The document contains definitions and explanations of various terms used in topographic surveying:
- An ellipsoid is a mathematical form used to approximate the geoid for calculation and measurement purposes.
- A geoid is an irregular equipotential surface that approximates mean sea level.
- WGS refers to the World Geodetic System, which defines a standard coordinate system and reference surface for the Earth.
- Other terms defined include meridian, parallel, geodetic point, plumb line, and UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinate system.
This document summarizes the design of a steel frame structure for an indoor sports facility in Portugal according to Eurocode standards. It describes the architectural design of a dual-pitch roof and choice of structural steel components including planar truss rafters. It also outlines the modeling approach in SAP2000 including definition of loads such as self-weight, live, wind and thermal loads according to Eurocode standards. Load combinations are defined for the ultimate limit state structural/geometric verification of members.
This document discusses structural analysis of frames and trusses. It defines frames and trusses, and explains that trusses are structures composed of triangular units that distribute loads efficiently. The document then covers various types of trusses including Warren trusses, Howe trusses, and Pratt trusses. It also discusses truss analysis methods and compares trusses to frames. Finally, the document provides examples of roof truss design and types of truss connections.
This document discusses solving statically indeterminate structures using the moment area method. It begins with an introduction to the moment area theorem developed by Otto Mohr and Charles Greene. The scope of the study is described as applicable to cantilever beams, simply supported beams with symmetrical loading, and beams fixed at both ends. The assumptions and two theorems of the moment area method are outlined. Theorem 1 relates the change in slope between two points to the area under the bending moment diagram between those points. Theorem 2 relates the vertical deviation of a tangent at one point from another to the moment of the area under the bending moment diagram between the points. An example problem is presented to demonstrate solving for the maximum downward deflection of a beam
1. Determine the reinforcement ratio ρ.
2. Calculate the modular ratio n based on concrete and steel properties.
3. Use an iterative process to locate the neutral axis depth kd by solving for the parameter k.
4. With k determined, calculate the moment arm j.
5. Compute the moment capacity as Mallow = R * b * d^2, where R is the resisting stress block parameter dependent on k and j.
O documento discute o Método da Força Virtual Unitária (MFVU) para cálculo dos deslocamentos em estruturas isostáticas. O MFVU é apresentado como uma ferramenta para determinar os deslocamentos de uma seção em estruturas isostáticas ao aplicar uma força virtual unitária e equilibrar o trabalho das forças virtuais externas com o trabalho das forças virtuais internas de acordo com o princípio dos trabalhos virtuais. O documento também discute conceitos como estruturas isostáticas e hiperestáticas, e forças e des
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the moment distribution method for structural analysis. It includes:
- An introduction to the moment distribution method and its use for analyzing statically indeterminate beams and frames.
- Definitions of important terms used in the method like stiffness, carry over factor, and distribution factor.
- Sign conventions for support moments, member rotations, and sinking of supports.
- Expressions for fixed end moments under different load cases including centric loading, eccentric loading, uniform loads, support rotations, and sinking of supports.
- Examples of applying the method to a simply supported beam and fixed supported beam with sinking support.
The document contains definitions and explanations of various terms used in topographic surveying:
- An ellipsoid is a mathematical form used to approximate the geoid for calculation and measurement purposes.
- A geoid is an irregular equipotential surface that approximates mean sea level.
- WGS refers to the World Geodetic System, which defines a standard coordinate system and reference surface for the Earth.
- Other terms defined include meridian, parallel, geodetic point, plumb line, and UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinate system.
This document summarizes the design of a steel frame structure for an indoor sports facility in Portugal according to Eurocode standards. It describes the architectural design of a dual-pitch roof and choice of structural steel components including planar truss rafters. It also outlines the modeling approach in SAP2000 including definition of loads such as self-weight, live, wind and thermal loads according to Eurocode standards. Load combinations are defined for the ultimate limit state structural/geometric verification of members.
This document discusses structural analysis of frames and trusses. It defines frames and trusses, and explains that trusses are structures composed of triangular units that distribute loads efficiently. The document then covers various types of trusses including Warren trusses, Howe trusses, and Pratt trusses. It also discusses truss analysis methods and compares trusses to frames. Finally, the document provides examples of roof truss design and types of truss connections.
This document discusses solving statically indeterminate structures using the moment area method. It begins with an introduction to the moment area theorem developed by Otto Mohr and Charles Greene. The scope of the study is described as applicable to cantilever beams, simply supported beams with symmetrical loading, and beams fixed at both ends. The assumptions and two theorems of the moment area method are outlined. Theorem 1 relates the change in slope between two points to the area under the bending moment diagram between those points. Theorem 2 relates the vertical deviation of a tangent at one point from another to the moment of the area under the bending moment diagram between the points. An example problem is presented to demonstrate solving for the maximum downward deflection of a beam
1. Determine the reinforcement ratio ρ.
2. Calculate the modular ratio n based on concrete and steel properties.
3. Use an iterative process to locate the neutral axis depth kd by solving for the parameter k.
4. With k determined, calculate the moment arm j.
5. Compute the moment capacity as Mallow = R * b * d^2, where R is the resisting stress block parameter dependent on k and j.
O documento discute o Método da Força Virtual Unitária (MFVU) para cálculo dos deslocamentos em estruturas isostáticas. O MFVU é apresentado como uma ferramenta para determinar os deslocamentos de uma seção em estruturas isostáticas ao aplicar uma força virtual unitária e equilibrar o trabalho das forças virtuais externas com o trabalho das forças virtuais internas de acordo com o princípio dos trabalhos virtuais. O documento também discute conceitos como estruturas isostáticas e hiperestáticas, e forças e des
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the moment distribution method for structural analysis. It includes:
- An introduction to the moment distribution method and its use for analyzing statically indeterminate beams and frames.
- Definitions of important terms used in the method like stiffness, carry over factor, and distribution factor.
- Sign conventions for support moments, member rotations, and sinking of supports.
- Expressions for fixed end moments under different load cases including centric loading, eccentric loading, uniform loads, support rotations, and sinking of supports.
- Examples of applying the method to a simply supported beam and fixed supported beam with sinking support.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
The document discusses methods for determining the deflection and slope of beams, specifically the integration method and Macaulay's bracket method. It provides an example problem solved using the integration method to find the deflection at a point and slope at another point for a simply supported beam with two concentrated loads. The document also introduces Macaulay's bracket method using singularity functions as an alternative to the integration method for problems with multiple loads to avoid lengthy calculations. It provides an initial step for an example problem solved using this method.
PRESENTATION OF AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM by 10.01.03.132Enamul Nasir
This presentation discusses axial force diagrams (AFDs). It defines axial force as a load applied through the center of gravity of a cross-section, producing compression or tension. An AFD graphically represents the axial loads along structural members, with tension plotted above and compression below a reference line. The presentation covers how to draw an AFD by taking cuts, making free body diagrams, and using equilibrium equations to calculate forces. It also discusses the characteristics, mathematical representation, and importance of AFDs, noting they help visualize stresses and inform structural design and modification.
Economic Concrete Frame Elements to Eurocode 2Yusuf Yıldız
Eurocode 2'ye göre betonarme çerçeve elemanlarının ekonomik tasarımlarını ele alan dokümanın içerisinde yerinde dökülen, prekast, kompozit, ardgerme kolonlar, kirişler, döşemeler, perdeler ve merdivenlerin tasarımlarına dair bilgiler yer almakta.
Mechanics of materials deals with the relationship between external loads on a body and the internal loads within the body. It involves analyzing deformations and stability when subjected to forces. Equilibrium requires balancing all forces and moments on a body. Internal resultant loads include normal forces, shear forces, torques, and bending moments. Average normal stress is calculated as force over cross-sectional area. Average shear stress is calculated as shear force over cross-sectional area. A factor of safety is used to determine allowable loads based on failure loads to account for unknown factors.
This document provides an overview of basic principles in surveying. It discusses the definition and objectives of surveying, the classification and branches of surveying such as land, aerial, hydrographic, geodetic, plane, cadastral, topographic, and engineering surveying. The document also covers topics like the principle of working from whole to part in surveying, reconnaissance, errors in surveying, chain surveying equipment and procedures, leveling, theodolites, compass surveying, maps and plans, and national grids.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on analyzing structures. It discusses how to determine the internal and external forces acting on trusses, frames, and machines. The objectives are to calculate the forces carried by various structures and determine if they can withstand these forces. It describes analyzing trusses using the method of joints and method of sections. Frames are introduced as structures with multi-force members. The document also distinguishes between determinate and indeterminate structures, with determinate structures having solvable equilibrium equations and indeterminate structures lacking sufficient equations.
The document provides a 7 step process for modeling a structure in ETABS according to Eurocodes, including:
1) Specifying material properties for concrete.
2) Adding frame sections for columns and beams.
3) Defining slab and wall properties.
4) Specifying the response spectrum function.
5) Adding load cases.
6) Defining equivalent static analysis and load combinations.
7) Specifying the modal response spectrum analysis.
Trilateration and triangulation are surveying methods to establish horizontal control networks. Trilateration involves measuring the lengths of all three sides of triangles without measuring angles, while triangulation measures angles and the length of one base line. Both methods are used to determine coordinate positions through trigonometric computations. Triangulation networks can be classified based on their intended accuracy and purpose, from primary/first order for determining large areas to tertiary/third order for more detailed surveys.
1) A truss is a structure composed of straight members connected at joints that allows the members to only experience axial forces from the connections and any applied loads.
2) Trusses are divided into bridge trusses and roof trusses with various types of each including Pratt, Howe, Warren, and more.
3) Trusses can be analyzed through the method of joints which involves applying equilibrium conditions to each joint sequentially or the method of sections which uses equilibrium on a cut portion of the truss to directly find member forces.
This document provides information on analysis and design of reinforced concrete beams. It discusses key concepts such as modular ratio, neutral axis, stress diagrams, and types of reinforcement. It also defines under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. Several examples are provided to illustrate determination of neutral axis depth, moment of resistance, steel percentage, and stresses in concrete and steel reinforcement. Design aspects like maximum load capacity are also explained through examples.
This document discusses mechanics of structures and simple stresses and strains. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document introduces mechanical properties of materials like strength, stiffness, elasticity and defines different types of loads, stresses and strains. It explains concepts like axial load, shear load and different types of stresses and strains. Various mechanical properties of materials are defined along with important formulas for calculating stresses, strains, modulus of elasticity and deformation of structures under different loads.
The document describes the flexibility method for analyzing statically indeterminate beams. It discusses:
- James Clerk Maxwell published the first treatment of the flexibility method in 1864, which was later extended by Otto Mohr.
- The method introduces compatibility equations involving displacements at redundant forces to provide additional equations for solving statically indeterminate structures.
- For a two-span beam example, the redundant reaction at the middle support is chosen, compatibility equations are written, and the flexibility matrix method is demonstrated to solve for redundant forces.
Structural engineering involves relating physical forces to structural elements that resist them. Analysis determines forces in each element of a defined structure, while design configures elements to resist known forces. The process iterates between analysis and design until complete. Structures resist vertical and horizontal loads, and include large items like bridges as well as everyday items. Structural design requires data on the structure type, site conditions like soil properties, and loading conditions from dead and live loads, wind, and earthquakes as defined by codes. Design methods are selected based on local practices.
This document presents the seismic design project of a 12-story steel frame building in Stockton, California. The objectives are to analyze the building using equivalent lateral force (ELF), modal response spectrum, and modal time history analyses in SAP2000, and to compare the results to FEMA 451 examples. The building is irregular in plan and elevation, posing modeling challenges. The analyses determine member forces and drifts. ELF analysis results in story drifts up to 3.58 inches, within code allowables. Modal and time history analyses will provide more accurate force and deformation estimates for design.
O documento descreve o método construtivo de pontes e viadutos por balanços sucessivos, no qual as estruturas são erguidas segmento a segmento a partir de um pilar de apoio. Os principais pontos são: 1) as peças denominadas aduelas avançam em balanços até fechar o vão; 2) as aduelas podem ser moldadas no local ou pré-moldadas; 3) o método permite vencer grandes vãos e obstáculos sem escoramentos diretos.
Boresi - Advanced mechanics of materials 5 ed.pdfsaravan9
This document provides information about the fifth edition of the textbook "Advanced Mechanics of Materials" including:
1. It describes revisions made to update and expand the content from the fourth edition, including new material, examples, and problems added to each chapter.
2. It lists the three major parts of the book covering fundamental concepts, classical topics, and selected advanced topics in mechanics of materials.
3. It thanks those involved in producing the fifth edition and welcomes feedback from readers.
In the preparation for the Geodetic Engineering Licensure Examination, the BSGE students must memorized the fastest possible solution for the LEVELING ADJUSTMENT such as level circuit, level net, etc. using casio fx-991 es plus calculator technique in order to save time during the said examination. note: lec 2 and above wala akong nilagay na solution para hindi makupya techniques ko. just add me on fb para ituro ko sa inyo solution. Kasi itong solution ko wala sa google, youtube, calc tech books at hindi rin itinuro sa review center.
This document describes how to use Mohr's circle to analyze stresses in a stressed material. Mohr's circle provides a graphical representation of the relationships between normal and shear stresses on inclined planes. It can be used to calculate principal stresses, maximum shear stresses, and stresses on inclined planes. The document includes several numerical examples showing how to construct and use Mohr's circles to solve for these values given known stresses and orientations in a material.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
The document discusses methods for determining the deflection and slope of beams, specifically the integration method and Macaulay's bracket method. It provides an example problem solved using the integration method to find the deflection at a point and slope at another point for a simply supported beam with two concentrated loads. The document also introduces Macaulay's bracket method using singularity functions as an alternative to the integration method for problems with multiple loads to avoid lengthy calculations. It provides an initial step for an example problem solved using this method.
PRESENTATION OF AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM by 10.01.03.132Enamul Nasir
This presentation discusses axial force diagrams (AFDs). It defines axial force as a load applied through the center of gravity of a cross-section, producing compression or tension. An AFD graphically represents the axial loads along structural members, with tension plotted above and compression below a reference line. The presentation covers how to draw an AFD by taking cuts, making free body diagrams, and using equilibrium equations to calculate forces. It also discusses the characteristics, mathematical representation, and importance of AFDs, noting they help visualize stresses and inform structural design and modification.
Economic Concrete Frame Elements to Eurocode 2Yusuf Yıldız
Eurocode 2'ye göre betonarme çerçeve elemanlarının ekonomik tasarımlarını ele alan dokümanın içerisinde yerinde dökülen, prekast, kompozit, ardgerme kolonlar, kirişler, döşemeler, perdeler ve merdivenlerin tasarımlarına dair bilgiler yer almakta.
Mechanics of materials deals with the relationship between external loads on a body and the internal loads within the body. It involves analyzing deformations and stability when subjected to forces. Equilibrium requires balancing all forces and moments on a body. Internal resultant loads include normal forces, shear forces, torques, and bending moments. Average normal stress is calculated as force over cross-sectional area. Average shear stress is calculated as shear force over cross-sectional area. A factor of safety is used to determine allowable loads based on failure loads to account for unknown factors.
This document provides an overview of basic principles in surveying. It discusses the definition and objectives of surveying, the classification and branches of surveying such as land, aerial, hydrographic, geodetic, plane, cadastral, topographic, and engineering surveying. The document also covers topics like the principle of working from whole to part in surveying, reconnaissance, errors in surveying, chain surveying equipment and procedures, leveling, theodolites, compass surveying, maps and plans, and national grids.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on analyzing structures. It discusses how to determine the internal and external forces acting on trusses, frames, and machines. The objectives are to calculate the forces carried by various structures and determine if they can withstand these forces. It describes analyzing trusses using the method of joints and method of sections. Frames are introduced as structures with multi-force members. The document also distinguishes between determinate and indeterminate structures, with determinate structures having solvable equilibrium equations and indeterminate structures lacking sufficient equations.
The document provides a 7 step process for modeling a structure in ETABS according to Eurocodes, including:
1) Specifying material properties for concrete.
2) Adding frame sections for columns and beams.
3) Defining slab and wall properties.
4) Specifying the response spectrum function.
5) Adding load cases.
6) Defining equivalent static analysis and load combinations.
7) Specifying the modal response spectrum analysis.
Trilateration and triangulation are surveying methods to establish horizontal control networks. Trilateration involves measuring the lengths of all three sides of triangles without measuring angles, while triangulation measures angles and the length of one base line. Both methods are used to determine coordinate positions through trigonometric computations. Triangulation networks can be classified based on their intended accuracy and purpose, from primary/first order for determining large areas to tertiary/third order for more detailed surveys.
1) A truss is a structure composed of straight members connected at joints that allows the members to only experience axial forces from the connections and any applied loads.
2) Trusses are divided into bridge trusses and roof trusses with various types of each including Pratt, Howe, Warren, and more.
3) Trusses can be analyzed through the method of joints which involves applying equilibrium conditions to each joint sequentially or the method of sections which uses equilibrium on a cut portion of the truss to directly find member forces.
This document provides information on analysis and design of reinforced concrete beams. It discusses key concepts such as modular ratio, neutral axis, stress diagrams, and types of reinforcement. It also defines under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. Several examples are provided to illustrate determination of neutral axis depth, moment of resistance, steel percentage, and stresses in concrete and steel reinforcement. Design aspects like maximum load capacity are also explained through examples.
This document discusses mechanics of structures and simple stresses and strains. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document introduces mechanical properties of materials like strength, stiffness, elasticity and defines different types of loads, stresses and strains. It explains concepts like axial load, shear load and different types of stresses and strains. Various mechanical properties of materials are defined along with important formulas for calculating stresses, strains, modulus of elasticity and deformation of structures under different loads.
The document describes the flexibility method for analyzing statically indeterminate beams. It discusses:
- James Clerk Maxwell published the first treatment of the flexibility method in 1864, which was later extended by Otto Mohr.
- The method introduces compatibility equations involving displacements at redundant forces to provide additional equations for solving statically indeterminate structures.
- For a two-span beam example, the redundant reaction at the middle support is chosen, compatibility equations are written, and the flexibility matrix method is demonstrated to solve for redundant forces.
Structural engineering involves relating physical forces to structural elements that resist them. Analysis determines forces in each element of a defined structure, while design configures elements to resist known forces. The process iterates between analysis and design until complete. Structures resist vertical and horizontal loads, and include large items like bridges as well as everyday items. Structural design requires data on the structure type, site conditions like soil properties, and loading conditions from dead and live loads, wind, and earthquakes as defined by codes. Design methods are selected based on local practices.
This document presents the seismic design project of a 12-story steel frame building in Stockton, California. The objectives are to analyze the building using equivalent lateral force (ELF), modal response spectrum, and modal time history analyses in SAP2000, and to compare the results to FEMA 451 examples. The building is irregular in plan and elevation, posing modeling challenges. The analyses determine member forces and drifts. ELF analysis results in story drifts up to 3.58 inches, within code allowables. Modal and time history analyses will provide more accurate force and deformation estimates for design.
O documento descreve o método construtivo de pontes e viadutos por balanços sucessivos, no qual as estruturas são erguidas segmento a segmento a partir de um pilar de apoio. Os principais pontos são: 1) as peças denominadas aduelas avançam em balanços até fechar o vão; 2) as aduelas podem ser moldadas no local ou pré-moldadas; 3) o método permite vencer grandes vãos e obstáculos sem escoramentos diretos.
Boresi - Advanced mechanics of materials 5 ed.pdfsaravan9
This document provides information about the fifth edition of the textbook "Advanced Mechanics of Materials" including:
1. It describes revisions made to update and expand the content from the fourth edition, including new material, examples, and problems added to each chapter.
2. It lists the three major parts of the book covering fundamental concepts, classical topics, and selected advanced topics in mechanics of materials.
3. It thanks those involved in producing the fifth edition and welcomes feedback from readers.
In the preparation for the Geodetic Engineering Licensure Examination, the BSGE students must memorized the fastest possible solution for the LEVELING ADJUSTMENT such as level circuit, level net, etc. using casio fx-991 es plus calculator technique in order to save time during the said examination. note: lec 2 and above wala akong nilagay na solution para hindi makupya techniques ko. just add me on fb para ituro ko sa inyo solution. Kasi itong solution ko wala sa google, youtube, calc tech books at hindi rin itinuro sa review center.
This document describes how to use Mohr's circle to analyze stresses in a stressed material. Mohr's circle provides a graphical representation of the relationships between normal and shear stresses on inclined planes. It can be used to calculate principal stresses, maximum shear stresses, and stresses on inclined planes. The document includes several numerical examples showing how to construct and use Mohr's circles to solve for these values given known stresses and orientations in a material.