In this PPT I have explained processing of sputum sample step by step, first I have discussed about different methods of sputum sample collection and then also discussed about different criteria of sputum sample rejection after gram stain .
in this PPT we will learn better about six different criteria of sputum sample rejection . In case of tuberculosis what is the criteria of sputum sample collection and processing also have been covered in this PPT.
I hope it will be helpful for you
thank you so much
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
casoni test is an immediate hypersensitivity skin test previously used in the diagnosis of hydatid disease.
Intradermal injection of 0.2ml of hydatid fluid collected from animal/human cyst which is sterilized by seitz filtration OR membrane filtration.
equal volume of saline(control) injected on the other forearm and observation made for next 30 min and after 1 to 2 days.
As a precaution anaphylactic tray must be kept ready before carrying out the test.(Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction)
Interpretation: Sensitive patients develop large wheal measuring 5 cm or more with formation of pseudopodia like projection within 30 minutes occuring at injection site, considered positive result.(immediate hypersensitivity) .
No reaction in the control arm.
Disadvantage: It has low sensitivity (60-80%)
and gives false positive results in cross reactive cestode infections.
It is no longer used nowadays and replaced largely by the serological tests.
Less reliable than imaging technique.
This is prepared for my project and im sharing this for useful to others.This slides contain the processing of urine specimens in microbiology.im prepared on basis of our medical college method.sometimes the methods will vary with other hospitals
Stool/feces is the end product of digestive system of the body. Following digestion and absorption of the essential food ingredients in the stomach and intestine, the undigested food and unabsorbed secretions of stomach, liver, pancreas and intestine appear in stool.
Antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) or Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing.
Contents:
1. Need of AST
2. Bacterial Resistance
3. Preperation of test: selection of antibiotic and bacteria
4. Types of tests
5. Process of tests
stool examination in different disease physical ,chemical and microscopic examination , concentration technique , sedimentation and flotation techniques
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
casoni test is an immediate hypersensitivity skin test previously used in the diagnosis of hydatid disease.
Intradermal injection of 0.2ml of hydatid fluid collected from animal/human cyst which is sterilized by seitz filtration OR membrane filtration.
equal volume of saline(control) injected on the other forearm and observation made for next 30 min and after 1 to 2 days.
As a precaution anaphylactic tray must be kept ready before carrying out the test.(Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction)
Interpretation: Sensitive patients develop large wheal measuring 5 cm or more with formation of pseudopodia like projection within 30 minutes occuring at injection site, considered positive result.(immediate hypersensitivity) .
No reaction in the control arm.
Disadvantage: It has low sensitivity (60-80%)
and gives false positive results in cross reactive cestode infections.
It is no longer used nowadays and replaced largely by the serological tests.
Less reliable than imaging technique.
This is prepared for my project and im sharing this for useful to others.This slides contain the processing of urine specimens in microbiology.im prepared on basis of our medical college method.sometimes the methods will vary with other hospitals
Stool/feces is the end product of digestive system of the body. Following digestion and absorption of the essential food ingredients in the stomach and intestine, the undigested food and unabsorbed secretions of stomach, liver, pancreas and intestine appear in stool.
Antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) or Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing.
Contents:
1. Need of AST
2. Bacterial Resistance
3. Preperation of test: selection of antibiotic and bacteria
4. Types of tests
5. Process of tests
stool examination in different disease physical ,chemical and microscopic examination , concentration technique , sedimentation and flotation techniques
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF CLINICAL SAMPLESNCRIMS, Meerut
Principles of Sample Collection:
Aseptic precautions to minimize chances of
contamination.
Appropriate anatomic sites
Adequate volume
Adequate no. of samples
Appropriate time
Appropriate container with proper labelling
Before initiation of anti-microbials
Adequate information in request form
Clinical case presentation- Rh incompatibility.pptxArpitaChandra12
This is a clinical case with Rh incompatibility. A 10 days baby diagnosed with Rh incompatibility and also having Bacteremia and Klebsiella pneumoniae is causing nosocomial infection in NICU
Laboratory Diagnosis of
Respiratory Infections.
Respiratory infections are one of the most common microbial infections.
Frequent exposure of respiratory mucosa to microbes inhaled with air.
In this ppt, discussing about pathogenesis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and also included other types of lower respiratory tract infections causing microorganisms.
coombs test, introduction with principle and whole laboratory procedure, also u will read about ,how to perform direct and indirect coombs test? and how to report them?
This ppt included all important points about food poisoning, these short and simple notes will provide you better knowledge about different types of fungal and chemical intoxications.
In this slide i have discussed all the conventional tools to diagnose parasitic infections and also included all the new diagnostic advances have came to deep tech world.
Clinical case presentation, Proteus mirabilis.pptxArpitaChandra12
There is a clinical case presentation which have been reported in our Microbiology lab. A patient having UTI and the causative agent is Proteus mirabilis.
This PPT is sharing with you how to process urine sample in laboratories. This PPT also included right way to make proper diagnosis. It will be very useful for laboratory technicians to understand that what is correct way to process the urine sample.
Step by steps processing also accepting criteria of Kass technique to report the pathogenic organism in urine sample.
Facts about MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS-- BLOG ArpitaChandra12
A content writing Blog is covering topic Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it includes general features, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. You will also aware about the facts about Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
A original article presentation in journal club.
It gives you better idea how to present a research article.
A cross sectional study was conducted to compare two different methods first is rapid card test and other is real time pcr for the diagnosis of corona virus disease.
This is a research article presentation. I have prepared an original article for power point presentation, it will be helpful for you all to know how to present an original article on journal club.
Before doing research in any field it is very important to know the way of writing a research article . We should know which different points to remember at the time of research paper presentation .I have included all the headings which fulfill all the demands of a better way to present a research article on journal club.
Above ppt includes different types of disinfectants used in microbiology ,classification of disinfectants, and also it includes some important techniques like Plasma sterilization ,ETO sterilization and bleaching of water.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Types of sputum sample collection
1. Expectorated
2. Induced
3. Bronchoscopy
4. Endotracheal or Tracheostomy suction specimens
5. Transtracheal Aspirates
6. Other invasive procedure
3. Expectoration
Good sputum samples depend on through health care
worker education and patient understanding all
phases of the collection process.
Before Expectoration- Food should not have been
ingested for 1 to 2 hours
Mouth should be rinsed with saline or water just
before expectoration
4. Sterile container
leak proof screw cap container
Specimen should be deep coughed
Transported to laboratory immediately
5. INDUCED
Who are unable to produce sputum may be assisted by
respiratory therapy
By using postural drainage and thoracic percussion to
stimulate production of acceptable sputum
6. Aerosol induced specimens
Useful for Isolation of Mycobacterium or fungal disease
- high diagnostic yeild
- In case of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia as well
7. Induced specimen collection
By allowing the patient to breath
Aerosolized droplets of a solution containing 15% NaCl
and 10% glycerin for 10 min
Untill a strong cough reflex is initiated
These specimens are usually adequate for culture
8. Gastric aspirates
Isolation of Acid fast bacilli
Early morning sample
A nasogastric tube is inserted into the stomach and
contents are withdrawn
Resistance of Mycobacterium to
acidity sample must be delivered
immediately so that acidity can be
neutralized then processed
9. Endotracheal suction specimens
Especially patient on ventilator
Patient with trachiostomy rapidly colonized with gram
negative bacilli (P. aeruginosa and A. Baumannii)
10. COLLECTION
It should be done with a sterile technique using 22 inch
suction catheter , through the endotracheal tube
- First aspirates discarded
- Second aspirates should be collected after tracheal
instillation of 5 ml saline in a mucous collection tube
13. Procedure
In this procedure high volume of saline( 100-300ml)
infused into a lung segment though the bronchoscope to
obtain cells of the pulmonary interstitium and alveolar
spaces send a portion of it to the laboratory.
14. Trans-tracheal Aspirates (TTA)
Invasive procedure
Percutaneous transtracheal aspirates are obtained by
inserting a small plastic catheter into the trachea via
needle previously inserted through the skin and
cricothyroid membrane
15. It cannot be used in uncooprative patients
Rarely used anymore anaerobes- Actinomyces and
those associated with aspiration pneumonia
Other invasive Procedures
When pleural empyema is present
Thoracentesis may be used to
obtain infected fluid for direct
examination and culture
16. Specimen Processing
Lower respiratory tract specimen
Examined by
Direct wet mount- For parasite
Microscopy with 10%KOH – For fungal elements
Gram stain for Bacterial identification
AFB stain for M. tuberculosis
20. Gram stain of sputum specimen
Acceptable specimens
Less than 10 squamous epithelial cells / low power
field (100x) WBCs may not be relevant, because many
patients are severely neutropenic .
21. On the other hand
Presence of 25 or more polymorphonuclear leukocytes /
field with few epithelial cells – Excellent specimen
22. Rejection criteria of ETAs
-Greater than 10 sqamous epthelial cells / field
-In Legionella pneumonia, sputum may be scant and
watery with no host cells such specimen may be positive
by direct fluoresent antibody stain and culture and
should not be subjected to screening procedure.
23. Sputum sample rejection criteria
1. Bartlett score
2. Murray and washington grading system
3. Gecklet et al
4. Van Scoy
5. Barry
6. Heineman and Radano2
24. Bartlett score
Based on microscopic examination
1. Number of Neutrophils / field
2. Number of sqamous epithelial cells / field
(+) Score = acceptable sample
(-) Score = Non acceptable sample
25. 2. Murray and washington grading system
Based on no. of epithelial cell / 10x field
< 10 Epithelial cell / 10x field = acceptable
3. Geckler criteria
< 25 Epithelial cell / 10x field = acceptable
4. Van Scoy
Avg no of WBC/LPF
>25 WBC/LPF = Acceptable sample
26. 5. According to Barry
Assign (+) and(–)values
+3 (if >150 WBC) Any positive score= Acceptable
+2(If 76-150 WBC)
+1 (if 16-25 WBC)
Per 100x field
-3( if >25 EPC )
-2 (if 16-25 EPC)
-1 (if 5-15 EPC) / 100x field
27. 6. Heinman and Radano
Avg ratio of WBC to EPC (> 1 EPC / every 10 WBC) in
the average low power field
28. In case of tuberculosis
Sputum sample collection
- Early morning and spot ( according to NTEP)
Concentration by
- Petroff method and modified petroff method by
adding NALC-NaOH
- Acid fast stain
- Fluorescent microscopy
- LJ culture
29. Modified Petroff method according to Belly & Scott
REAGENT PREPARATION
A (NALC-NaOH preparation)
(4%) NaOH (50mL)
Trisodium citrate (2.94%)(50ml)
NALC powder (0.5g)
Mix, sterile and store the NaOH and the citrate in sterile,
screw capped flasks for later use. This solution should be
used within hours after the NALC is added.
30. B - Phosphate Buffer preparation
Solution-A
Sodium monohydrogen phosphate (anhydrous) 9.47 g
Distilled water 1000ml
Solution- B
Potassium dihydrphosphate 9.07g
Distilled water 1000ml
Add 50 ml of solution B to 50 ml of solution A and
adjust pH to 6.8
31. Procedure
Transfer a maximum of 10 ml of sputum
In plastic 50ml conical centrifuge tube
Add equal volume of freshly prepared digestant (SOL-A) to the
tube
Votex the specimen for approximately 15 sec,
Mix it till the specimens are being digested
An extra pinch of NALC crystals may be necessary to liquefy
mucoid sputa
After 15 min. of digestion
32. Add enough phosphate buffer to reach within 1 cm of the top
Invert the tube to mix the solution, stop digestion process
Centrifuge all the tubes at 3600 x g for 15 min
Using aerosol free sealed centrifuge caps
Carefully pour off the supernatant into a splash proof
container
33. The lip of the tube may be wiped with an amphyl or phenol
soaked gauze to absorb drips
Resuspend the sediment in 1 to 2 mL phosphate buffer, pH
6.8 buffer (with bovine serum albumin)
Inoculate the sediment to culture media and prepare slide
34. Grading of AFB Smear
Number of AFBs seen Result and grading Number of field to
be examined
None in 100 fields Negative 100
1-9 in 100 fields Scanty 200
10-99 in 100 fields 1+ 100
1-10 per fields 2+ 20
Greater than 10
bacilli/field
3+ 20
35. Routine culture
Mac Conkey agar - GNB
Chocolate agar - Heamophilus and Neisseria species
Do not inoculate on Enrichment broth and Anaerobic
culture
Only percutaneous respiration and bronchial brush
are suitable for anaerobic culture
Fro streptococcus pneumonia- with 5 % CO2 growing
best on blood agar also can grow on chocolate agar
Manitol salt agar - S.aureus
Lowenstein jensen media – M. tuberculosis
36. Reference
1. Bailey & Scott
2. Lester K. Wong et al. Comparison of six different
criteria for judging the acceptability of sputum
specimen.Journal of clinical microbiology
2019:16(4):0095