Control charts are graphic tools used to detect unusual variations in a production process. There are different types of control charts for variables, including X-bar charts, R charts, and σ charts. An X-bar chart monitors the average quality, an R chart monitors variability, and a σ chart provides a better picture of variations. The charts have a central line for the average or mean and upper and lower control limits calculated using statistical formulas. If the sample data points fall within the control limits, the process is considered in statistical control.
X‾ -R Chart maximum utilization of information available from data & provide detailed information in process average & variation for control of individual dimensions.
X‾ -R Chart maximum utilization of information available from data & provide detailed information in process average & variation for control of individual dimensions.
Control Charts for variables Xbar and R chart and attributes P, nP, C, and u ...Dr.Raja R
Control Charts for variables Xbar and R chart
and attributes P, nP, C, and u charts, Variables Control Charts,X bar chart using R chart or X bar chart using s chart, X & MR (moving range) chart, Attributes Control Charts,
ARIMA models provide another approach to time series forecasting. Exponential smoothing and ARIMA models are the two most widely-used approaches to time series forecasting, and provide complementary approaches to the problem. While exponential smoothing models were based on a description of trend and seasonality in the data, ARIMA models aim to describe the autocorrelations in the data.
Control Charts for variables Xbar and R chart and attributes P, nP, C, and u ...Dr.Raja R
Control Charts for variables Xbar and R chart
and attributes P, nP, C, and u charts, Variables Control Charts,X bar chart using R chart or X bar chart using s chart, X & MR (moving range) chart, Attributes Control Charts,
ARIMA models provide another approach to time series forecasting. Exponential smoothing and ARIMA models are the two most widely-used approaches to time series forecasting, and provide complementary approaches to the problem. While exponential smoothing models were based on a description of trend and seasonality in the data, ARIMA models aim to describe the autocorrelations in the data.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
4. Control charts
Control charts are
graphic devices
developed by Walter
A. Shewhart for
detecting unnatural
pattern of variation
in a production
5. Control chart consists of three horizontal lines
1. Central line :- it is the middle line of chart . It indicates
the grand average of the measurements of the samples.
It is generally drawn as bold line.
2. Upper control limit (UCL):- It is usually obtained by
adding 3 sigma (3σ) from the process average. It is
denoted by mean + 3σ. It is generally drawn as dotted
line.
3. lower control limit (UCL):- It is usually obtained by
subtracting 3 sigma (3σ) from the process average. It is
denoted by mean -3σ. It is generally drawn as dotted line.
7. Control charts for variables
X - charts
These charts are used when the quality or
characteristics of a product is capable of being
measured quantitatively such as diameter of a
screw, tensile strength of steel pipe etc. Such
charts are of three types:-
This chart is
constructed for
controlling the
variations in the
average quality
standards of the
products in a production
process.
8. Procedure for construction of - chart X
Step 1. Compute the mean of each sample i.e.,
Step 2. Compute the mean of the sample means by dividing the sum
of sample means by number of samples i.e.,
Step 3. determine the control limits by using the formula .
(a)On the basis of standard deviation of population (σ)
UCL = + 3σ÷√n LCL = - 3σ÷√n
(b) On the basis of quality control factors A2 and
XX
R
9. Step 4. construct the mean chart by
plotting the sample number on x – axis
and sample mean , UCL,LCL and central
line on y - axis
Step 5. Interpret the mean chart . If
all sample means falls within control
limits , the production process is in a
state control otherwise it is beyond
control.
10. R- Chart
The R – Chart is constructed for controlling the
variation in the variability of the quality standard of
the product in the production process.
Procedure for construction of R – chart
Step 1. : compute the range (R) of each sample using the
formula :-
R= L-S
L= largest value
S= smallest value
Step 2. : compute the mean of ranges by dividing the sum
of samples range by the number of samples i.e.,
=R1+R2+R3+……..+RkR
K
11. Step 3. : find the UCL and LCL by using following formula .
(a)On the basis of quality control factors D3 and D4.
(b) On the basis of quality control factors D1 and D2 and
σ.
UCLr = D2 σ LCLr =D1σ
Step 4. construct the R- chart by plotting
the sample number on x – axis and sample
ranges, UCL,LCL and central line on y - axis
Step 5. Interpret the R- chart . If all
sample ranges falls within control limits ,
the production process is in a state control
otherwise it is beyond control.
12. Mean chart and range chart
Example :- construct mean chart and range chart for the following data of 5 samples with each
set of 5 items
Sample
no.
1 20 15 10 11 14
2 12 18 10 8 22
3 21 19 17 10 13
4 15 12 19 14 20
5 20 19 26 12 23
weights
Conversion factors for n= 5, A2= 0.577, D3=0 , D4= 2.115
13. Solution :
Construction of mean chart
Sample
no.
Total
weights
( )
=
/5
Range
R=L-S
1 20 15 10 11 14 70 14 10
2 12 18 10 8 22 70 14 14
3 21 19 17 10 13 80 16 11
4 15 12 19 14 20 80 16 8
5 20 19 26 12 23 100 20 14
K=5 =80 =57
X
X X
X R
Weights of items in each sample
= /K = 80 /5 =16X X R = / K = 57/5 = 11.4R
14. Mean chart
X = 16 (central line )
Control limits
UCL = 16+ 0.577× 11.4 = 22.577
LCL = 16 – 0.577 × 11.4 = 9.423
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Samplemean
Sample number
upper control
limit
central line
lower control
limit
As all the mean
values fall within
the control
limits, so mean-
chart shows
that the given
process is in
statistical
15. Range chart
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Samplerange
Sample number
upper control
limit
central line
lower control
limit
R = 11.4 (central line) Control limits
UCL = 2.115 × 11.4
=24.09
LCL= 0 × 11.4
=0
As all the range
points fall within
the control
limits, so R-
chart shows that
the given
16. Standard deviation chart (σ- chart)
This chart is constructed to get a better
picture of the variations in the quality standard
in the process.
Procedure of construction of σ - chart
Step 1. : find the standard deviation (S.D.) of each
sample, if not given.
Step 2. : compute the mean of S.D. by using the
formula :-
= S1+S2+S3+………..Sk/K
S
17. Step 3. : find the UCL and LCL by using following formula:-
(a)On the basis of quality control factors B1 and B2 and
population standard deviation.
UCL = B2.σ LCL = B1.σ
(b) On the basis of quality control factors B3 and B4 and
estimated population standard deviation.
UCL= B4.S LCL=B3.S
Step 4. construct the σ- chart by plotting the sample
number on x – axis and sample S.D., UCL,LCL and
central line on y - axis
Step 5. Interpret the σ- chart . If all sample S.D.
falls within control limits , the production process is in
a state control otherwise it is beyond control.
18. σ – chart
Example : Quality control is maintained in a factory
with the help of standard deviation chart. 10 items are
chosen in every sample. 18 samples in all were chosen
whose ∑S was 8.28. Determine the three sigma limits
of σ- chart. You may use the following factors :-
n=18 ,B3= 0.28 ,B4=1.72
Solution :
Given :- n=18, ∑S= 8.28
S = ∑S / n
= 8.28/18 = 0.46
σ- chart.
control limits
S= 0.46
UCL= B4S = 1.72 × 0.46 = 0.79
LCL=B3S = 0.28 × 0.46 = 0.13