cells which are limited to certain cell lineages. Sources of stem cells discussed include embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts, adult stem cells found in tissues, and
This document discusses stem cell culture and provides definitions, classifications, and methods for culturing different types of stem cells. It summarizes the history of stem cell research from 1981 to present. It describes embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells including bone marrow and umbilical cord stem cells. Methods are outlined for isolating and culturing stem cells from bone marrow and umbilical cord. Advantages and disadvantages of different stem cell sources are compared.
Stem cells have the potential to divide and renew themselves indefinitely, and give rise to specialized cell types. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can become any cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and can form a limited number of cell types. Stem cell research offers possibilities for treating diseases such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders through cell therapy and tissue regeneration. However, ethical issues surround the use of embryonic stem cells.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research including different types of stem cells, their potential medical applications, and the processes of embryonic stem cell derivation and therapeutic cloning. It discusses embryonic stem cells' ability to differentiate into any cell type compared to adult stem cells' more limited potential. Current research aims to develop stem cell therapies for conditions like diabetes, spinal cord injury, and heart disease. However, significant challenges remain regarding controlling stem cell behavior and ensuring therapies are long-lasting without tumor formation.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
Stem cells are cells that can replicate themselves while remaining undifferentiated and can differentiate into mature cell types. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cell research hopes to use these cells to create replacement tissues and organs for diseases. However, there are ethical issues around using embryonic stem cells which require the destruction of embryos. Researchers are exploring alternatives like therapeutic cloning and adult stem cells. If successful, stem cell treatments could help those with conditions like Parkinson's, diabetes, and organ failure.
This document provides an overview of stem cell therapy. It defines stem cells as cells that can continuously divide and differentiate into other cell types. The key properties of stem cells are self-renewal and the ability to become specialized. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent and unipotent cells. The document also describes different sources of human stem cells such as umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, fetal tissue, and embryonic and adult tissues. It discusses applications of stem cell therapy and challenges to stem cell research.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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(
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−
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)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
4. 1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human
embryos
1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making
cells from cadavers
2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic
stem-cell research
2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International
creates $20 million fund-raising effort to support stem-
cell research
2002 - California ok stem cell research
2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos
using private funding
2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells
Stem Cell HistoryStem Cell History
5. Stem Cell – Definition
• A cell that has the ability to
continuously divide and
differentiate (develop) into various
other kind(s) of cells/tissues
6. Stem Cell Characteristics
• ‘Blank cells’ (unspecialized)
• Capable of dividing and renewing
themselves for long periods of time
(proliferation and renewal)
• Have the potential to give rise to
specialized cell types (differentiation)
7. Kinds of Stem CellsKinds of Stem Cells
Stem cellStem cell
typetype DescriptionDescription ExamplesExamples
TotipotentTotipotent
Each cell can developEach cell can develop
into a new individualinto a new individual
Cells from early (1-Cells from early (1-
3 days) embryos3 days) embryos
PluripotentPluripotent
Cells can form any (overCells can form any (over
200) cell types200) cell types
Some cells ofSome cells of
blastocyst (5 to 14blastocyst (5 to 14
days)days)
MultipotentMultipotent
Cells differentiated, butCells differentiated, but
can form a number ofcan form a number of
other tissuesother tissues
Fetal tissue, cordFetal tissue, cord
blood, and adultblood, and adult
stem cellsstem cells
8. This cell
Can form the
Embryo and placenta
This cell
Can just form the
embryo
Fully mature
9. Kinds of Stem CellsKinds of Stem Cells
Embryonic stem cells
• five to six-day-old embryo
• Tabula rasa
Embryonic germ cells
• derived from the part of a human embryo or fetus
that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm
(gametes).
Adult stem cells
• undifferentiated cells found among specialized or
differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth
• appear to have a more restricted ability to produce
different cell types and to self-renew.
16. • Skin
• Fat Cells
• Bone marrow
• Brain
• Many other organs
& tissues
Adult Stem Cells
An undifferentiated cells found
among specialized or differentiated
cells in a tissue or organ after birth
18. Bone Marrow
• Found in spongy bone where blood cells form
• Used to replace damaged or destroyed bone
marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells.
• treat patients diagnosed with leukemia, aplastic
anemia, and lymphomas
• Need a greater histological
20. Umbilical cord stem cells
• Also Known as Wharton’s Jelly
• Adult stem cells of infant origin
• Less invasive than bone marrow
• Greater compatibility
• Less expensive
21. Umbilical cord stem cells
Three important functions:
1. Plasticity: Potential to change into
other cell types like nerve cells
2. Homing: To travel to the site of
tissue damage
3. Engraftment: To unite with other
tissues
25. Heart Disease
• Adult bone marrow stem cells
injected into the hearts are believed
to improve cardiac function in
victims of heart failure or heart
attack
26.
27. Leukemia and Cancer
• Studies show leukemia patients
treated with stem cells emerge free
of disease.
• Injections of stem cells have also
reduces pancreatic cancers in some
patients.
Proliferation of white cells
29. Type I Diabetes
• Pancreatic cells do not produce
insulin
• Embryonic Stems Cells might be
trained to become pancreatic islets
cells needed to secrete insulin.
34. Why is Stem Cell Research So Important
to All of Us?
Stem cells can replace diseased or
damaged cells
Stem cells allow us to study
development and genetics
Stem cells can be used to test different
substances (drugs and chemicals)
35. Why the Controversy Over Stem cells?
• Embryonic Stem cells are derived from extra
blastocysts that would otherwise be discarded
following IVF.
• Extracting stem cells destroys the developing
blastocyst (embryo).
-Questions for Consideration-
• Is an embryo a person?
• Is it morally acceptable to use embryos for
research?
• When do we become “human beings?”
Editor's Notes
Stem cells are different from other cells of the body in that they have the ability to differentiate into other cell/tissue types. This ability allows them to replace cells that have died. With this ability, they have been used to replace defective cells/tissues in patients who have certain diseases or defects.
Common variants, called polymorphisms, occur at greater than 1% frequency
I have given some examples of how exposure induced risk is modified in various ways
Typically the effects are modest in magnitude.
We are interested in how genetics modifies Exposure and exposure-related diseases Because…..
Stem cells can be classified into three broad categories, based on their ability to differentiate. Totipotent stem cells are found only in early embryos. Each cell can form a complete organism (e.g., identical twins). Pluripotent stem cells exist in the undifferentiated inner cell mass of the blastocyst and can form any of the over 200 different cell types found in the body. Multipotent stem cells are derived from fetal tissue, cord blood and adult stem cells. Although their ability to differentiate is more limited than pluripotent stem cells, they already have a track record of success in cell-based therapies. Here is a current list of the sources of stem cells:
Embryonic stem cells - are harvested from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst seven to ten days after fertilization.
Fetal stem cells - are taken from the germline tissues that will make up the gonads of aborted fetuses.
Umbilical cord stem cells - Umbilical cord blood contains stem cells similar to those found in bone marrow.
Placenta derived stem cells - up to ten times as many stem cells can be harvested from a placenta as from cord blood.
Adult stem cells - Many adult tissues contain stem cells that can be isolated.
CLICK! This diagram will eventually show the entire range of development, from fertilized egg to mature cell types in the body.
Each cell in the 8-cell embryo, here in red, can generate every cell in the embryo as well as the placenta and extra-embryonic tissues. These cells are called CLICK! TOTIPOTENT stem cells. Why are they called totipotent? (wait for answers) Because one red cell can potentially make all necessary tissues for development. CLICK!
During In Vitro Fertilization, can parents choose whether their baby is going to be a boy or a girl? (wait) Yes, there is a widely-practiced procedure called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, where one cell is removed from the 8-cell embryo and its DNA is examined. What might you look for when trying to identify the embryo’s sex? (wait) If there’s an X and Y chromosome it’s a boy and if there are two X’s it’s a girl. The parents can decide whether to implant it. Also parents with a genetic disease might want to see if their baby has any identifiable genetic disorders and decide whether to implant based on this information. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis doesn’t destroy the embryo. Scientists are attempting to adapt this pre-implantation genetic diagnosis procedure and use it to create a stem cell line from one single TOTIPOTENT cell, without destroying the embryo.
The embryonic stem cells inside the blastocyst, here in purple, can generate every cell in the body except placenta and extra-embryonic tissues. These are called CLICK! PLURIPOTENT stem cells…why? (wait for answers) Because they can differentiate into all the 200+ cell types in the body, but they do not form the placenta. CLICK! Pluripotent stem cells can be isolated and grown in culture, or left to develop into more specialized cells in the body.
CLICK! Adult stem cells or tissue-specific stem cells have restricted lineages. Adult stem cells show up when the three distinct layers form in the 14-day-old embryo, and are present in the fetus, baby, child, and so forth. Adult just means they’ve gone further down their lineage pathway than the initial stem cells in the embryo. They are called CLICK! MULTIPOTENT stem cells because they will only become mature cells from the tissue in which they reside. Adult stem cells are present throughout your life and replace fully mature CLICK!, yet damaged and dying cells.
So to review (if time): TOTIPOTENT stem cells come from embryos that are less than 3 days old. These cells can make the TOTAL human being because they can form the placenta and all other tissues. PLURIPOTENT stem cells come from embryos that are 5-14 days old. Embryos and fetuses that are older than 14 days DO NOT contain pluripotent cells. These cells can form every cell type in the body but not the placenta. MULTIPOTENT stem cells are also called adult stem cells and these appear in the 14 day old embryo and beyond. At this point these stem cells will continue down certain lineages and CANNOT naturally turn back into pluripotent cells or switch lineages.
Every cell contains a complete copy of “the blueprint of life”
DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides - 4 bases (A,G,T,C)
23 pairs of chromosomes
If unwound and tied together, human DNA in one cell would stretch ~ 5 feet, but would be only 50 trillionths of an inch wide!
Genes are specific sequences of DNA, each of which “codes” for a protein with a specific function
Genes are copied each time a cell divides, passing on the blueprint
The early stages of embryogenesis are the point at which embryonic stem cell lines are derived. The fertilized egg (day 1) undergoes cell division to form a 2-cell embryo, followed by 4-cell, etc. until a ball of cells is formed by the fourth day. The ball becomes hollow, forming the blastocyst. This is the stage at which pluripotent embryonic stem cell lines are generated. Following the blastocyst stage, the tissues of the embryo start to form and the cells become multipotent.
1990s that scientists agreed that the adult brain does contain stem cells that are able to generate the brain's three major cell types—astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which are non-neuronal cells, and neurons, or nerve cells.
A. Where are adult stem cells found, and what do they normally do?
Adult stem cells have been identified in many organs and tissues, including brain, bone marrow, peripheral blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver, ovarian epithelium, and testis. They are thought to reside in a specific area of each tissue (called a "stem cell niche"). In many tissues, current evidence suggests that some types of stem cells are pericytes, cells that compose the outermost layer of small blood vessels. Stem cells may remain quiescent (non-dividing) for long periods of time until they are activated by a normal need for more cells to maintain tissues, or by disease or tissue injury.
Typically, there is a very small number of stem cells in each tissue, and once removed from the body, their capacity to divide is limited, making generation of large quantities of stem cells difficult. Scientists in many laboratories are trying to find better ways to grow large quantities of adult stem cells in cell culture and to manipulate them to generate specific cell types so they can be used to treat injury or disease. Some examples of potential treatments include regenerating bone using cells derived from bone marrow stroma, developing insulin-producing cells for type 1 diabetes, and repairing damaged heart muscle following a heart attack with cardiac muscle cells.
B. What tests are used for identifying adult stem cells?
Scientists often use one or more of the following methods to identify adult stem cells: (1) label the cells in a living tissue with molecular markers and then determine the specialized cell types they generate; (2) remove the cells from a living animal, label them in cell culture, and transplant them back into another animal to determine whether the cells replace (or "repopulate") their tissue of origin.
Importantly, it must be demonstrated that a single adult stem cell can generate a line of genetically identical cells that then gives rise to all the appropriate differentiated cell types of the tissue. To confirm experimentally that a putative adult stem cell is indeed a stem cell, scientists tend to show either that the cell can give rise to these genetically identical cells in culture, and/or that a purified population of these candidate stem cells can repopulate or reform the tissue after transplant into an animal.
Every cell contains a complete copy of “the blueprint of life”
DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides - 4 bases (A,G,T,C)
23 pairs of chromosomes
If unwound and tied together, human DNA in one cell would stretch ~ 5 feet, but would be only 50 trillionths of an inch wide!
Genes are specific sequences of DNA, each of which “codes” for a protein with a specific function
Genes are copied each time a cell divides, passing on the blueprint
Adult stem cells are found all over your body. Here are a few examples of places in the body with stem cells.
Who here has been told that brain cells never regenerate? (hands) Whoever told you that was misinformed! Relatively recently scientists discovered that in two specific parts of your brain, neural stem cells divide and differentiate to become neurons and glial cells, which support the growth of neurons. Without neural stem cells in the hippocampus, you would probably not be able to learn or remember.
The top right picture is a cross-section of the rat hippocampus, and neural stem cells are the blue dots, which divide and differentiate to form mature neurons (green) and astrocytes (red).
The bottom right picture is of cultured neural stem cells (just plain blue dots), and derived from those stem cells, neurons (blue dots surrounded by red) and oligodendrocytes (blue dots surrounded by green).