The document discusses the process of making steel, including the raw materials, production processes, and applications. Key points: - Raw materials include iron ore, limestone, coke, and scrap metal. Iron ore is purified and melted in blast furnaces with coke and limestone. - Primary production methods are basic oxygen furnace (BOF) and electric arc furnace (EAF), which further refine molten iron into steel. - Secondary processes like degassing and temperature control produce semi-finished and finished steel products. - Steel products have many applications in infrastructure, vehicles, machinery, and more due to their strength and cost effectiveness.

1. Institute of Technology of Cambodia
Department of Civil Engineering
Project: The process of making steel
Professor: M. LY Hav
Year: 2018-2019
Students:
1, KEO Sokheng e20160233
2, KER Monyrothana e20150265
3, KHANG Chhai Hok e20160238
4, KHEN Makara e20160245
5, KHENG Rady e20160249
6, KHIM Radya e20160252
7, KHLOEUN Lihong e20160256
8, KHUT Oddom e20160268
9, KREU Sopha e20160294
10, LACH Socheata e20181640
I3(A) GCI - GROUP 05

2. CONTENTS
1/ Introduction
2/ Process involved in manufacturing
2.1/ Raw materials
2.2/ Converter process
2.3/ Blasting process
2.4/ Primary steel making
2.5/ Basic oxygen furnace (BOF)
2.6/ Electric arc furnace (EAF)
2.7/ Secondary steel making
3/ Semi-products
4/ Final products
5/ Applications

3. 1 INTRODUCTION
What is steel?
Steels are alloys of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, widely used
in constructions and other applications because of their high tensile strengths and
low costs.
Steel products

4. Typeofsteels:
Carbon steel
Stainless steel
Tools steel
Alloy steel
Low Carbon 0.04-0.30% of C
Medium Carbon 0.30-0.60% of C
High Carbon 0.60-1.50% of C
Low Alloy up to 5%
Medium Alloy up to 5-10%
High Alloy up to 10%

5. 2 PROCESS INVOLVED IN MANUFACTURING
Carbonization of Coke
Blast Furnace
Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF )
Electric Arc Furnace ( EAF )

6. 2.1 RAW MATERIALS
Iron ore is The usable part of the Rock of iron
(Fe2O3)
Limestone is sedimentary rock consisting
predominantly of Calcium Carbonate.
Coke is a fuel with few impurities
And high carbon content, usually made from heating
coal.
Scrap consists of recyclable materials left over from
product manufacturing and consumption, such as
parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus
materials.

7. 2.2 CONVERTER PROCESS
 Iron ore is put into sinter plant and the impurities are also removed.
 The mineral is washed to remove dirt.
 It’s crushed into sand.
 Iron ore is grinding to powder and separate the ore from powerful magnets.
 The sand is sieved and then again separated from the iron ore.

8. CONVERTER PROCESS
The melting iron from the sinter plant process

9. CONVERTER PROCESS
Coal is heated by the oven at 1100ᵒC
about 12h-16h to peel the iron making
Furnaces and remove as the solid
carbon fuel.
Coal The black furnace(Coke)

10. 2.3 BLASTING PROCESS
 Smelting iron, Coke and limestone
are added into this process.
 The purpose of a blast furnace is to
reduce and convert iron oxides into
liquid iron called "hot metal".
 Iron can be extracted by the blast
furnace because it can be displaced
by carbon

11. 2.4 PRIMARY STEEL MAKING
The open hearth process is a bit like a giant fireplace in which pig iron, scrap steel, and iron ore
are burned with limestone until they fuse together. More pig iron is added, the unwanted carbon combines
with oxygen, the impurities are removed as slag and the iron turns to molten steel. Skilled workers sample
the steel and continue the process until the iron has exactly the right carbon content to make a particular
type of steel.

12. 2.5 BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE (BOF)
 The pig iron is added and the limestone also added to
reduce the impurities and to form the slags.
 Steel making process by dumping recycled steel scrap
into the Basic Oxygen Furnace(BOF) and adding hot iron
sparks, the high purity oxygen to blown oxygen furnace
into the mix at supersonic speeds and then after all the
elements have the reaction. Finally we get the molten
steel.

13. GRAPH OF CARBON STEELS
Here is the graph between high carbon steel and low carbon steel.
So, that is the reason why limestones are added to remove impurities and
controlled the quantity of percentage of carbon.

14. 2.6 ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE (EAF)
The EAF uses only cold scrap metal. The
process was originally used solely for making high
quality steel, such as those used for machine tools and
spring steel, as it gave more precise control over the
composition. A powerful electric current is passed
through the charge, an arc is created, and the heat
generated melts the scrap. Lime and fluorspar are
added as fluxes and oxygen is blown into the melt. As a
result, impurities in the metal combine to form a liquid
slag. We use electric arcs (effectively giant sparks) to
melt pig iron or scrap steel. Since they're much more
controllable, electric furnaces are generally used to
make higher-specification alloy, carbon, and tool steels

15. 2.7 SECONDARY STEELMAKING
After the molten iron is tapped into a ladle
from the BOF or EAF is often given one or more extra
treatments depending upon the great of steel
required. These further refining stage are collectively
known as secondary steelmaking process and can
include ladle stirring with Argon, powder or wire
injection, vacuum degassing and ladle are heating.
Some high-grade steels combine all of these
treatments. these processes improve homogenization
of temperature and composition, allow careful
trimming to precise compositions, remove harmful
and unwanted gases such as hydrogen and reduce
elements such as Sulphur to very low levels.

16. CASTING PROCESS
Before molten steel can be rolled or formed into
finished products, it has to solidify and be formed into
standard, semi-finished. the
shapes were always produced by ‘teeming’ (pouring) the
molten steel into ingot molds. The ingots are placed in
soaking pits (ingot reheating
furnaces) to bring them up to a uniform temperature before
being passed to the primary mills, which then begin to roll
them into
the required shapes. However, most modern steels are now
continuously cast.

17. HOT ROLLING PROCESS
Whenever casting process is used, the As-cast produce always contains defect such as interval
cracks, porosity and segregation, which are the result of the solidification process.

18. 3 SEMI-PRODUCTS
In the hot rolling process, many semi-products are produced such as: Blooms, Billets and
Slabs.
Semi-Products

19. ROLLING PROCESS
The semi-products are taken to hot strip mill at 2127ᵒC (The begin of the semi to
final products), cooling and then we get the final products.

20. 4 FINAL PRODUCTS

21. 5 APPLICATIONS
Car
Metal roofs
Rail way Bridge
Sculpture
Cranes
Scalpels
Building
Steel beams
Vehicle
Art and Design Medicine
Industrial and
infrastructure
Knee joint
Airplane

22. Question and Answer