The document describes the process of forming iron and steel using a blast furnace. It involves the following key steps:
1. Sinter is added to the top of the blast furnace. Air is blasted into the bottom to fuel reactions that melt the iron out of the sinter.
2. Molten iron collects at the bottom of the furnace and is tapped out periodically. Slag floats on top and is also tapped out. Wasted gases exit from the top.
3. The iron produced contains carbon and impurities, making it cast iron. Steel is made by removing carbon from cast iron through oxidation, then adding other metals to produce alloys with specific properties.
This document discusses the process of steel making. It begins by introducing steel and its types, which are classified based on carbon percentage as carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloy steel. It then describes the main steel making methods. The basic oxygen furnace uses carbon-rich pig iron and oxygen to produce low-carbon steel. The electric arc furnace produces specialty steels by heating scrap metal with an electric arc. Secondary steelmaking processes such as argon oxygen decarburization further refine the steel through decarburization, desulphurization, and alloying.
Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
Refractories and Operation of RH and RH-OB Processsampad mishra
This document discusses refractories and the operation of RH and RH-OB vacuum degassing processes. It provides details on the purpose, activities, and products of various refining units. It also summarizes the theoretical aspects and operational controls of RH processing, including factors that influence the removal of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen from steel. Finally, it discusses refractory materials used in RH degassers and strategies for improving RH lining performance and extending degasser lifetime.
The document provides information about electric arc furnaces (EAF) used for steelmaking. It discusses that EAFs use electric arcs between graphite electrodes and metallic charges to melt scrap steel at temperatures over 4000°C. EAFs allow oxidizing or reducing conditions and can use different slags. While costly due to electrical energy needs, EAFs offer flexibility in steel grades produced and can use scrap steel or hot metal from blast furnaces. Modern developments aim to reduce energy use and emissions in EAF steelmaking.
The blast furnace is an important industrial process used to extract iron from its ore. Raw materials like iron ore, limestone, and coke are input into the blast furnace where a blast of hot air helps coke burn and generates high temperatures to remove oxygen from the iron ore, leaving behind iron. The extracted iron contains impurities that are later removed in the basic oxygen furnace to produce steel.
The document summarizes the modern steel making process. It begins with an introduction to steel as an alloy of iron and other elements like carbon. It then describes the main types of steel and the modern steel making process which involves three steps: primary steel making, secondary steel making/post-treatment, and casting. For primary steel making, it focuses on the basic oxygen furnace process, where carbon-rich molten pig iron is converted to low-carbon steel by blowing oxygen through it to lower the carbon content.
The document describes the process of forming iron and steel using a blast furnace. It involves the following key steps:
1. Sinter is added to the top of the blast furnace. Air is blasted into the bottom to fuel reactions that melt the iron out of the sinter.
2. Molten iron collects at the bottom of the furnace and is tapped out periodically. Slag floats on top and is also tapped out. Wasted gases exit from the top.
3. The iron produced contains carbon and impurities, making it cast iron. Steel is made by removing carbon from cast iron through oxidation, then adding other metals to produce alloys with specific properties.
This document discusses the process of steel making. It begins by introducing steel and its types, which are classified based on carbon percentage as carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloy steel. It then describes the main steel making methods. The basic oxygen furnace uses carbon-rich pig iron and oxygen to produce low-carbon steel. The electric arc furnace produces specialty steels by heating scrap metal with an electric arc. Secondary steelmaking processes such as argon oxygen decarburization further refine the steel through decarburization, desulphurization, and alloying.
Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
Refractories and Operation of RH and RH-OB Processsampad mishra
This document discusses refractories and the operation of RH and RH-OB vacuum degassing processes. It provides details on the purpose, activities, and products of various refining units. It also summarizes the theoretical aspects and operational controls of RH processing, including factors that influence the removal of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen from steel. Finally, it discusses refractory materials used in RH degassers and strategies for improving RH lining performance and extending degasser lifetime.
The document provides information about electric arc furnaces (EAF) used for steelmaking. It discusses that EAFs use electric arcs between graphite electrodes and metallic charges to melt scrap steel at temperatures over 4000°C. EAFs allow oxidizing or reducing conditions and can use different slags. While costly due to electrical energy needs, EAFs offer flexibility in steel grades produced and can use scrap steel or hot metal from blast furnaces. Modern developments aim to reduce energy use and emissions in EAF steelmaking.
The blast furnace is an important industrial process used to extract iron from its ore. Raw materials like iron ore, limestone, and coke are input into the blast furnace where a blast of hot air helps coke burn and generates high temperatures to remove oxygen from the iron ore, leaving behind iron. The extracted iron contains impurities that are later removed in the basic oxygen furnace to produce steel.
The document summarizes the modern steel making process. It begins with an introduction to steel as an alloy of iron and other elements like carbon. It then describes the main types of steel and the modern steel making process which involves three steps: primary steel making, secondary steel making/post-treatment, and casting. For primary steel making, it focuses on the basic oxygen furnace process, where carbon-rich molten pig iron is converted to low-carbon steel by blowing oxygen through it to lower the carbon content.
The document summarizes key aspects of electric arc furnaces used for steelmaking. It describes the main components of the furnace, including the refractory-lined vessel, water-cooled shell and roof, and graphite electrodes. It also discusses the furnace operations, including preheating scrap, injecting oxygen and fuels, forming slag, and raising/lowering electrodes. Recent innovations are then outlined, such as improved transformers, water-cooled electrodes and shells, split shells, tapered shells, oxy-fuel burners, foamy slag practices, and using iron carbide as a charge material.
1. Slag is a molten oxide byproduct formed during smelting and refining of metals like steel. It contains both acidic oxides like SiO2 and basic oxides like CaO that neutralize each other.
2. An ideal slag for steelmaking has a basicity between 1.2-2.5, is sufficiently fluid, and can act as a thermal barrier while controlling the oxidation state of the steel through its FeO content.
3. The basicity, viscosity, oxidation potential, and ability to hold inclusions determine a slag's efficiency in refining steel of non-metallic impurities like phosphorus and sulfur.
The document discusses the structure and properties of metallurgical slags. It states that slags comprise complex compounds of oxides from gangue minerals and sulphides that protect the metal melt. The structure and properties of slags, such as basicity and viscosity, are controlled by their composition. Network forming oxides like SiO2 form stable hexagonal networks, while network breaking oxides like CaO disrupt these networks. The fraction of ionic and covalent bonding in oxides determines their behavior in slags.
The document discusses the basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) process and electric arc furnace (EAF) process for steel production. It provides details on:
- The BOS process uses oxygen to remove carbon and other impurities from liquid iron in large converters in 15 minutes, producing steel. Critical removal steps are carbon, phosphorus, and temperature adjustment.
- The EAF melts recycled steel scrap using electric arcs in the furnace. It can perform metallurgical operations like refining. Electrode breakage and slag foaming, properties, and reduction are discussed.
- Both processes conclude by tapping the molten steel into a ladle for further refining before casting.
The document describes the argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD) process used in stainless steel production. The AOD process allows for precise control of carbon and alloy element levels by diluting oxygen with argon, enabling carbon to be removed while minimizing oxidation of chromium. The process involves melting scrap in an electric arc furnace, then transferring to an AOD vessel for multiple blows using varying ratios of argon and oxygen to sequentially lower carbon levels from 0.4% to 0.018%, while maintaining the target chromium level of 16.5%, before final adjustments and tapping.
Ladle Metallurgy: Basics, Objectives and ProcessesElakkiya Mani
Worldwide steel production in 2019 reached 1869 million tons, with China as the largest producer at 996 million tons. India was the second largest steel producer at 111 million tons. Ladle metallurgy involves further refining of molten steel in a ladle after tapping from a converter or electric furnace. It allows for homogenization, deoxidation, desulfurization, and other processes. Key ladle metallurgy techniques include ladle furnace treatment, argon stirring, vacuum degassing, and alloy additions to adjust steel chemistry and properties.
The document discusses various steel making processes including vacuum treatment, vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD), ladle desulfurization, and electroslag remelting. Vacuum treatment removes gases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen from molten steel. VOD uses oxygen blowing and argon stirring under vacuum to decarburize steel and remove inclusions. Ladle desulfurization injects agents like calcium and magnesium to actively remove sulfur while stirring. Electroslag remelting melts a consumable electrode through an electrically conductive slag layer, producing very pure steel.
Dear Readers,
In this presentation, I have tried to explain main raw material sources of iron making process. Also, with my experience, I have tried to give a concept about the plant engineering related to raw material. I hope that, this presentation will be helpful for young engineers. With this presentation they will get a broad idea about the raw material, based on which they can study more on the subject.
Regards,
Nirjhar.
THIS IS TWIN HEARTH FURNACE IS A RUSSIAN TECHNOLOGY FURNACE IN BHILAI STEEL PLANT.THIS PROCESS IS A CULTURAL PROCESS OF STEEL MAKING IN INDIA. BHILAI STEEL PLANT HAVE 4 TWIN HEARTH FURNACES.FIRST TWIN HEARTH FURNACE ESTABLISH IN BHILAI STEEL PLANT(BSP) IN 1986.
THE BSP, INDIA'S FIRST AND MAIN PRODUCER OF STEEL RAILS,AND OTHER STEEL PRODUCTS.
The document discusses hybrid blowing in steelmaking. Hybrid blowing involves blowing a portion of oxygen from the bottom of the vessel along with blowing from the top. Blowing oxygen from the bottom improves mixing and homogeneity in the bath, reduces slopping, and leads the process closer to equilibrium, improving dephosphorization and desulphurization abilities. Compared to top blowing or bottom blowing alone, hybrid blowing provides benefits such as improved control, reduced over-oxidation, and higher yields.
The document discusses different types and production processes of steel. It begins by introducing different types of steel based on carbon content, such as mild steel and alloy steels. It then describes the basic steelmaking route involving iron making, primary and secondary steelmaking, and continuous casting. The main secondary steelmaking processes discussed are AOD, VOD, CLU, ladle furnace treatment, and RH degassing. Each process's purpose and functioning are explained briefly.
The document summarizes the steel making process. There are two major commercial processes - basic oxygen steelmaking and electric arc furnace. Basic oxygen steelmaking involves blowing oxygen through molten pig iron to reduce the carbon content and produce steel. Electric arc furnace uses high currents to melt steel scrap and convert it into liquid steel. The document also categorizes different types of steel like carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and tool steel based on their chemical compositions and applications.
The Bessemer process has limitations that make it outdated for steel production. It requires specific pig iron composition, can only remove some impurities, and produces steel with high nitrogen levels. The open hearth process overcomes many of these issues. It can use scrap iron alone, takes longer but allows for more control and uniform product quality. The open hearth process involves charging raw materials into a Siemens furnace, melting them, refining to the desired analysis, and then tapping the molten steel. Fettling repairs the furnace lining between heats to improve furnace life.
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE AC (PART 3) - The Charging Phase (steel, steelmaking, ir...Matteo Sporchia
A detailed description and overview about the charging phase of an Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) that involves the main raw materials such as scrap, DRI, HBI, pig iron and hot metal.
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE AC (PART 2) The Raw Materials (steel, steelmaking, furna...Matteo Sporchia
A detailed report about the main raw materials used into the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) based on the latest technologies of iron and steelmaking fields.
This training report summarizes Santosh Kumar's summer training at the Rourkela Steel Plant from May to July 2014. It thanks the employees who supported and guided his training, particularly Mr. Panda and Mr. Patra. The report focused on gaining knowledge about the various processes used at the steel plant, especially in Steel Melting Shop-II.
The document outlines the process of manufacturing steel. Raw materials like iron ore, limestone, and coke are fed into a blast furnace along with preheated air. Inside the blast furnace, coke burns and acts as a reducing agent to remove oxygen from iron oxide. The chemical reactions produce pig iron and slag as products. Pig iron contains around 4% carbon and needs further processing to become steel using methods like the Bessemer process or electric arc furnace.
The document discusses the sintering process used at the Rourkela Steel Plant in India. It describes how iron ore fines, limestone, dolomite and other raw materials are blended and formed into nodules. These nodules are then processed through a sintering machine, where combustion of coke forms sintered agglomerates. The sinter is cooled, crushed, and screened before use as a raw material input for blast furnaces. Key aspects of the sinter plant like the mixer, nodulizer, sinter machine, cooler and screens are explained. Parameters that affect sintering quality like raw material chemistry and size, moisture content, and suction pressure are also summarized.
blast furnace, done by ahan m r , delhi public school bangaloreAhan M R
The blast furnace is used to extract iron from its ore. Iron ore, limestone, and coke are inserted into the blast furnace. A series of reactions then occur where coke reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, limestone decomposes to form more carbon dioxide, and these react with coke to form carbon monoxide which reduces the iron ore to molten iron. Excess limestone forms slag with other impurities that is drained with the molten iron from the bottom of the furnace.
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE AC (PART 1) - Layout & Components (steel - steelmaking -...Matteo Sporchia
A detailed description of the design features of an AC (alternative current) ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE (EAF) which is commonly used in the electric steelmaking processes.
This document is a training report submitted by Kshatij Tiwari detailing his 6-week vocational training at Aarti Steels Ltd., a steel manufacturing company. It includes acknowledgments, a table of contents, and 8 chapters describing various processes at the company's facility including the electric arc furnace used for steelmaking, ladle refining furnaces, vacuum degassing, continuous casting machines, boilers, cranes, machine tools, and a demineralization plant. The first chapter provides details on the electric arc furnace operations including charging, melting, refining, de-slagging, and tapping.
This document provides details about a student's vocational training project studying the properties and performance of catalysts. It includes an acknowledgment section thanking the organizations that supported the project. It also includes a certificate signed by the project guide validating the student completed the project work. The document contains an index and introduces the project focus on studying the coke by-product plant and processes for purifying coke oven gas, specifically the removal of ammonia.
The document summarizes key aspects of electric arc furnaces used for steelmaking. It describes the main components of the furnace, including the refractory-lined vessel, water-cooled shell and roof, and graphite electrodes. It also discusses the furnace operations, including preheating scrap, injecting oxygen and fuels, forming slag, and raising/lowering electrodes. Recent innovations are then outlined, such as improved transformers, water-cooled electrodes and shells, split shells, tapered shells, oxy-fuel burners, foamy slag practices, and using iron carbide as a charge material.
1. Slag is a molten oxide byproduct formed during smelting and refining of metals like steel. It contains both acidic oxides like SiO2 and basic oxides like CaO that neutralize each other.
2. An ideal slag for steelmaking has a basicity between 1.2-2.5, is sufficiently fluid, and can act as a thermal barrier while controlling the oxidation state of the steel through its FeO content.
3. The basicity, viscosity, oxidation potential, and ability to hold inclusions determine a slag's efficiency in refining steel of non-metallic impurities like phosphorus and sulfur.
The document discusses the structure and properties of metallurgical slags. It states that slags comprise complex compounds of oxides from gangue minerals and sulphides that protect the metal melt. The structure and properties of slags, such as basicity and viscosity, are controlled by their composition. Network forming oxides like SiO2 form stable hexagonal networks, while network breaking oxides like CaO disrupt these networks. The fraction of ionic and covalent bonding in oxides determines their behavior in slags.
The document discusses the basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) process and electric arc furnace (EAF) process for steel production. It provides details on:
- The BOS process uses oxygen to remove carbon and other impurities from liquid iron in large converters in 15 minutes, producing steel. Critical removal steps are carbon, phosphorus, and temperature adjustment.
- The EAF melts recycled steel scrap using electric arcs in the furnace. It can perform metallurgical operations like refining. Electrode breakage and slag foaming, properties, and reduction are discussed.
- Both processes conclude by tapping the molten steel into a ladle for further refining before casting.
The document describes the argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD) process used in stainless steel production. The AOD process allows for precise control of carbon and alloy element levels by diluting oxygen with argon, enabling carbon to be removed while minimizing oxidation of chromium. The process involves melting scrap in an electric arc furnace, then transferring to an AOD vessel for multiple blows using varying ratios of argon and oxygen to sequentially lower carbon levels from 0.4% to 0.018%, while maintaining the target chromium level of 16.5%, before final adjustments and tapping.
Ladle Metallurgy: Basics, Objectives and ProcessesElakkiya Mani
Worldwide steel production in 2019 reached 1869 million tons, with China as the largest producer at 996 million tons. India was the second largest steel producer at 111 million tons. Ladle metallurgy involves further refining of molten steel in a ladle after tapping from a converter or electric furnace. It allows for homogenization, deoxidation, desulfurization, and other processes. Key ladle metallurgy techniques include ladle furnace treatment, argon stirring, vacuum degassing, and alloy additions to adjust steel chemistry and properties.
The document discusses various steel making processes including vacuum treatment, vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD), ladle desulfurization, and electroslag remelting. Vacuum treatment removes gases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen from molten steel. VOD uses oxygen blowing and argon stirring under vacuum to decarburize steel and remove inclusions. Ladle desulfurization injects agents like calcium and magnesium to actively remove sulfur while stirring. Electroslag remelting melts a consumable electrode through an electrically conductive slag layer, producing very pure steel.
Dear Readers,
In this presentation, I have tried to explain main raw material sources of iron making process. Also, with my experience, I have tried to give a concept about the plant engineering related to raw material. I hope that, this presentation will be helpful for young engineers. With this presentation they will get a broad idea about the raw material, based on which they can study more on the subject.
Regards,
Nirjhar.
THIS IS TWIN HEARTH FURNACE IS A RUSSIAN TECHNOLOGY FURNACE IN BHILAI STEEL PLANT.THIS PROCESS IS A CULTURAL PROCESS OF STEEL MAKING IN INDIA. BHILAI STEEL PLANT HAVE 4 TWIN HEARTH FURNACES.FIRST TWIN HEARTH FURNACE ESTABLISH IN BHILAI STEEL PLANT(BSP) IN 1986.
THE BSP, INDIA'S FIRST AND MAIN PRODUCER OF STEEL RAILS,AND OTHER STEEL PRODUCTS.
The document discusses hybrid blowing in steelmaking. Hybrid blowing involves blowing a portion of oxygen from the bottom of the vessel along with blowing from the top. Blowing oxygen from the bottom improves mixing and homogeneity in the bath, reduces slopping, and leads the process closer to equilibrium, improving dephosphorization and desulphurization abilities. Compared to top blowing or bottom blowing alone, hybrid blowing provides benefits such as improved control, reduced over-oxidation, and higher yields.
The document discusses different types and production processes of steel. It begins by introducing different types of steel based on carbon content, such as mild steel and alloy steels. It then describes the basic steelmaking route involving iron making, primary and secondary steelmaking, and continuous casting. The main secondary steelmaking processes discussed are AOD, VOD, CLU, ladle furnace treatment, and RH degassing. Each process's purpose and functioning are explained briefly.
The document summarizes the steel making process. There are two major commercial processes - basic oxygen steelmaking and electric arc furnace. Basic oxygen steelmaking involves blowing oxygen through molten pig iron to reduce the carbon content and produce steel. Electric arc furnace uses high currents to melt steel scrap and convert it into liquid steel. The document also categorizes different types of steel like carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and tool steel based on their chemical compositions and applications.
The Bessemer process has limitations that make it outdated for steel production. It requires specific pig iron composition, can only remove some impurities, and produces steel with high nitrogen levels. The open hearth process overcomes many of these issues. It can use scrap iron alone, takes longer but allows for more control and uniform product quality. The open hearth process involves charging raw materials into a Siemens furnace, melting them, refining to the desired analysis, and then tapping the molten steel. Fettling repairs the furnace lining between heats to improve furnace life.
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE AC (PART 3) - The Charging Phase (steel, steelmaking, ir...Matteo Sporchia
A detailed description and overview about the charging phase of an Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) that involves the main raw materials such as scrap, DRI, HBI, pig iron and hot metal.
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE AC (PART 2) The Raw Materials (steel, steelmaking, furna...Matteo Sporchia
A detailed report about the main raw materials used into the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) based on the latest technologies of iron and steelmaking fields.
This training report summarizes Santosh Kumar's summer training at the Rourkela Steel Plant from May to July 2014. It thanks the employees who supported and guided his training, particularly Mr. Panda and Mr. Patra. The report focused on gaining knowledge about the various processes used at the steel plant, especially in Steel Melting Shop-II.
The document outlines the process of manufacturing steel. Raw materials like iron ore, limestone, and coke are fed into a blast furnace along with preheated air. Inside the blast furnace, coke burns and acts as a reducing agent to remove oxygen from iron oxide. The chemical reactions produce pig iron and slag as products. Pig iron contains around 4% carbon and needs further processing to become steel using methods like the Bessemer process or electric arc furnace.
The document discusses the sintering process used at the Rourkela Steel Plant in India. It describes how iron ore fines, limestone, dolomite and other raw materials are blended and formed into nodules. These nodules are then processed through a sintering machine, where combustion of coke forms sintered agglomerates. The sinter is cooled, crushed, and screened before use as a raw material input for blast furnaces. Key aspects of the sinter plant like the mixer, nodulizer, sinter machine, cooler and screens are explained. Parameters that affect sintering quality like raw material chemistry and size, moisture content, and suction pressure are also summarized.
blast furnace, done by ahan m r , delhi public school bangaloreAhan M R
The blast furnace is used to extract iron from its ore. Iron ore, limestone, and coke are inserted into the blast furnace. A series of reactions then occur where coke reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, limestone decomposes to form more carbon dioxide, and these react with coke to form carbon monoxide which reduces the iron ore to molten iron. Excess limestone forms slag with other impurities that is drained with the molten iron from the bottom of the furnace.
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE AC (PART 1) - Layout & Components (steel - steelmaking -...Matteo Sporchia
A detailed description of the design features of an AC (alternative current) ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE (EAF) which is commonly used in the electric steelmaking processes.
This document is a training report submitted by Kshatij Tiwari detailing his 6-week vocational training at Aarti Steels Ltd., a steel manufacturing company. It includes acknowledgments, a table of contents, and 8 chapters describing various processes at the company's facility including the electric arc furnace used for steelmaking, ladle refining furnaces, vacuum degassing, continuous casting machines, boilers, cranes, machine tools, and a demineralization plant. The first chapter provides details on the electric arc furnace operations including charging, melting, refining, de-slagging, and tapping.
This document provides details about a student's vocational training project studying the properties and performance of catalysts. It includes an acknowledgment section thanking the organizations that supported the project. It also includes a certificate signed by the project guide validating the student completed the project work. The document contains an index and introduces the project focus on studying the coke by-product plant and processes for purifying coke oven gas, specifically the removal of ammonia.
DG Cement Power Plants (Internship Report)Haseeb Ahsan
D.G Khan Cement Company Limited (D G K C C), a unit of Nishat Group, is a second
largest cement manufacturing unit in Pakistan with a production capacity of 5500-ton
clinker per day. It has country wide distribution network and its product are preferred on
projects of nationally repute both locally and internationally due to the unparalleled and
consistent quantity. It is list on all the Stock Exchanges of Pakistan.
Thermal energy management of blast furnace planteSAT Journals
This document discusses thermal energy management of a blast furnace plant. It provides information on the components of a blast furnace, including the burden handling section, furnace, hot blast stoves, and slag granulation plant. It also describes the inputs, outputs, and processes involved in the blast furnace, including reduction of oxides and formation of slag. The main aim is to calculate the mass of coke required using a heat balance approach by identifying heat inputs and outputs and setting up equations with coke mass as the unknown parameter.
The document provides information about Bhilai Steel Plant located in Bhilai, India. It is India's first and main producer of steel rails. The plant produces steel rails up to 260 meters long, as well as wide steel plates and other steel products. It also produces and sells chemical by-products from its coke ovens and coal chemical plant. The plant was established in 1955 with assistance from the Soviet Union. It is the largest and most profitable facility of Steel Authority of India Limited.
This document provides a training report on electricity generation at the Kalisindh Thermal Power Plant. It includes an acknowledgment, certificate, 10 chapters describing the various components and processes, and lists of figures and tables. The key components discussed are the boiler, turbine, generator, transformer, switchyard, water treatment plant, coal handling plant, ash handling plant, and cooling tower. It explains how coal is burned in the boiler to produce high-pressure steam, which then drives the turbine and generator to produce electricity before being condensed back into water to repeat the process.
This document provides details from Arijit Karmakar's industrial training report on working in the blast furnace area of Vizag Steel Plant. It describes the various departments in the blast furnace area, including the stock house, cast house, gas cleaning plant, and others. It discusses the stock house in detail, including how raw materials like iron ore, sinter, coke, and additives are received, stored in bunkers, and sent to the blast furnace according to requirements. It also covers dust control measures like electrostatic precipitators used in the stock house.
This document summarizes a design project for a fixed bed catalytic reactor. It includes an executive summary highlighting the economic and environmental benefits of the project. The design basis and constraints are outlined. Environmental considerations like mist formation and corrosion are addressed. The design was optimized using software tools, and equipment was sized. Capital costs were estimated for the reactor and other plant equipment based on mechanical designs and cost data. Appendices provide detailed calculations and specifications for the reactor design and equipment.
This document provides a summary of the vocational training report for Bakreswar Thermal Power Station submitted by Avijit Chowdhury. It begins with an acknowledgment and then provides details on the mechanical and electrical operations of the power plant over 7 pages, including sections on the coal handling plant, raw water system, demineralization plant, boiler and auxiliaries, electrostatic precipitator, ash handling plant, steam turbine, cooling water system, chimney, turbo generator, excitation system, transformers, switchyard, switchgear, protection system, unit auxiliary power, DC power system, and pollution and environment. The document concludes with an overview of the vocational training.
This document is a thesis written in Italian that discusses the development of a thermodynamic and degradation model for a PEM electrolyzer.
The introduction provides context on Europe's transition to renewable energy and hydrogen technologies. It describes the electrolysis process and PEM electrolyzers.
The body of the thesis develops a system model for a PEM electrolyzer that includes electrochemical and thermal models. It validates the system model against experimental data. Finally, it develops a semi-empirical degradation model and validates it based on polarization curves and overvoltage contributions compared to experimental results.
1) The document discusses different types of steam power plants, including their basic layout and components. It focuses on coal-fired steam power plants.
2) The modern steam power plant is divided into four main circuits: coal and ash, air and gas, feed water and steam flow, and cooling water.
3) Coal handling and firing systems are described in detail, including various equipment for transporting, storing, and feeding coal into the boiler furnace. The key types of stokers - overfeed and underfeed - are explained.
The document discusses steam power plants and their components. It begins with classifying power plants based on the energy source used to generate electricity. It then describes the basic working of a steam power plant using the Rankine cycle to convert heat from fuel combustion into mechanical energy via steam turbines. The major components of a modern steam power plant are identified including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and generator. The document further discusses the layout and circuits involved in steam power plants, with a focus on coal handling and combustion systems. Different types of stokers and their working mechanisms are explained.
Exhaust analysis of four stroke single cylinder diesel engine using copper ba...ijsrd.com
Exhaust emissions of much concern are Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) from the automotive vehicles. Catalytic converter oxidizes harmful CO and HC emission to CO2 and H2O in the exhaust system and thus the emission is controlled. There are several types of problems associated with noble metal based catalytic converter. These factors encourage for the possible application of non-noble metal based material such as copper as a catalyst, which may by proper improvements be able to show the desired activity and can also offer better durability characteristics due to its poison resistant nature. The present work is aimed at using copper as a catalyst for catalytic converter. Wire mesh copper catalytic converter is developed for a volume of 1.54 m3. The experiment is carried out on four stroke single cylinder CI engine. The optimum values of exhaust emissions found at full load are HC (126 ppm), CO (0.03 %). By using copper based catalytic converter it is found that HC is reduced by 33 % and CO by 66 % at full load.
Three basic types of flat glass are manufactured: plain float glass, textured/patterned/wired glass, and laminated glass. Glass melting technology involves several steps: (1) batch melting where raw materials are heated to form a viscous liquid, (2) refining where gases are removed from the melt, (3) homogenization where the melt is uniform in composition, and (4) conditioning where the melt is prepared for forming. Furnaces can be cross-fired or end-fired regenerative furnaces, or recuperative furnaces which transfer heat from flue gases to preheat combustion air via radiation. Emissions from melting include nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, dust, and occasionally chlor
Download Link: https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements (Copy URL)
1. To study the Cochran, Locomotive Fire-Tube Boiler, and Babcock & Wilcox Boilers.
2. To study the working & function of mountings and accessories in boilers.
3. To study 2-Stroke & 4-Stroke diesel engines.
4. To study 2-Stroke & 4-Stroke petrol engines.
5. To prepare a stress-strain diagram for mild steel and cast iron specimens under tension and compression respectively on a U.T.M.
6. To determine the Rockwell hardness no. of a specimen on the respective machines.
7. To determine the Brinell hardness no. of a specimen on the respective machines.
8. To determine the Impact strength of a specimen in the Izod & Charpy Test.
9. Study of refrigerator and refrigeration cycle
10. Study of Air Conditioner and its components
1) The document discusses heat transfer analysis methods to optimize the water cooling scheme for combustion devices used in torpedo propulsion systems.
2) It describes the components of the combustion chamber including the inner and outer walls that form the coolant passageway. Heat transfer is highest in the nozzle throat region.
3) Methods for calculating heat transfer rates, temperatures, velocities and other parameters on both the gas and coolant sides are presented using equations from heat transfer theory. The analysis can be used to optimize the cooling system design.
Heat Transfer Analysis to Optimize The Water Cooling Scheme For Combustion De...IJERA Editor
Thermal Propulsion system is one kind of propulsion system which is used to drive torpedo. The present study focuses mainly on design of combustion device known to be thrust chamber or thrust cylinder. The chamber and nozzle wall and the injector face plate must be made of metals selected for high strength at elevated temperature coupled with good thermal conductivity, resistance to high temperature oxidation. chemical inertness on the coolant on the coolant side, and suitability for the fabrication method to be employed. In the case of certain monopropellants, the metal must not catalyze the decomposition. Although aluminum and copper alloys have been used successfully for combustion chambers and nozzles, stainless steels and carbon steels are in widest use today.A cooling jacket permits the circulation of a coolant, which, in the case of flight engines is usually one of the propellants. Water is the only coolant recommended. The cooling jacket consists of an inner and outer wall. The combustion chamber forms the inner wall and another concentric but larger cylinder provides the outer wall. The space between the walls serves as the coolant passage. The nozzle throat region usually has the highest heat transfer intensity and is, therefore, the most difficult to cool.
MSEB was set up in 1960 to generate, transmit and distribute power to all consumers in
Maharashtra excluding Mumbai. MSEB was the largest SEB in the country. The generation
capacity of MSEB has grown from 760 MW in 1960-61 to 9771 MW in 2001-02. The customer
base has grown from 1,07,833 in 1960-61 to 1,40,09,089 in 2001-02.
C.S.T.P.S in contribution much in field of production of electricity. It is not only number
one thermal power station in Asia but also has occupied specific position on the international
map.
The first set was commission on August 1983 & was dedicated to nation by then PM
(late) Mrs. Indira Gandhi & second set commission on July 1984. The third & fourth units of
CSTPS under stage 2 were commissioned on the 3rd May 1985 & 8th March 1986 respectively.
The units 5 & 6 were commissioned on the 22nd March 1991 & 11th March 1992 respectively one
more units of 500MW was added to the CSTPS on making its generation to 2340 MW &
making “C.S.T.P.S.” as the giant in Power Generation of CSTPS.
1. The document provides answers to questions about cement rotary kilns, including the maximum safe shell temperature, differences between hot spots and red spots, factors affecting when a red spot would force a kiln to stop, oxygen enrichment technology, classifying precalciners, factors affecting the number of cyclone stages, the significance of liquid phase in clinker formation, and reasons for rings build-up inside kilns.
2. It discusses technical details and provides definitions, diagrams, and tables to support the explanations.
3. Common causes of rings build-up include sulfur rings from excess sulfur, spurrite rings from high carbon dioxide, and alkali rings from low-melting potassium salts.
1) The document discusses questions and answers related to cement rotary kilns and precalciners. It provides information on maximum safe shell temperatures, definitions of hot spots and red spots, factors to consider regarding kiln stoppage due to red spots, oxygen enrichment technology, and classifications of precalciners.
2) Oxygen enrichment technology involves injecting oxygen into kiln or precalciner burners to improve energy efficiency and production capacity. It allows use of lower quality fuels and reduces CO2 emissions.
3) Precalciners are classified based on where combustion takes place - in a mixture of gases, pure air, or a combination. Equipment suppliers like FLSmidth classify precalciners slightly differently into in
Similar to ELECTRIC STEELMAKING - The Processing Route (Electric Arc Furnace - Ladle Furnace - Continuous Casting) (20)
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
9. 9
HBI is compact and the briquettes are
easy to feed into the furnace. In
contrast, scrap is most unwieldy and
sometimes needs cutting down, an
expensive process.
It also frequently breaks the
electrodes. By using HBI both the
availability of the smelting furnace and
the safety of employees while charging
can be increased.
10. 10
PRIMARY METALLURGY
Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is a central part of the production route of the Electric
Steelmaking process that is an alternative to the dominant Basic Oxygen Steelmaking
(BOS) route.
EAF is generally used to produce carbon steels and alloy steels primarily by
recycling ferrous scrap. In the EAF, scrap and sometimes other raw materials such as
DRI, HBI and pig iron are melted and converted into high quality steel by using high-
power electric arcs formed between a cathode and one (for direct current DC) or
three (for alternating current AC) graphite electrodes (anodes).
14. 14
MELTING
Melting is carried out by supplying
energy to the furnace interior. This
energy can be electrical or chemical.
Electrical energy is supplied through
the graphite electrodes and normally
has a very large contribution in the
melting phase. Chemical energy is
supplied through many sources which
include oxy-fuel burners and oxygen
lances.
15. 15
The entire duration of the process can be divided into three main stages:
Heating stage: The scrap is heated by the arc and oxy-fuel burners at the top of the
furnace. The heating is done by radiation, convection (due to the hot gas going
through the scrap porosities) and conduction (due to contact points between scraps).
The temperature at the top increases to reach the melting temperature of the scrap.
In this stage the gas – solid phases exist.
Melting stage: The melting starts at the top surface of the scrap pile, and molten
liquid penetrate towards the bottom of the furnace and its height increases whereas
the height of the scrap pile decreases. In this stage, there are gas – solid and solid –
liquid phases in the bath.
16. 16
Finishing stage: The scrap is completely covered by the melt and only the solid –liquid
phase exists until all the scrap is completely melted. At this point, usually bath
temperature and bath sample is taken. The analysis of the bath chemistry allows the
furnace operator to determine the amount of O2 needed to be blown during refining.
Lower voltages (short arc) are selected
for the first stage of melting to protect
the roof and the walls from the arcs.
Subsequently voltage can be increased
(long arc) and the electrodes raised
slightly increasing the length of the arc
and increasing power to the melt.
17. 17
REFINING
Refining operation is carried out following the melting phase after the flat bath
conditions are achieved. At this stage, excessive carbon and other elements (such as
phosphorous, silicon, manganese) oxidize. The oxidation of the carbon is also known
as decarburization.
24. 24
CONTINUOUS CASTING
The molten metal is now cast
through a mold, the casting
takes the two dimensional
profile of the mold but its
length is indeterminate. The
casting will keep traveling
downward and its length
increases with time. New
molten steel is constantly
supplied to the mold with a
specific rate to keep up with
the solidifying casting.
25. 25
Molten metal, from the ladle, is poured into a tundish, which is a container that is located
above the mold, it holds the liquid metal for the casting. This particular casting operation
uses the force of gravity to fill the mold and to help move along the continuous metal
casting. The tundish is constantly supplied with molten steel to keep the process going. The
whole process is controlled to ensure there is smooth flow of molten steel through
tundish.
Further, the impurities and slag are filtered in tundish before they move into the mold. The
entrance of the mold is filled with inert gases to prevent reaction of molten steel with the
gases in the environment like oxygen. The molten metal moves swiftly through the mold
and it does not completely solidify in it. The entire mold is cooled with water that flows
along the outer surface.
The metal casting moves outside the mold with the help of different sets of rollers. While
one set of rollers bend the metal cast, another set will straighten it. This helps to change
the direction of flow of the steel slab from vertical to horizontal.