This document is a report on a fieldwork for a leveling practical conducted by students. It includes an introduction to site surveying and leveling. The objectives, apparatus used, and two-peg test procedure are described. Field data collected using two leveling methods is presented. The data is then adjusted, and the acceptable misclosure of 36mm is confirmed. In conclusion, the students found the practical experience valuable for understanding leveling despite some challenges with weather and time constraints.
The document provides details of a site surveying fieldwork report using levelling. It includes an introduction to levelling terminology and methods, objectives of the fieldwork, data collection using rise and fall and height of collimation methods at 11 stations, and discussion of the results. The fieldwork was conducted in the car park of Taylor's University to determine reduced levels of points with respect to the assumed datum of 100.00m. The error of misclosure was within the acceptable range, indicating the levelling was successful.
1. This document describes the procedure for performing a two peg test to check the accuracy of a leveling instrument.
2. The two peg test involves taking elevation readings from two staffs placed 50 meters apart, and then taking readings again with the level positioned closer to one staff. Any difference in the elevation differences between the two readings indicates an error in the level.
3. The results of the test documented show an elevation difference of 0.014 meters between the first and second readings, indicating the level needs servicing since the acceptable error is less than 0.002 meters.
The document summarizes a fieldwork report on leveling. It includes an introduction to leveling, descriptions of leveling apparatus, objectives of the fieldwork, leveling data tables using rise and fall and height of collimation methods, and a conclusion. The leveling was conducted between a benchmark and turning points to determine reduced levels. The error of misclosure was within an acceptable range, so the leveling results were deemed accurate.
The document provides details on a fieldwork leveling exercise conducted by students to measure elevation points around a campus. It includes the objectives, introduction to leveling concepts, equipment used including an auto-level and tripod, field data collected using rise and fall and height of collimation methods, adjusted data tables, and a two peg test summary. The leveling resulted in a small misclosure error of 0.011m, within the acceptable accuracy limit, and corrections were made by distributing the error evenly across readings.
This document provides information about leveling and the equipment used for a leveling fieldwork. It begins with definitions of leveling terms and descriptions of leveling methods. It then outlines the key pieces of leveling equipment including an automatic level, tripod, optical plummet, level rod, and plumb bob. The objectives and site for the leveling fieldwork are introduced. The document provides details on performing leveling using both the height of collimation and rise/fall methods. It concludes with a brief discussion and references section.
This document describes a two-peg test method for checking and calibrating the accuracy of a level or transit instrument. The method involves sighting the instrument midway between two rod positions (A and B) that are approximately 30 meters apart. Elevation readings are taken at positions A and B and compared to check for any error. If an error exists, the instrument can be adjusted using screws or menus until the expected reading is obtained to calibrate the instrument.
The document provides information about leveling and the leveling process. It defines key leveling terms and describes differential leveling and the height of collimation and rise and fall methods. It also outlines the leveling apparatus, including the automatic level, tripod, leveling rod, and other components. The objective is to determine elevations of unknown points relative to known elevations through precise leveling measurements and calculations.
Report Assignment 2 for Site Surveying module which requires us to do Traversing measurement around the campus carpark, for the Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (BQS) Course Semester 2, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
The document provides details of a site surveying fieldwork report using levelling. It includes an introduction to levelling terminology and methods, objectives of the fieldwork, data collection using rise and fall and height of collimation methods at 11 stations, and discussion of the results. The fieldwork was conducted in the car park of Taylor's University to determine reduced levels of points with respect to the assumed datum of 100.00m. The error of misclosure was within the acceptable range, indicating the levelling was successful.
1. This document describes the procedure for performing a two peg test to check the accuracy of a leveling instrument.
2. The two peg test involves taking elevation readings from two staffs placed 50 meters apart, and then taking readings again with the level positioned closer to one staff. Any difference in the elevation differences between the two readings indicates an error in the level.
3. The results of the test documented show an elevation difference of 0.014 meters between the first and second readings, indicating the level needs servicing since the acceptable error is less than 0.002 meters.
The document summarizes a fieldwork report on leveling. It includes an introduction to leveling, descriptions of leveling apparatus, objectives of the fieldwork, leveling data tables using rise and fall and height of collimation methods, and a conclusion. The leveling was conducted between a benchmark and turning points to determine reduced levels. The error of misclosure was within an acceptable range, so the leveling results were deemed accurate.
The document provides details on a fieldwork leveling exercise conducted by students to measure elevation points around a campus. It includes the objectives, introduction to leveling concepts, equipment used including an auto-level and tripod, field data collected using rise and fall and height of collimation methods, adjusted data tables, and a two peg test summary. The leveling resulted in a small misclosure error of 0.011m, within the acceptable accuracy limit, and corrections were made by distributing the error evenly across readings.
This document provides information about leveling and the equipment used for a leveling fieldwork. It begins with definitions of leveling terms and descriptions of leveling methods. It then outlines the key pieces of leveling equipment including an automatic level, tripod, optical plummet, level rod, and plumb bob. The objectives and site for the leveling fieldwork are introduced. The document provides details on performing leveling using both the height of collimation and rise/fall methods. It concludes with a brief discussion and references section.
This document describes a two-peg test method for checking and calibrating the accuracy of a level or transit instrument. The method involves sighting the instrument midway between two rod positions (A and B) that are approximately 30 meters apart. Elevation readings are taken at positions A and B and compared to check for any error. If an error exists, the instrument can be adjusted using screws or menus until the expected reading is obtained to calibrate the instrument.
The document provides information about leveling and the leveling process. It defines key leveling terms and describes differential leveling and the height of collimation and rise and fall methods. It also outlines the leveling apparatus, including the automatic level, tripod, leveling rod, and other components. The objective is to determine elevations of unknown points relative to known elevations through precise leveling measurements and calculations.
Report Assignment 2 for Site Surveying module which requires us to do Traversing measurement around the campus carpark, for the Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (BQS) Course Semester 2, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
This field work report documents a student group's levelling exercise to establish a new benchmark and determine relative heights of points on a site. The report outlines the levelling process where backsight and foresight readings were taken from 9 turning points to calculate reduced levels. While the final reduced level was higher than the initial benchmark, the error was within an acceptable range. The report concludes the students gained experience using levelling equipment and conducting fieldwork, and learned to identify errors and make adjustments to the collected data.
This report summarizes a leveling fieldwork exercise conducted at Taylor's University Lakeside Campus carpark. The objective was to determine the reduced level of 11 checkpoints using an automatic level, tripod, leveling rod and other surveying equipment. Field measurements were recorded using the rise and fall method and height of collimation method. The data showed a small misclosure error of 0.018m, which was within the acceptable limit. The reduced levels were then adjusted using the loop misclosure correction method.
The document provides details of a levelling fieldwork conducted at Taylor's University Lakeside campus staff car park. It includes definitions and methods of levelling, objectives of the fieldwork, description of apparatus used, raw field data recorded using height of collimation and rise-fall methods, adjusted field data after arithmetic checks, and results of a two peg test. The field data is levelled and reduced to establish relative elevations of points with respect to a datum. Checks are performed to ensure the levelling is within acceptable limits.
This fieldwork report summarizes a student group's leveling survey of 10 points around a staff parking lot. The group used an automatic level, tripod, and staves to measure elevations. Raw elevation data showed a -0.025m closure error, within the acceptable range. The group adjusted elevations using the closure error divided among setups. The adjusted elevations closed correctly, demonstrating the leveling was acceptable. The fieldwork provided practical experience with leveling instruments and calculations.
The document summarizes a group project conducting a tacheometric survey to produce topographic plans and detail maps of a proposed area. Key steps included setting up theodolite stations and taking horizontal angle, distance, and height readings of features. Potential sources of error discussed were incorrect staff readings, tilting, environmental conditions, and instrumental errors. The objectives were to produce survey plans and check measured distances. Upon completing observations and analyzing the data in software, contours were produced to determine ground levels and suitability for construction.
The document summarizes a student's fieldwork using a theodolite to conduct a traversing survey. Key details include:
- The student conducted a closed traverse survey with 4 stations, measuring angles and lengths between stations.
- Angular errors were distributed and angles were adjusted to total 360°. Station coordinates were then computed.
- Total angular error was -0°12'20" and total linear error was 0.0668m, yielding an accuracy of 1:2700, within acceptable limits.
- The fieldwork helped students learn skills like setting up a theodolite, measuring angles and distances, and adjusting data.
This document summarizes a student group's levelling fieldwork and report. The group measured elevation points around a car park using an automatic level and levelling staff. Their initial and final reduced levels were slightly different, indicating a small error. After calculating the error and applying corrections, the group adjusted the reduced levels and ensured the results met accuracy standards for
This document discusses traverse surveys which involve measuring angles and distances between survey points to determine their positions. It provides the objective of traverse surveys which is to find accurate positions of stations to serve as control points for mapping or construction layout. The results section shows the distances, angles, coordinate calculations and adjustments for a sample 4-point traverse with a closure of 0. The discussion explains the traverse calculations and adjustments to distribute errors. The conclusion states that traverse surveys are commonly used for construction site layout and boundary surveys, and errors can be adjusted or the survey repeated.
The document provides details of a leveling fieldwork assignment, including definitions of leveling terms, descriptions of leveling equipment used, collected field data, and results. The objectives were to understand leveling methods and definitions. Field data was collected at 11 points using 10 setups and reduced using height of collimation and rise/fall methods. The error of closure was within the acceptable range, so no rework was needed. Adjustment tables were made using the formula for correction per setup.
Report Assignment 1 for Site Surveying module which requires us to do levelling measurement around the campus carpark, for the Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (BQS) Course Semester 2, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
This document provides details on a field work report for a traverse survey conducted in August 2015. It includes an introduction to traversing and different types of traverses. It outlines the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, ranging poles, tapes, and other accessories. The document describes the objectives and field data collection process. It provides steps for computations including balancing angles, determining line directions, calculating latitudes and departures, adjusting misclosures, and determining coordinates. A conclusion discusses the results of the traverse survey.
This document provides instructions for performing a fly level observation, or rise and fall method, of levelling. The procedure involves taking readings between benchmark points of known elevation and change points using a level, staff, and tripod. Readings are recorded in a level book and used to calculate the reduced level at each change point. Arithmetical checks and allowable misclosures are determined to ensure precision of the work. The document outlines the objective, equipment, procedures, results and computations, conclusion, and references for the fly level observation levelling technique.
The document provides details of a levelling fieldwork conducted at Taylor's University Lakeside campus staff car park. It includes definitions and methods of levelling, objectives of the fieldwork, description of apparatus used, raw field data recorded using height of collimation and rise-fall methods, adjusted field data after arithmetic checks, and results of a two peg test. The field data is levelled and reduced to establish relative elevations of points with respect to a datum. Checks are performed to ensure acceptable level of accuracy of the levelling.
1. The document describes a civil engineering experiment to collect elevation data along a highway through profile leveling and cross-section leveling. Profile leveling provided centerline elevation readings at 20m intervals, while cross-section leveling obtained side elevations at one station.
2. The data collected included station positions, backsight, intermediate, and foresight elevation readings. This was used to plot the profile diagram showing the sloping road elevation, and cross-section diagram showing the center higher than the sides.
3. The conclusion was that the experiment successfully collected the required elevation data to analyze the road profile and cross-section, finding the centerline sloped down and was higher than both road sides at the
This document provides details on a fieldwork report for a traversing exercise conducted by students. It includes an introduction to traversing, descriptions of the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, plumb bob and ranging rod. The objectives and field data from the exercise are presented. Calculations are shown for angular errors and adjustments, determining lengths using stadia measurements, and calculating latitudes, departures and station coordinates. Small errors were found and corrected using compass rule adjustments. The summary provides an acceptable level of accuracy and demonstrates the techniques learned for conducting a traversing survey.
This document summarizes a closed traverse surveying experiment conducted by students. It includes an introduction to closed and open traverse surveying. The procedure involved selecting a benchmark, taking readings from stations around the benchmark, moving the level to new positions and reading the benchmark again. Calculations were shown of station readings, benchmark sums, foresight sums and difference in benchmark levels. The conclusion was that the closed traverse fieldwork taught hands-on surveying skills to determine land boundaries and distances for construction.
This document is a report on a fieldwork traversing exercise conducted by students. It includes an introduction to open and closed traverses, as well as northings, azimuths, and bearings. The objectives of the exercise were to learn traversing procedures, establish ground control, and gain hands-on experience using surveying equipment like theodolites, rods, and bubbles. The document outlines the equipment used and provides field data collected. It discusses computing angular errors, bearings, coordinates, and error of closure to evaluate the accuracy of the work.
This document contains the fieldwork report for a closed traverse survey conducted by students. It includes an introduction to traversing definitions, the equipment used which includes a theodolite, tripod, leveling rod and optical plummet. The objective was to determine positions of boundary lines and establish control. Raw field angle and distance measurements are presented from stations A to D, forming a closed loop. The total observed angle of 362°40' exceeds the required 360° sum. The error is distributed equally among the four angles, reducing each by 40" to adjust the total to 360°. Subsequent sections will use the adjusted angles to compute course bearings, latitudes and departures to determine coordinate positions.
This document provides the results of a site surveying fieldwork report on levelling. The objectives were to find elevation differences between points and establish points at given elevations. Apparatus used included an automatic level, levelling rod, tripod, and spirit level. Levelling was conducted between 11 points including a benchmark. Results showed an error of -0.009m. Using the height of collimation and rise/fall methods, reduced levels were calculated and adjusted using error distribution. The maximum allowable error was +/-39.799mm, so the levelling was acceptable. The fieldwork helped obtain necessary data to complete the report.
1. The document summarizes a site visit report for a 3-story electrical substation construction project.
2. Key aspects observed included reinforcement bars, formwork construction, concrete blocks used as spacers, excavation equipment, scaffolding, and oil plinths to prevent transformer explosions.
3. The site visit provided valuable practical experience in understanding construction processes, materials, and challenges compared to classroom learning.
This document reports on a site surveying project using traversing techniques. The objectives of traversing are outlined, including determining boundary positions and areas. Closed and open traverses are described and surveying equipment like theodolites, tripods, levels, and ranging rods are explained. Field data from a loop traverse conducted in a campus parking lot is presented, including station sightings, interior angles, vertical angles, and stadia readings. The data is averaged and used to calculate vertical distances between points to develop a layout diagram of the traverse.
This field work report documents a student group's levelling exercise to establish a new benchmark and determine relative heights of points on a site. The report outlines the levelling process where backsight and foresight readings were taken from 9 turning points to calculate reduced levels. While the final reduced level was higher than the initial benchmark, the error was within an acceptable range. The report concludes the students gained experience using levelling equipment and conducting fieldwork, and learned to identify errors and make adjustments to the collected data.
This report summarizes a leveling fieldwork exercise conducted at Taylor's University Lakeside Campus carpark. The objective was to determine the reduced level of 11 checkpoints using an automatic level, tripod, leveling rod and other surveying equipment. Field measurements were recorded using the rise and fall method and height of collimation method. The data showed a small misclosure error of 0.018m, which was within the acceptable limit. The reduced levels were then adjusted using the loop misclosure correction method.
The document provides details of a levelling fieldwork conducted at Taylor's University Lakeside campus staff car park. It includes definitions and methods of levelling, objectives of the fieldwork, description of apparatus used, raw field data recorded using height of collimation and rise-fall methods, adjusted field data after arithmetic checks, and results of a two peg test. The field data is levelled and reduced to establish relative elevations of points with respect to a datum. Checks are performed to ensure the levelling is within acceptable limits.
This fieldwork report summarizes a student group's leveling survey of 10 points around a staff parking lot. The group used an automatic level, tripod, and staves to measure elevations. Raw elevation data showed a -0.025m closure error, within the acceptable range. The group adjusted elevations using the closure error divided among setups. The adjusted elevations closed correctly, demonstrating the leveling was acceptable. The fieldwork provided practical experience with leveling instruments and calculations.
The document summarizes a group project conducting a tacheometric survey to produce topographic plans and detail maps of a proposed area. Key steps included setting up theodolite stations and taking horizontal angle, distance, and height readings of features. Potential sources of error discussed were incorrect staff readings, tilting, environmental conditions, and instrumental errors. The objectives were to produce survey plans and check measured distances. Upon completing observations and analyzing the data in software, contours were produced to determine ground levels and suitability for construction.
The document summarizes a student's fieldwork using a theodolite to conduct a traversing survey. Key details include:
- The student conducted a closed traverse survey with 4 stations, measuring angles and lengths between stations.
- Angular errors were distributed and angles were adjusted to total 360°. Station coordinates were then computed.
- Total angular error was -0°12'20" and total linear error was 0.0668m, yielding an accuracy of 1:2700, within acceptable limits.
- The fieldwork helped students learn skills like setting up a theodolite, measuring angles and distances, and adjusting data.
This document summarizes a student group's levelling fieldwork and report. The group measured elevation points around a car park using an automatic level and levelling staff. Their initial and final reduced levels were slightly different, indicating a small error. After calculating the error and applying corrections, the group adjusted the reduced levels and ensured the results met accuracy standards for
This document discusses traverse surveys which involve measuring angles and distances between survey points to determine their positions. It provides the objective of traverse surveys which is to find accurate positions of stations to serve as control points for mapping or construction layout. The results section shows the distances, angles, coordinate calculations and adjustments for a sample 4-point traverse with a closure of 0. The discussion explains the traverse calculations and adjustments to distribute errors. The conclusion states that traverse surveys are commonly used for construction site layout and boundary surveys, and errors can be adjusted or the survey repeated.
The document provides details of a leveling fieldwork assignment, including definitions of leveling terms, descriptions of leveling equipment used, collected field data, and results. The objectives were to understand leveling methods and definitions. Field data was collected at 11 points using 10 setups and reduced using height of collimation and rise/fall methods. The error of closure was within the acceptable range, so no rework was needed. Adjustment tables were made using the formula for correction per setup.
Report Assignment 1 for Site Surveying module which requires us to do levelling measurement around the campus carpark, for the Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (BQS) Course Semester 2, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
This document provides details on a field work report for a traverse survey conducted in August 2015. It includes an introduction to traversing and different types of traverses. It outlines the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, ranging poles, tapes, and other accessories. The document describes the objectives and field data collection process. It provides steps for computations including balancing angles, determining line directions, calculating latitudes and departures, adjusting misclosures, and determining coordinates. A conclusion discusses the results of the traverse survey.
This document provides instructions for performing a fly level observation, or rise and fall method, of levelling. The procedure involves taking readings between benchmark points of known elevation and change points using a level, staff, and tripod. Readings are recorded in a level book and used to calculate the reduced level at each change point. Arithmetical checks and allowable misclosures are determined to ensure precision of the work. The document outlines the objective, equipment, procedures, results and computations, conclusion, and references for the fly level observation levelling technique.
The document provides details of a levelling fieldwork conducted at Taylor's University Lakeside campus staff car park. It includes definitions and methods of levelling, objectives of the fieldwork, description of apparatus used, raw field data recorded using height of collimation and rise-fall methods, adjusted field data after arithmetic checks, and results of a two peg test. The field data is levelled and reduced to establish relative elevations of points with respect to a datum. Checks are performed to ensure acceptable level of accuracy of the levelling.
1. The document describes a civil engineering experiment to collect elevation data along a highway through profile leveling and cross-section leveling. Profile leveling provided centerline elevation readings at 20m intervals, while cross-section leveling obtained side elevations at one station.
2. The data collected included station positions, backsight, intermediate, and foresight elevation readings. This was used to plot the profile diagram showing the sloping road elevation, and cross-section diagram showing the center higher than the sides.
3. The conclusion was that the experiment successfully collected the required elevation data to analyze the road profile and cross-section, finding the centerline sloped down and was higher than both road sides at the
This document provides details on a fieldwork report for a traversing exercise conducted by students. It includes an introduction to traversing, descriptions of the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, plumb bob and ranging rod. The objectives and field data from the exercise are presented. Calculations are shown for angular errors and adjustments, determining lengths using stadia measurements, and calculating latitudes, departures and station coordinates. Small errors were found and corrected using compass rule adjustments. The summary provides an acceptable level of accuracy and demonstrates the techniques learned for conducting a traversing survey.
This document summarizes a closed traverse surveying experiment conducted by students. It includes an introduction to closed and open traverse surveying. The procedure involved selecting a benchmark, taking readings from stations around the benchmark, moving the level to new positions and reading the benchmark again. Calculations were shown of station readings, benchmark sums, foresight sums and difference in benchmark levels. The conclusion was that the closed traverse fieldwork taught hands-on surveying skills to determine land boundaries and distances for construction.
This document is a report on a fieldwork traversing exercise conducted by students. It includes an introduction to open and closed traverses, as well as northings, azimuths, and bearings. The objectives of the exercise were to learn traversing procedures, establish ground control, and gain hands-on experience using surveying equipment like theodolites, rods, and bubbles. The document outlines the equipment used and provides field data collected. It discusses computing angular errors, bearings, coordinates, and error of closure to evaluate the accuracy of the work.
This document contains the fieldwork report for a closed traverse survey conducted by students. It includes an introduction to traversing definitions, the equipment used which includes a theodolite, tripod, leveling rod and optical plummet. The objective was to determine positions of boundary lines and establish control. Raw field angle and distance measurements are presented from stations A to D, forming a closed loop. The total observed angle of 362°40' exceeds the required 360° sum. The error is distributed equally among the four angles, reducing each by 40" to adjust the total to 360°. Subsequent sections will use the adjusted angles to compute course bearings, latitudes and departures to determine coordinate positions.
This document provides the results of a site surveying fieldwork report on levelling. The objectives were to find elevation differences between points and establish points at given elevations. Apparatus used included an automatic level, levelling rod, tripod, and spirit level. Levelling was conducted between 11 points including a benchmark. Results showed an error of -0.009m. Using the height of collimation and rise/fall methods, reduced levels were calculated and adjusted using error distribution. The maximum allowable error was +/-39.799mm, so the levelling was acceptable. The fieldwork helped obtain necessary data to complete the report.
1. The document summarizes a site visit report for a 3-story electrical substation construction project.
2. Key aspects observed included reinforcement bars, formwork construction, concrete blocks used as spacers, excavation equipment, scaffolding, and oil plinths to prevent transformer explosions.
3. The site visit provided valuable practical experience in understanding construction processes, materials, and challenges compared to classroom learning.
This document reports on a site surveying project using traversing techniques. The objectives of traversing are outlined, including determining boundary positions and areas. Closed and open traverses are described and surveying equipment like theodolites, tripods, levels, and ranging rods are explained. Field data from a loop traverse conducted in a campus parking lot is presented, including station sightings, interior angles, vertical angles, and stadia readings. The data is averaged and used to calculate vertical distances between points to develop a layout diagram of the traverse.
The document describes a site surveying fieldwork involving a closed loop traverse using a theodolite. Key steps included setting up the instrument and marking stations A, B, C and D. Field angles were measured between stations and used to calculate distances, azimuths, latitudes and departures. The total angular error was distributed and corrections applied to adjusted values. Station coordinates were then computed, with the traverse closing within the acceptable accuracy range for land surveying of 1:300. The purpose was to gain practical experience in traversing techniques.
This document provides information about a fieldwork report for a site surveying course. It includes an introduction to levelling, the objective of the fieldwork, apparatus used including an automatic level, levelling rod, tripod and spirit level. Levelling results were presented using the height of collimation and rise/fall methods. Adjusted results were shown after distributing a small error. The levelling was found to be acceptable as the error of closure was within the allowed maximum. The document concluded the fieldwork was successfully completed to obtain data for the report.
The document is a fieldwork report for a site surveying course that describes a student group's experience conducting a closed traverse surveying project on campus. The objectives of the project were to gain experience using surveying equipment in the field and understanding traversing procedures. The group measured angles and distances between stations to collect traversing data. During analysis, they discovered errors in their data recording and had to discuss and apply formulas to calculate internal angles and make corrections. The experience provided the students hands-on practice with field equipment and improved their teamwork and understanding of traversing concepts and calculations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
The students conducted a leveling fieldwork at Taylor's University to determine the reduced levels of checkpoints. They took backsight, intersight and foresight readings and calculated the reduced levels using rise and fall and height of collimation methods. An error of 30mm was found upon closing the level loop. As this was within the acceptable error of 39.799mm, the work was accurate. The error was distributed equally among setups to adjust the final reduced levels. The experience provided hands-on training in using leveling instruments and fostered teamwork skills essential for their future careers.
This document is a fieldwork report for a student site surveying course. It includes raw leveling data collected at Taylors University carpark with 11 setup points. The data was analyzed using height of collimation and rise-fall methods, finding a misclosure of -0.019m which is within the acceptable error tolerance. Tables show level readings, calculations, and adjusted reduced levels. The report documents the leveling process, data collection, computations, accuracy checking, and concludes the students gained hands-on experience in surveying techniques and applying leveling methods.
The fieldwork report details a site leveling survey conducted to determine reduced levels at various turning points (TPs) relative to Benchmark 1 (BM1). Level readings were taken using an automatic level and leveling rod between BM1 and TPs A through J. The rise and fall method and height of collimation method were used to calculate reduced levels, with an arithmetical check showing an acceptable misclosure of +0.00318mm. The error was distributed evenly among setups by applying a +0.00318mm correction to each reduced level reading.
This document describes a closed traverse survey conducted by a group of students. It includes an introduction to traversing, the equipment used (theodolite, tripod, leveling rods), field data collection methods, calculations of angular errors, distances, azimuths, latitudes and departures, and station coordinates. The group adjusted their results based on the Compass Rule correction and achieved an accuracy of 1:1088 for the closed traverse. They discussed lessons learned from conducting the fieldwork.
ABC Report - 123 (gathered with reference)Jing Chuang
1. The document summarizes a fieldwork report on traversing conducted by 4 students at Taylor's University Lakeside Campus. They measured angles and distances between stations A, B, C, and D in the campus parking lot using a theodolite.
2. The data collected was used to calculate angular errors, azimuths, latitudes, departures, and station coordinates. The total misclosure error was within an acceptable range.
3. Through this fieldwork, the students gained experience using traversing instruments like theodolites and were able to obtain accurate measurements and calculate results. It provided valuable practical lessons that will benefit their future work.
This document contains field data from a closed traverse survey conducted over three iterations. It includes horizontal angle measurements, vertical angle measurements, and distance measurements between stations A, B, C and D. The objective was to determine coordinates of each station through angular and linear field measurements. Field data tables provide the raw readings which need to be adjusted to calculate accurate coordinates and check for angular error of closure.
This document provides details of a fieldwork report for a traverse survey conducted by a group of quantity surveying students. It includes:
- Objectives of the fieldwork to enhance surveying skills and apply classroom theories.
- Description of the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, plumb bob and level rod.
- Raw data collected at stations A, B, C and D including angles, distances and calculations.
- Adjusted data with corrected angles, bearings, latitudes and departures, and error of closure calculation showing the traverse is acceptable.
The document summarizes a leveling fieldwork report conducted by students. It includes an introduction to leveling definitions, purpose, and fieldwork conducted. The fieldwork was located in Taylor's University carpark where students measured elevations at 11 checkpoints. Raw and adjusted leveling data is presented using rise and fall and height of collimation methods, showing a misclosure of -0.010m. In conclusion, students gained valuable hands-on experience in leveling and were able to complete necessary calculations to determine reduced levels at each point.
1. The document outlines a student fieldwork report on traversing, which is a surveying technique used to establish positions of points and features on land.
2. It describes the process of measuring angles and distances between stations using a theodolite and other equipment, and calculating latitudes, departures, and station coordinates.
3. The results found the total error to be within an acceptable accuracy level, showing the traverse was successful in establishing the relative positions of points to the required precision.
This document summarizes a leveling fieldwork project conducted by students. The objectives were to enhance knowledge of leveling, gain hands-on experience setting up an auto level and leveling, and apply leveling knowledge. Data was tabulated using the height of collimation and rise and fall methods. The collected data had a misclosure of -0.014m, within the acceptable error of ±39.799mm. The error was distributed across the 11 setups as a correction. The final adjusted reduce levels matched the original benchmark level. Obstructions could cause inaccurate readings, so a leveling bubble is important to ensure the staff is perpendicular.
This document is a field report for a traversing survey conducted by students. It contains unadjusted and average field data from three separate traverses, including measured horizontal and vertical angles between stations. It also shows the calculations to determine angular errors, angle adjustments, course bearings, latitudes and departures, adjusted coordinates, and station positions. The objectives, equipment used, and results are presented in tables and graphs.
This document provides details on a closed traverse survey conducted by students. It includes:
1. An introduction to traverse surveys and the different types of traverses.
2. Details of the fieldwork including measured angles, distances, bearings, latitudes and departures.
3. Calculations to adjust the measured values including distributing angular error, computing horizontal and vertical distances, and determining error of closure.
4. Presentation of the adjusted course latitudes and departures, showing an improved closure with errors of 0.0281m in latitude and 0.001m in departure.
This document provides information about a field work report submitted by students for a bachelor's degree in quantity surveying. It discusses leveling as a surveying technique to determine relative heights or elevations. The document defines key leveling terms and describes leveling methods, arithmetic checks, and differential leveling. It also outlines the apparatus used, including automatic levels, tripod stands, leveling rods, and their components and functions. The objectives of the field work and leveling techniques are explained.
This document provides an overview of land leveling and surveying techniques used for irrigation agriculture. It defines key surveying and leveling terms and concepts. It describes the equipment used for leveling like auto levels, staff rods, and tripods. It explains how leveling is conducted including establishing benchmarks, taking back sights and fore sights to determine relative elevations. It discusses the applications of leveling for irrigation design, construction projects, and land management.
This document provides information on leveling techniques used in surveying. It begins with definitions of leveling and terms used. It describes two common leveling methods - the height of collimation method and rise and fall method. It also discusses differential leveling and provides illustrations of leveling equipment including an automatic level and tripod stand. The document is serving as a field work report for a leveling exercise in a surveying course, providing instructions and details on leveling methodology.
1. The document discusses advanced surveying equipment that provide more precise and faster surveying compared to traditional methods. It describes the Electronic Distance Meter (EDM), microoptic theodolite, electronic/digital theodolite, and total station.
2. An EDM measures distance using the phase difference between a transmitted and reflected wave. A microoptic theodolite and electronic theodolite are used to measure angles precisely.
3. A total station integrates EDM and theodolite functions to allow simultaneous distance and angle measurements for surveying tasks such as setting out buildings, contour mapping, and more.
This document is an 18 page site surveying report for a traversing fieldwork exercise. It includes an introduction to traversing, objectives, descriptions of surveying equipment used, raw field data collected, adjustments made to account for angular errors, calculations of bearings, latitudes, and departures, and station coordinates. The report discusses setting up the equipment, challenges faced, and concludes the angles were adjusted to equal 360 degrees and coordinates were determined within the required accuracy standards.
This document is a site surveying report for a traversing fieldwork exercise. It includes an introduction to traversing, objectives of the exercise, descriptions of surveying equipment used like theodolites and ranging rods. Data collected in the field including angular measurements, bearings, latitudes and departures are presented. The results show angular errors requiring adjustment of field angles. Station coordinates are tabulated and graphed. The conclusion is that adjustments were needed to correct angular errors and produce accurate coordinate data from the traversing exercise.
The fieldwork report details a closed traverse survey conducted by students using a theodolite. Measurements of angles and distances were taken at stations A through D. The total angular error was 0.27' and distributed evenly among measured angles. Course directions and lengths were calculated. The total error of 0.15 latitude and 0.61 departure fell within the acceptable accuracy of 1:202. Coordinates were determined for each station after applying compass rule corrections. The closed traverse allowed students to apply surveying skills and techniques learned in class.
surveying Engineering
Fly Levelling
Fly leveling: -Fly leveling is just like differential leveling carried
out to check the accuracy of leveling work. It is a very approximate
form of leveling in which sights are taken as large as possible. in this
method, a line of levels is run to determine approximately reduced
levels of the points carried out with more rapidly and less precision
The aim of fly Levelling: The main purpose of this type of leveling is
to check the values of the reduced levels of the bench marks already
fixed. In this method only back sight and foresight are taken. There is no need of intermediate sights. However great care has to be taken for selecting the change points (Turning Points) and for taking reading on the change points because the accuracy of leveling depends upon these
-Create Bench Marks (BM).
Bench Marks
Bench Mark is a point of known elevation, there are three Type of Bench Marks
1-Perment Bench Mark.
2-Orbitrary Bench Mark .
3-Temporary Bench Mark .
-Leveling Process Calculation.
1. Height of collimation method
2. Rise and Fall method
How do we find horizontal distance using levelling Machine.
Fly Levelling Close loop survey.
Fly and Differential leveling Using (Rise & fall) and (HI)methods.
*Checks for Errors
-Misclosure
Allowable closing error
Where:
D =Distance in km
E = Misclosure error in (mm).
C = 30 for fixed levelling process in rough ground.
C = 15 for normal leveling in flat area (Good work)
Fly Levelling example
Computation of Elevations for an open loop survey H.I method
Computation of Elevations
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations
-Correction For Errors in Leveling
1. Errors Due to the line of sight being not horizontal
2. Error Due to Curvature and refraction.
Errors in differential leveling: -
1) Non adjustment of the instrument: -
a) Adjustment of cross-wire ring
b) Adjustment of the bubble tube
c) Adjustment of line of sight
2-Errors in levelling
• Collimation line
• Parallax
• Change point instability
• Instrument instability
• Benchmark instability
• Staff reading errors , • Staff verticality • Level Instrument shading • Temperature on staff • Booking errors) • Earth curvature • Refraction • The Bubble not center.
3-Constant error (instrumental error):
A. Non vertically of the staff.
B. Collimation error in the instrument.
C. Staff gradation error.
4- Random error (natural error):
A. Effect of wind and temperature.
B. Soft and hard ground.
C. Change points. CP
D. Human deficiencies and neglect
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
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1. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (Hons)
SITE SURVEYING (QSB60103)
Lecturer : CHAI VOON CHIET
DATE OF SUBMISSION :
8th December 2016
REPORT : FEILDWORK 1 - LEVELING
NAME STUDENT ID NO.
CHRISTINA HO CHIA HUI 0326499
BOON LI YING 0323839
CHOO ZHI KANG 0327586
ADAM WONG 0322520
CHLOE SIM TING ERN 0322932
2. Table of content
NO CONTENT PAGE(S)
1 Introduction to site surveying 3
2 Introduction to levelling 4-6
3 Objective 7
4 Apparatus Used 8-9
5 Two peg test 10
6 6.0 Field Data
6.1 Height of collimation
Method
6.2 Rise and Fall Method
11-12
7 7.0 Adjusted Data
7.1 Adjusted Height of
Collimation Method
7.2 Adjusted Height of Rise
and Fall Method
13-14
8 Discussion 15
9 Conclusion 16
10 Refereces 17
3. 1.0 Introduction to Site Surveying
Site surveying is a core module for Quantity Surveying degree which will teach us
the technique and profession of determining the three-dimensional position of points and
the distances and angles between them. Through this module, we will be able to provide
an overview of surveying and to develop understanding of leveling theory and practice.
One of our assignments is to carry out a fieldwork as a group of 5 in Taylor’s University
compound at specific areas. Our fieldwork is about levelling. We are given weekly lectures
by our lecturer, Ir. Chai and we are supposed to apply what we learn from lecture to the
fieldwork practical at site. We are given hands on experience by applying theories we
learned into weekly practical tutorials by doing levelling around school using site surveying
equipment. It is indeed a good opportunity for us to gain better understanding on levelling
and how to collect and analyze data correctly.
3
4. 2.0 Introduction to Levelling
Levelling is usually an initial stage before construction is done. Levelling is about
finding elevations of given points with respect to a given data. There are marked areas
around the campus compound where we are supposed to measure the height using the
correct surveying instruments. It is an accurate method to measure the height of each
pinpoint of site. Levelling is also used in site surveying to find out the reduced levels in
every point.
4
5. 2.1 Levelling Terms & Definitions
1. Back-sight (B.S)
- a reading of the leveling road in its unchanged position when the leveling
instrument has been taken to a new position
2. Foresight (F.S)
- a reading taken looking forward to a new station, especially in levelling from a
point of known elevation to a point the elevation of which is to be determined
compare back-sight
3. Bench-mark (B.M)
- a fixed point of known height above the ordinance datum (O.D.) from which the
height above the O.D of any other point may be determined.
4. Reduced Level (R.L)
- the vertical distance between a survey point and the adopted level datum
5. Temporary Bench-mark (T.B.M)
- a fixed point with a known elevation used for level control during construction
works and survey.
6. Datum
- two forms of datum namely the Ordinance datum ( O.D) and the Assumed datum
(A.D) it is a fixed starting point of a scale or operation
7. Changed Point (C.P)
-‐ also known as turning point. A point to which a foresight and back-sight are taken
in levelling.
8. Line of Collimation
- also known as line of sight. It is the intersection of the cross hairs and the optical
entre of the objective lens.
-
5
6. 2.2 Methods of Levelling
There are two methods to determine the differences in reduced level between the
points :
1. Height of Collimation method
2. Rise and Fall method
6
7. 3.0 Objectives
• To provide an overview of surveying and to develop understanding of levelling theory
and practice.
• To develop the ability to use surveying instruments.
• To develop the ability to translate survey information for use by design and construction
teams.
• To be able to determine the error of misclosure.
• To provide better understanding for students about the process of levelling.
• To learn about the important of teamwork.
• To enable students to understand how to read the levelling and the data.
• To enable students ti get hands-on experience in setting up and working with the auto-
level.
7
8. 4.0 Apparatus used for Levelling
1. Automatic Level
An automatic level is an optical instrument used
to establish or verify points in the same horizontal
plane. It is commonly used in surveying and building
with a vertical staff to measure height differences and to
transfer, measure and set heights.
2. Adjustable Leg Tripod with head adaptors
The adjustable leg tripod is a common tool in
construction to support the instrument where the
head adaptors are used to hold the instrument in
position. It is portable and adjustable for desired
heights of instrument.
3. Levelling Rod
The aluminium levelling rod’s function is to let the
operator obtain readings from the automatic level. In
order to obtain accurate reading, the horizontal bubble
level equipped in the rod must be inside the frame.
8
9. 4. Optical Plummet
An optical plummet is an attachment plate
used to attach a surveying instrument by locking
the instrument down. The procedures speed up
the setting up process as well as protect the
instrument from falling.
5. Spirit Level
A spirit level is an instrument designed to indicate
whether a surface is horizontal or vertical. The spirit
bubble must be inside the black bubble to obtain
accurate measurement.
9
10. 5.0 Two-peg test
The collimation error of the tilting level can be checked by two peg test. Before we
start the levelling job, two peg test need to be carried out to ensure the instrument is in a
good condition. The main error occurs when the line of sight is not horizontal and this will
leads to an incorrect staff reading. Two peg test is to identify the level has a collimation
error and allows the collimation error to be determined.
On a relatively flat site, establish two points A and B about 30 metres apart and set
up the instrument at P, point halfway between them then take the staff reading. Repeating
with the staff and record the reading again.
10
A
P
a1 = 142.5 b2 = 137.8
15m15m
25m 5m
A BQ
a2 =138.80
b2 =140.00
Reading to A : a2 = 1.388m Reading to A : b2 = 1.400m
Then the automatic level was shifted and set over point Q, and
the following reading was reading was obtained.
11. 6.0 Field Data
6.1 Height of collimation method
Misclosure = 99.967 - 100.000
= -0.033m
= 33mm
Acceptable Misclosure = 12√ k, where k = the number of set ups
= ± 12√9
= 36mm
∴ The misclosure 20mm is smaller than the acceptable misclosure
36mm
∴ The levelling is acceptable.
BS IS FS HI RL REMARKS
1.393 101.393 100.000 BM 101 on
lamp post
100.00 at
AOD
1.359 3.603 99.149 97.790 A
1.346 1.339 99.156 97.810 B
1.352 1.442 99.066 97.714 C
1.633 1.550 99.149 97.516 D
1.210 97.939 E
1.299 1.370 99.078 97.779 F
1.426 1.528 98.976 97.550 G
3.744 1.396 101.324 97.580 H
1.347 1.329 101.342 99.995 I
1.375 99.967 BM 101
14.899
-14.932
- 0.033 14.932
99.967
-100.000
- 0.033
11
12. 6.2 Rise and Fall Method
Misclosure = 99.967 - 100.000
= -0.033m
= 33mm
Acceptable Misclosure = 12√ k, where k = the number of set ups
= ± 12√9
= 36mm
∴ The misclosure 20mm is smaller than the acceptable misclosure
36mm
∴ The levelling is acceptable.
BS IS FS Rise Fall RL REMARKS
1.393 100.000 BM 101 on
lamp post
100.00 at
AOD
1.359 3.603 2.21 97.790 A
1.346 1.339 0.02 97.810 B
1.352 1.442 0.096 97.714 C
1.633 1.550 0.198 97.516 D
1.210 0.423 97.939 E
1.299 1.370 0.16 97.779 F
1.426 1.528 0.229 97.550 G
3.744 1.396 0.03 97.580 H
1.347 1.329 2.415 99.995 I
1.375 0.028 99.967 BM 101
14.899
-14.932
- 0.033 14.932
99.967
-100.000
- 0.033
12
13. 7.0 Adjusted Data
7.1 Adjusted Height of Collimation Method
Correction per set-up = Misclosure ÷ Number of set-ups
= (99.967 - 100.000) ÷ 9
= - 0.033 ÷ 9
= -0.0037 m
BS IS FS HI RL REMARKS Correction Adjusted
Reduced
Level
1.393 101.393 100.000 BM 101 on
lamp post
100.00 at
AOD
1.359 3.603 99.149 97.790 A +0.0037 97.794
1.346 1.339 99.156 97.810 B +0.0074 97.817
1.352 1.442 99.066 97.714 C +0.0111 97.725
1.633 1.550 99.149 97.516 D +0.0148 97.531
1.210 97.939 E +0.0185 97.958
1.299 1.370 99.078 97.779 F +0.0222 97.801
1.426 1.528 98.976 97.550 G +0.0259 97.576
3.744 1.396 101.324 97.580 H +0.0296 97.610
1.347 1.329 101.342 99.995 I +0.0333 100.028
1.375 99.967 BM 101 +0.037 100.004
14.899
-14.932
- 0.033 14.932
99.967
-100.000
- 0.033
13
14. 7.2 Adjusted Rise and Fall Method
Correction per set-up = Misclosure ÷ Number of set-ups
= (99.967 - 100.000) ÷ 9
= - 0.033 ÷ 9
= - 0.0037 m
BS IS FS Rise Fall RL REMARKS Correction Adjusted
RL
1.393 100.000 BM 101 on
lamp post
100.00 at
AOD
1.359 3.603 2.21 97.790 A +0.0037 97.794
1.346 1.339 0.02 97.810 B +0.0074 97.817
1.352 1.442 0.096 97.714 C +0.0111 97.725
1.633 1.550 0.198 97.516 D +0.0148 97.531
1.210 0.423 97.939 E +0.0185 97.958
1.299 1.370 0.16 97.779 F +0.0222 97.801
1.426 1.528 0.229 97.550 G +0.0259 97.576
3.744 1.396 0.03 97.580 H +0.0296 97.610
1.347 1.329 2.415 99.995 I +0.0333 100.028
1.375 0.028 99.967 BM 101 +0.037 100.004
14.899
-14.932
- 0.033 14.932
99.967
-100.000
- 0.033
14
15. 8.0 Discussion
In this fieldwork, leveling instrument was set up at 9 points to measure the reduced
level of 10 points around the staff parking at Taylor’s university Lakeside Campus. The first
point to have the instrument set up is at the benchmark, labelled BM101 and with an
assumed reduce level of 100.00 which is located at the lamp post.
During this fieldwork, we started by setting up the instruments which is the
automatic level. Our lecturer, Ir Chai gave us a very clear instruction in adjusting the
levelling screws to the centre of the level tube. It is very important to make sure the spirit
bubble should always be brought to the centre of the level tube before take down the
reading to obtain an accurate readings. Besides, we also have to make sure that the tripod
is securely fasten where there will be no loose bolts or metal shoes. We take down the
reading on a notebook so that we can calculate our data after our fieldwork. Every group
members take turn to handle the instruments.
After the fieldwork, height of collimation method and rise and fall method is used to
calculate the reduced level with the data we record down while doing the fieldwork. Based
on our calculation, we calculated the misclosure is 33mm which is acceptable because it is
within 36mm as the acceptable misclosure is 36mm. Then, we distributed the error and
result of adjustment which is 0.0037m is obtained. After that, the adjusted reading is
obtained by adding up the adjustments to the reduced level. .
15
16. 9.0 Conclusion
We feel very grateful for the opportunity given to do this fieldwork as a group
as it really is an eye-opening experience. We have never had a hands-on experience
especially on fieldwork. After being exposed to site surveying, we found out that
levelling is not an easy task as what we learn on books and papers but it is a very
practical work and requires time and practices to perfect this task. There may be slight
mistakes here and there during calculations and measurement but we managed to
overcome them during fieldwork with the guidance of our tutor, Mr Chai.
We are separated into different tutor groups so we all had different tutorial
time. For each tutorial lesson, we are guided by Mr Chai on how to use the site
surveying instruments and how to calculate reduced level etc. The reduced levels are
calculated with two different methods namely the Collimation Method and the Rise and
Fall method which we had both learned from the lecture. Every week, Mr Chai will give
us lecture before proceeding to our hands on tutorial classes.
One of the problems we come across during the fieldwork is the time and
weather conditions. Sometimes the weather is too hot and sunny for an outdoor activity
like levelling in the school compound, and sometimes it might be raining which makes it
troublesome for us to take care of the instruments. Our tutorial has to be before the day
gets dark as it may affect our sight and readings for the measurement of levelling. On
top of all that, we are to say that we are fortunate to be able to learn this in this module
as it may help us in the future as a Quantity Surveyor.
16
17. 10.0 References
1. What is the Purpose of Survey and Levelling? (2016), Retrieved 30 November 2016,
from https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora.com%2FWhat-is-
the-purpose-of-survey-and-levelling-in-civil-engineering-What-is-the-latest-instrument-
used-for-it&h=PAQGkjMmM
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