This document provides instructions for performing a fly level observation, or rise and fall method, of levelling. The procedure involves taking readings between benchmark points of known elevation and change points using a level, staff, and tripod. Readings are recorded in a level book and used to calculate the reduced level at each change point. Arithmetical checks and allowable misclosures are determined to ensure precision of the work. The document outlines the objective, equipment, procedures, results and computations, conclusion, and references for the fly level observation levelling technique.
Report Assignment 2 for Site Surveying module which requires us to do Traversing measurement around the campus carpark, for the Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (BQS) Course Semester 2, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
Levelling in surveying is the process of determining the height of one level relative to another. It is used to establish the elevation of a point relative to a datum, or to establish a point at a given elevation relative to a datum
Report Assignment 2 for Site Surveying module which requires us to do Traversing measurement around the campus carpark, for the Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (BQS) Course Semester 2, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
Levelling in surveying is the process of determining the height of one level relative to another. It is used to establish the elevation of a point relative to a datum, or to establish a point at a given elevation relative to a datum
surveying Engineering
Fly Levelling
Fly leveling: -Fly leveling is just like differential leveling carried
out to check the accuracy of leveling work. It is a very approximate
form of leveling in which sights are taken as large as possible. in this
method, a line of levels is run to determine approximately reduced
levels of the points carried out with more rapidly and less precision
The aim of fly Levelling: The main purpose of this type of leveling is
to check the values of the reduced levels of the bench marks already
fixed. In this method only back sight and foresight are taken. There is no need of intermediate sights. However great care has to be taken for selecting the change points (Turning Points) and for taking reading on the change points because the accuracy of leveling depends upon these
-Create Bench Marks (BM).
Bench Marks
Bench Mark is a point of known elevation, there are three Type of Bench Marks
1-Perment Bench Mark.
2-Orbitrary Bench Mark .
3-Temporary Bench Mark .
-Leveling Process Calculation.
1. Height of collimation method
2. Rise and Fall method
How do we find horizontal distance using levelling Machine.
Fly Levelling Close loop survey.
Fly and Differential leveling Using (Rise & fall) and (HI)methods.
*Checks for Errors
-Misclosure
Allowable closing error
Where:
D =Distance in km
E = Misclosure error in (mm).
C = 30 for fixed levelling process in rough ground.
C = 15 for normal leveling in flat area (Good work)
Fly Levelling example
Computation of Elevations for an open loop survey H.I method
Computation of Elevations
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations
-Correction For Errors in Leveling
1. Errors Due to the line of sight being not horizontal
2. Error Due to Curvature and refraction.
Errors in differential leveling: -
1) Non adjustment of the instrument: -
a) Adjustment of cross-wire ring
b) Adjustment of the bubble tube
c) Adjustment of line of sight
2-Errors in levelling
• Collimation line
• Parallax
• Change point instability
• Instrument instability
• Benchmark instability
• Staff reading errors , • Staff verticality • Level Instrument shading • Temperature on staff • Booking errors) • Earth curvature • Refraction • The Bubble not center.
3-Constant error (instrumental error):
A. Non vertically of the staff.
B. Collimation error in the instrument.
C. Staff gradation error.
4- Random error (natural error):
A. Effect of wind and temperature.
B. Soft and hard ground.
C. Change points. CP
D. Human deficiencies and neglect
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Page | 1
INTRODUCTION
Levelling is a method to measure the elevation difference between two (2) or more
points. In this practical, focus is shifted to one of levelling techniques namely , fly level
observation or also known as the rise and fall method . The observation will be initiated
from a known reduced level (RL) value of a benchmark (BM) and end at another
known RL value of BM. In between the BMs, a number of change points (CPs) will be
set up to observe the fore sight reading and the back sight reading of each stationed
staves and the values are booked. Upon completion of the observation, the RL values
will be calculated and booked. After the RL values are known, three (3) arithmetical
checks will be calculated to ensure the precision of the works. Consequently, the
adjustment value can be computed where this value will be distributed accordingly to
each station. Finally, the adjusted RL values are booked and the misclosure will be
calculated to be compared with the adjusted values to determine whether the levelling
works is accepted or unsatisfactory.
2. Page | 2
OBJECTIVE
Objective in this report for :
1. To carry out fly level observation (Rise and Fall method) from bench mark (BM)
to temporary bench mark (TBM).
2. To compute the transferred RL from BM/SBM to TBM.
3. To adjust and check the levelling data.
5. Page | 5
PROCEDURE
GENERAL PROCEDURE
1. Adjust the height of the tripod to balanced the level properly.
2. Set the level. Adjust the screw below of the tripod to tighten the level on the
tripod.
3. Adjust the bubble until the bubble stay on the center.
4. Ask your groupmate to hold the staff at the BM, and take the reading.
SPECIFIC PROEDURE
FIGURE 1.1
1. The level is set up at a convenient position, I1. The staff is held on the BM and a
reading is taken. This will be a back sight (BS), because it is the first staff reading
after the levelling instrument has been set up. The length of foresight and back
2. The staff is moved to point A and take reading. This will be a foresight (FS). And
point A will be a change point (CP).
3. Next, the levelling instrument is moved to position I2 and the staff is left at point A
and point B on the change point (CP). The staff is turned so that it faces the level
and a reading is taken. This will be a back sight for point A and fore sight for
point B.
6. Page | 6
4. Next, the levelling instrument is moved to position I3 and the staff is left at point B
and point C on the change point (CP). The staff is turned so that it faces the level
and a reading is taken. This will be a back sight for point B and fore sight for
point C.
5. The same step is repeated for the position I4. The level instrument is set up and
the reading for both staff at point C and D are taken.
6. While the staff remains at D, the instrument level is moved to another position, I5.
A reading taken from new position to the staff at D and E. D is a BS and E is a
FS.
7. The level moved to position I6 and staff at point E be a BS. The staff at TBM1 be
a FS.
8. The staff is moved to TBM and F in turn and reading taken while the level at I7
Point F will be the FS and TBM will be an BS.
9. When the level is at position I8, the staff have been moved at point F and G. the
point F will be the BS and the G will be the FS.
10.Staff moved to position I9 and the point will be at G and H. The point G will be
the BS and H will be the FS.
11.Move the level at position I10 and move the staff at point I and point H then take
both readings. The BS is point I and FS is point H.
12.The same step for position I11,move the staff at point I and point J and take the
readings.
13.Finally, the level is moved to I12, a BS is point J and FS is the BM. The final staff
position is at a point of known RL. This is most important as all levelling
fieldwork must start and finish at points of known reduced level, otherwise it is
not possible to detect misclosures in the levelling.
7. Page | 7
RESULT & ANALYSIS
The reading are shown booked by the rise and fall method in table 1.1. These are
normally recorded in a level book containing all the relevant column. Each line of the
level book corresponds to a staff position and this is confirmed by the entries in the
Remarks column. The calculation proceeds in the following manner, in which the
reduced level of a points is related to that of a previous point.
BS IS FS RISE FALL REDUCED
LEVEL
CORRECTION ADJUSTMENT
REDUCED
LEVEL
DISTANCE REMARKS
1.090 12.875 0 12.875 TBM =
12.875
1.127 1.117 0.027 12.848 -0.010 12.838 A
1.118 1.120 0.007 12.855 -0.019 12.836 B
1.129 1.126 0.008 12.847 -0.029 12.818 C
1.118 1.120 0.009 12.856 -0.038 12.818 D
0.290 1.120 0.002 12.854 -0.048 12.806 E
2.162 1.144 0.854 12.000 -0.057 11.943 TBM 2=
11.943
1.180 1.255 0.907 12.907 -0.067 12.840 F
1.230 1.305 0.125 12.782 -0.076 12.706 G
1.412 1.250 0.030 12.812 -0.086 12.726 H
1.261 1.335 0.077 12.889 -0.095 12.794 I
1.155 1.081 0.180 13.069 -0.105 12.964 J
1.235 0.080 12.989 -0.114 12.875 TBM =
12.875
TABLE 1.1
1. From the first BM to A a BS of 1.090 m has been recorded at the BM and FS of
1.117 m at A. The resulting height difference is given by (1.090 m – 1.117 m) = -
0.027 m. The positive sign indicates the fall and is entered at point A.
2. The procedure is repeated and the height difference from A to B is given by
(1.127 m – 1.120 m) = + 0.007 m. This is entered as rise at point B.
8. Page | 8
3. When calculating the rises or falls in the FS or IS column must be subtracted
from the line immediately above, either in the same column or one column to the
left. The FS is subtracted from the IS or BS in the line above and the BS on the
same line as the FS is the used to continue the calculation with the next IS or FS
in the line below.
4. When the table is complete, a check on the arithmetic involved is possible and
must always be applied. This check is
∑ (BS ) -∑ ( FS ) = ∑ ( RISES ) -∑ ( FALLS ) = RL – ADJUSTMENT RL
5. In table 1.1, the difference between the adjusted RL of the first BM and adjusted
RL of the final BM is 0.00. The result show that the levelling is accurate and
pricise. It is mean that we do not have to make an adjustment.
6. The allowable misclosure for any levelling sequence is allowable misclosure
= ±5√ n mm where n is the number of instrument positions. If the actual value is
greater than the allowable value, the levelling should be repeated. However, if
the actual value is less than the allowable value, the misclosure should be
distributed equally between the instrument positions.
11. Page | 11
CONCLUSION
We manage to carry out fly level observation from Bench Mark (BM) to Temporary
Bench Mark (TBM). All the readings data were booked by the rise and fall method.
Arithmetical check was applied in fly level method for verify the accuracy of calculation.
ƩBS – ƩFS = Ʃ RISES – Ʃ FALLS = LAST RL – LAST ARL is the arithmetical check to
verified the accuracy of calculation. The leveling was done from a known BM to
unknown TBM and reversed to the known BM again. Then we compute the transferred
level from BM to TBM and compute the level back to the BM to checked our data is
correct.
12. Page | 12
REFERENCES
1. SURVEYING FOR ENGINEERS : J.UREN AND W.F.PRICE : THIRD EDITION :
ISBN 0-333-57705-1 .
2. LECTURE NOTE, PROF SR. DR. HJ. ABD MANAN BIN HJ.SAMAD,
ENGINEERING SURVEYING 1
3. MODUL POLITEKNIK KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN MALAYSIA, C1005 UKUR
KEJURUTERAAN 1 : MOHAMAD KELANA BINTI JUWIT: MOHD FAHMI BIN
ABD RAZAK