Speech disorders
1. Central Mechanisms:
Depending on the integration of the higher brain centers for symbolization (speech centers), mainly in the dominant hemisphere.
Lesion leads to Dysphasia or Aphasia.
2. Peripheral Mechanisms:
A. Articulation:
Lesion leads to Dysarthria or Anarthria.
B. Phonation:
Lesion leads to Dysphonia or Aphonia.
این ارائه در کارگاه تخصصی تقلید و آپراکسی سرنخ هایی برای مداخلات مبتنی بر شواهد توسط دکتر هاشم فرهنگ دوست تدریس شده است.
برای مطالعه مطالب بیشتر در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه کنید.
www.farvardin-group.com
Due to damage of the CNS or PNS or both. There is some involvement of the basic motor processes used in speech and this results in a movement disorder...
این ارائه در کارگاه تخصصی تقلید و آپراکسی سرنخ هایی برای مداخلات مبتنی بر شواهد توسط دکتر هاشم فرهنگ دوست تدریس شده است.
برای مطالعه مطالب بیشتر در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه کنید.
www.farvardin-group.com
Due to damage of the CNS or PNS or both. There is some involvement of the basic motor processes used in speech and this results in a movement disorder...
Speech is the process of producing specific sounds that convey meaning to
the listener. A speech disorder refers to any condition that affects a
person’s ability to produce sounds that create words.
Speech is one of the main ways in which people communicate their
thoughts, feelings, and ideas with others. The act of speaking requires the
precise coordination of multiple body parts, including the head, neck , chest,
and abdomen .
Speech disorders can affect the way a person creates sounds to form
words. Certain voice disorders may also be considered speech disorde
In this slide all other information also mention like type of the speech difficulty and their sign and symptoms and also explained the treatment or promotion of normal speech
Communication problem & its management.Srinivas Nayak
what is communication ? Types of communication problems and how to identify communication problems and their ways of management and multi disciplinary TEAM approach
A speech disorder is a condition in which a person has problems creating or forming the speech sounds needed to communicate with others. This can make the child's speech difficult to understand.
Common speech disorders are:
1. Articulation disorders
2. Phonological disorders
3. Disfluency
4. Voice disorders or resonance disorders
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome and, typically, when the condition
appears to be idiopathic and responsive to levodopa therapy, is referred
to as Parkinson’s disease1
• The four cardinal features of the parkinsonian syndrome are:2
– Bradykinesia
– Muscular rigidity
– Resting tremor
– Postural instability (and gait impairment)
• These features are not always observed in every patient, at any given
time
To make a diagnosis of PD, the physician must distinguish between
different forms of parkinsonism:1
– Parkinson’s disease
– Secondary parkinsonism
– Parkinsonism as part of another neurodegenerative disorder (e.g., multiple
system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, or
Lewy body dementia)
SCALES COMMONLY USED IN
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
RESEARCH
SCALES COMMONLY USED IN
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
RESEARCH
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a disease of the white matter of the brain, caused by a virus infection that targets cells that make myelin--the material that insulates nerve cells (neurons). Polyomavirus JC (often called JC virus) is carried by a majority of people and is harmless except among those with lowered immune defenses. The disease is rare and occurs in patients undergoing chronic corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplant, or individuals with cancer (such as Hodgkin’s disease or lymphoma). Individuals with autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus -- some of whom are treated with biological therapies that allow JC virus reactivation -- are at risk for PML as well. PML is most common among individuals with HIV-1 infection / acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Currently, the best available therapy is reversal of the immune-deficient state, since there are no effective drugs that block virus infection without toxicity. Reversal may be achieved by using plasma exchange to accelerate the removal of the therapeutic agents that put patients at risk for PML. In the case of HIV-associated PML, immediately beginning anti-retroviral therapy will benefit most individuals. Several new drugs that laboratory tests found effective against infection are being used in PML patients with special permission of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Hexadecyloxypropyl-Cidofovir (CMX001) is currently being studied as a treatment option for JVC because of its ability to suppress JVC by inhibiting viral DNA replication.
In general, PML has a mortality rate of 30-50 percent in the first few months following diagnosis but depends on the severity of the underlying disease and treatment received. Those who survive PML can be left with severe neurological disabilities.
Sequencing in management of Multiple sclerosisAmr Hassan
Sequencing of DMTs for individual multiple sclerosis patients should be designed in such a way to maximize disease control and minimize risk based on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of each therapy. This includes the DMT patients are being switched from to those they are being switched to. The reversibility of immune system effects should be a key consideration for DMT sequence selection. This feature varies across DMTs and should factor more prominently in decision making as newer treatments become available for the prevention of disability accumulation in patients with progressive MS. In this short review, we discuss the landscape of existing therapies with an eye to the future when planning for optimal DMT sequencing. While no cure exists for MS, efforts are being directed toward research in neuroregeneration with the hope for positive outcomes.
A neuromuscular disorder that leads to weakness of skeletal muscles.
Symptoms
Causes
Prevention
Complications
Common tests & procedures
Neurological examination:
Repetitive nerve stimulation test:
Antibody test:
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs): To check any breathing difficulty.
CT scan: To rule out a presence of tumor in thymus.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRI of the chest is performed to rule out a presence of tumor in thymus.
Edrophonium (Tensilon) test:
Medication
Procedures
Nutrition
Prediction of outcome of Multiple sclerosisAmr Hassan
Prediction of outcome of Multiple sclerosis
An understanding of the natural history of multiple sclerosis(MS) in a patient is important to begin proper treatment at the correct time, especially when there is a high risk for poor prognosis. Factors that predict unfavorable prognosis are a primary or secondary progressive course, older age at disease onset, short interval between first and second attacks, initial cerebellar or pyramidal symptoms, a large number of functional systems involved at onset, moderate to severe disability within the first 2 years, and the presence of typical plaques or greater lesion volume shown by magnetic resonance imaging results during the first 5 years. However, there are no established laboratory tests able to predict long-term prognosis.
Lifestyle modification in epilepsy
Lifestyle Modifications
Lifestyle modifications can include:
Adequate sleep: Fatigue is one of the most common seizure triggers, and disrupted sleep can make the brain more vulnerable to misfiring.
Avoiding drugs and alcohol: These can be triggers for seizures in patients with epilepsy. Even one or two drinks can provoke seizures.
Minimizing emotional stress: Although there is not definitive proof that stress causes seizures, those who maintain healthy stress levels have reported that they believe it reduces their risk.
Frequency of exercise: In addition to a range of health benefits, regular exercise can help reduce risk of seizure. However, you should consult your physician before starting a new exercise routine, as some exercise can, rarely, cause seizures.
Childhood demyelinating syndromes
In the past decade, the number of studies related to demyelinating diseases in children has exponentially increased. Demyelinating disease in children may be monophasic or chronic. Typical monophasic disorders in children are acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and clinically isolated syndromes, including optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. However, some cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or clinically isolated syndrome progress to become chronic disorders, including multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. This review summarizes the current knowledge on monophasic and chronic demyelinating disorders in children, focusing on an approach to diagnosis and management.
Diabetic polyneuropathy
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is defined as peripheral nerve dysfunction. There are three main alterations involved in the pathologic changes of DPN: inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Excessive daytime sleepiness
The most common causes of excessive daytime sleepiness are sleep deprivation, obstructive sleep apnea, and sedating medications. Other potential causes of excessive daytime sleepiness include certain medical and psychiatric conditions and sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy.
Vagal Nerve stimulation
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a medical treatment that involves delivering electrical impulses to the vagus nerve. It is used as an add-on treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression. Frequent side effects include coughing and shortness of breath. Serious side effects may include trouble talking and cardiac arrest.
Dystonia
Dystonia is a movement disorder in which your muscles contract involuntarily, causing repetitive or twisting movements.
The condition can affect one part of your body (focal dystonia), two or more adjacent parts (segmental dystonia) or all parts of your body (general dystonia). The muscle spasms can range from mild to severe. They may be painful, and they can interfere with your performance of day-to-day tasks.
Dystonia: Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatments
Trigeminal neuralgia is sudden, severe facial pain. It's often described as a sharp shooting pain or like having an electric shock in the jaw, teeth or gums.
Trigeminal neuralgia
Contents
Overview
Symptoms
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nootropics and smart drugs are natural or synthetic substances that can be taken to improve mental performance in healthy people.
They have gained popularity in today’s highly competitive society and are most often used to boost memory, focus, creativity, intelligence and motivation.
Here’s a look at the ]best nootropics and how they enhance performance.
Nystagmus is a condition of involuntary (or voluntary, in some cases)eye movement, acquired in infancy or later in life, that in extremely rare cases may result in reduced or limited vision. Due to the involuntary movement of the eye, it has been called "dancing eyes"Contents
1 Causes
1.1 Early-onset nystagmus
1.2 Acquired nystagmus
1.3 Other causes
2 Diagnosis
2.1 Pathologic nystagmus
2.2 Physiological nystagmus
3 Treatment
4 Epidemiology
Basics of Neuroradiology
Neuroradiology is an essential tool in management of patients with neurological and neurosurgical disorders. The aim of this presentation will be to acquaint the reader to understand how images are formed on a computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with a review of the relevant neuroanatomy. This understanding will be helpful to the reader in interpretation of images and diagnosis of various neurological disorders.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Definition of Speech
Speech is the communication of meanings by
means of symbols, which usually take the form of
spoken or written words.
3. Mechanisms of Speech :
1. Central Mechanisms:
Depending on the integration of the higher brain
centers for symbolization (speech centers), mainly
in the dominant hemisphere.
Lesion leads to Dysphasia or Aphasia.
2. Peripheral Mechanisms:
A.Articulation:
Lesion leads to Dysarthria or Anarthria.
B. Phonation:
Lesion leads to Dysphonia or Aphonia.
4. Aphonia
Phonation is lost but articulation is preserved
The patient talks in whisper
Types and Causes:
A. Hysterical (can phonate when coughing)
B. Organic
1. Bilateral paralysis of the vocal cords
2. Diseases of larynx
3. Paresis of respiratory movements
4. Spastic dysphonia
5. Glottis spasm
5. Dysarthria
Dysarthria=Disorder of articulation
Types and Causes:
1. LMN Dysarthria
2. UMN (spastic) Dysarthria
3. Extra-pyramidal Dysarthria
a. Rigid dysarthria: Parkinsonism
b. Hiccup speech: Chorea and myoclonus
4. Cerebellar Dysarthria
a. Syllabic (or scanning)
b. Explosive
c. Stacatto
6. Mechanisms of Speech :
1. Central Mechanisms:
Depending on the integration of the higher brain
centers for symbolization (speech centers), mainly
in the dominant hemisphere.
Lesion leads to Dysphasia or Aphasia.
2. Peripheral Mechanisms:
A.Articulation:
Lesion leads to Dysarthria or Anarthria.
B. Phonation:
Lesion leads to Dysphonia or Aphonia.
7. Speech Centers
I. Sensory Centers:
A.Visual Centers:
Area 17 for visual reception.
Area 18 for visual perception (recognition).
Area 19 for visual recall.
Area 39 for recognition and recall of
mathematic numbers and figures.
B.Auditory Centers:
Area 41 & 42 for auditory reception.
Area 22 for auditory perception (recognition)
and recall.
8. II. Motor Centers:
A. Speech Motor Center:
Area 44
B.Writing Motor Center:
Area 45
III.Associative Center:
Area 37
Speech Centers
12. Aphasia Classification:
Basic Classification
Dysphasia
or
Aphasia
Sensory =
Receptive =
Posterior =
Temporoparietal =
Fluent
Auditory Agnosia =
Wernick’s Aphasia
(Lesion: area 22)
Visual Agnosia
(Lesion: areas 18, 19)
Motor =
Expressive =
Anterior =
Frontal =
Non – Fluent
Verbal Aphasia =
Broca’s Aphasia
(Lesion: area 44)
Writing Aphasia
(Lesion: area 45)
Global or Total Aphasia
(Lesion: area 37 or extensive in all areas)
16. Repetition
Lesions involving speech areas in the immediate
perisylvian region interfere with this language
function and produce aphasia with repetition
disorder.
17. Aphasia Classification:
Benson & Geschwind Classification
Dysphasia
or
Aphasia
Aphasia
With
Repetition
Disorder
Broca’s
Aphasia
Wernick’s
Aphasia
Aphasia
Without
Repetition
Disorder
Transcortical
Motor
Aphasia
Transcortical
Sensory
Aphasia
Disturbances
affecting a
single language
modalitiy
Ant. Ant.Post. Post.
Global Aphasia Isolation of Speech Area
Conductio
n
Aphasia
Anomic
Aphasia
18. Evaluation of Aphasia & speech
I. Spontaneous Speech:
Rate of output
Pronunciation
Effort in initiation
Press of speech
Phrase length
Prosody
Paraphasias
Word content
19. Evaluation of Aphasia & speech
II. Comprehension
III. Repetition
IV. Naming
V. Reading
VI.Writing
21. Types of Language Errors
Paraphasia:
Neologism:
Paraphasia with a completely novel word
22. Paraphasia
Substitution of a word by a sound, an incorrect
word, or an unintended word
It is common with posterior aphasias.
Varities:
1. Phonemic or Literal (e.g. open the boor)
2. Semantic orVerbal (e.g. open the glass)
3. Neologistic (e.g. open the blastorole)
23. Jargon aphasia
Speech is totally incomprehensible.
It may occur in cases of Wernicke’s and global
aphasia.
Nonfluent speech
Talking with considerable effort
24. 28/02/2006
Converging Evidence
Wada Test
Left hemisphere role in language
Wada technique using sodium
amobarbital
Crossed aphasia – aphasia arising
from right hemisphere damage
25. Right Hemisphere Contribution to
Language
Narrative – ability to construct or understand a story line
Inference – ability to “fill in the blanks”
Prosody
26. Prosody (Monrad krohn, 1947)
• The intonation pattern, or sound envelope, of an utterance (interpreting
whether the tone is friendly, sarcastic, condescending or excited)
• It is the melody of speech (“we need to talk” vs.“we need to talk”)
• It is more common with anterior aphasias.
• Thought to be mainly a function of the nondominant cerebral hemisphere.
27. Broca’s Aphasia
Patient “Tan”
Brain tumor in Left frontal brain region
Broca: Lesion disrupted speech
30. Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Transcortical motor aphasia: Comprehension and
repetition are preserved, however, speech is
nonfluent
31. Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Transcortical sensory aphasia: Repetition is
preserved, speech is fluent but comprehension is
impaired
32. CarlWernicke
2 patients – fluent, but
nonsensical sounds, words,
sentences
Damage in the posterior region of
the superior temporal gyrus.
Wernicke’s Aphasia
33. 28/02/2006
Problems in comprehending speech – input or reception of language
Fluent meaningless speech (Word salad).
Paraphasias – errors in producing specific words
Semantic paraphasias – substituting words similar in meaning
(“barn” – “house”)
Phonemic paraphasias – substituting words similar in sound
(“house” – “mouse”)
Neologisms – non words (“galump”)
Poor repetition
Impairment in writing
Wernicke’s Aphasia
36. Fluent Aphasia
Conduction Aphasia
Difficulty in repeating what
was just heard (no repetition
or paraphasias).
Comprehension and
production intact.
37. Fluent Aphasia
Anomic Aphasia
“Amnesic aphasia”
Comprehend speech
Fluent speech
Repetition OK
Cannot name objects
Naming problems tend to
be a result of temporal
damage, whereas verb
finding problems tend to be
a result of left frontal
damage.
“What is this object called?”
“I know what it does…You use it to
anchor a ship”
38. Global Aphasia
Associated with extensive left
hemisphere damage
Deficits in comprehension and
production of language
39. 28/02/2006
Summary of Symptoms
Disorders of Comprehension
• Poor auditory comprehension
• Poor visual comprehension
Disorders of Production
• Poor articulation
• Word-finding deficit (anomia)
• Unintended words of phrases
(paraphasia)
• Loss of grammar or syntax
• Inability to repeat aurally
presented material
• Low verbal fluency
• Inability to write (agraphia)
• Loss of tone in voice
(aprosidia)
40. The basis of benson & geschwind
classification
Three Main Steps:
1.The presence or absence of repetition disturbance.
2.Whether the aphasia is anterior or posterior.
3. Identifying disturbances limited to a single
language modality.
41. Anterior Posterior
Good retention of
comprehension
Marked affection of
comprehension
Marked difficulty of:
Naming
Reading
Writing
Less degrees of affection of:
Naming
Reading
Writing
42. Anterior Posterior
Spontaneous Speech
•Sparse output
(usually less than 50
words/min, often
3-12 words/min)
•Difficult initiation of
speech
•Poor pronunciation
•Severe dysprosody
•No paraphasia
Spontaneous Speech
•Abnormal or high output
(100-200 words/min)
•Easy initiation of speech
•Normal pronunciation
•Normal prosody
•Often with paraphasia
43. Anterior Posterior
Spontaneous Speech
•Short phrase length
(1-2 words phrases)
•No logorrhea
•The anterior aphasic responds
by a single word which carries a
great deal of meaning but
lacking grammer =Telegraphic
Speech (e.g. noun, action verbs).
Spontaneous Speech
•Phrase length above 3 words
(up to 8-10 words/phrase oftenly)
•Logorrhea in some cases
•The posterior aphasic uses
many words but fails to convey a
full message (circumlocations,
more grammatical & filler
words)
44. Transcortical
Motor
Aphasia
Transcortical
Sensory
Aphasia
Anomic
Aphasia
Isolation of
Speech Area
•Doesn’t speak
unless spoken to
•Attempt
conversation
•Fluent
•Word finding
difficulty
•Emptiness
•Circumlocation
•Paraphasias
•Substitution
•Fluent
•Word finding
difficulty
•Emptiness
•Circumlocation
•No paraphasias
•Shortage of
substitutive words
Echolalia
Comprehension
sufficient for
conversation
Abnormal limited
comprehension
Normal
comprehension
Failure of
comprehension
•Reading:
Slow difficult
•Writing:
Affected
•Reading:
Impossible
•Writing:
Inable
Can’t read or write
Repetition
remarkably good
Normal repetition Normal repetition Excellent repetition