3. • Presenter name – Sachin Atmaram Jadhav
• Guided by –Respected Dr.Mehetre Sir
- Dr.Athavle
ma‘am
• Roll No – 21
• Topic No – 21
• Topic name – physiology of speech and
articulation
4. Key points of previous
presentation
USES OF ECG
ECG LEADS
WAVES OF NORMAL ECG
INTERVALS AND SEGMENTS OF ECG
Applied physiology
5. INDEX
• Definition of speech
• Mechanism of speech
• Development of speech
• Wernicke area
• Broca’s area
6. • Motor are
• Nervous control of speech
• Disorder of speech
• Aphasia
• Anarthria or dysarthia
7. SPEECH
Speech is defined as the
expression of thoughts by
production of articulate
sound, bearing a definite
meaning.
It is one of the highest
functions of brain.
DEFINITI
ON
8. When a sound is produced
verbally, it is called the
speech.
If it is expressed by
visual symbols, it is
known as writing.
If visual symbols or
written words are
expressed verbally, that
10. MECHANISM OF SPEECH
• Speech depends upon coordinated
activities of central speech
apparatus and peripheral speech
apparatus.
Central speech apparatus consists of
higher centers. i.e. the cortical
and subcortical centers.
Peripheral speech apparatus includes
larynx or sound box. Pharynx, mouth,
nasal cavities, tongue and lips.
11. • All the structures of
peripheral speech apparatus
function in coordination with
respiratory system
• with the influences of motor
impulses from respective motor
areas of the cerebral cortex.
12. DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH
•First Stage
• First stage in the development
of speech is the association
of certain words with visual,
tactile, auditory
• other sensations, aroused by
objects in the external world.
• Association of words with
other sensations is stored as
memory.
13. •Second Stage
• New neuronal circuits are
established during the
development of speech.
• When a definite meaning has
been attached to certain words
• pathway between the auditory
area and motor area or the
muscles of articulation, which
helps in speech is
established.
14. ROLE OF CORTICAL ARE IN
DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH
• In development of speech involves
three important areas of cerebral
cortex
Wernicke area
Boca's area
Motor area
16. • wernicke area sends fibers to Broca’s
area
through a tract called arcuate
fasciculus.
• Wernicke area is responsible for
understanding the visual and auditory
information required for the production
of words.
After understanding the words
• it sends the information to Broca’s area
19. • Broca’s area is Responsible for the
movement of tongue, lips and larynx
• which are necessary for speech
• After receive information from
wernicke area
• It produce word pattern or speech
• Then it send speech to motor area
20. MOTOR AREA
• Role – activation of peripheral
speech apparatus
• After receiving information
from Broca area
• Motor area initiate the
movement of tongue, lips and
larynx
• Finally produce verbal speech
21. NERVOUS CONTROL OF SPEECH
• Speech is an integrated and a
well-coordinated motor
phenomenon.
• So, many parts of cortical and
subcortical areas are involved
in the mechanism of speech.
• Subcortical areas concerned
22. A.MOTOR AREA
1) Broca’s area
also called speech centre
Control the movement of peripheral
apparatus in verbal speech
2) Upper frontal motor area
Control the coordinated movement
involved in
Writing
23. B. SENSORY AREA
1) Secondary auditory area
Also called auditopsychic area
Present in superior temporal gyrus
It help in interpretation of auditory
sensation and
Storage memories of spoken words
24. 2) Secondary visual area
Also called visuopsychic area
Present in angular gyrus of parietal
cortex
Help in interpretation of visual sensation
and
Storage of memories of visual symbols
25. C.WERNICKES AREA
• Responsible for interpretation of
auditory sensation
• Play important role in speech
• Send information to Broca area
26. Disorder of speech
• Speech Disorder is communication disorder
• Characterized disrupted Speech
• Aphasia
• Anarthria or dysarthia
• Dyspohonia
27. APHASIA
• Aphasia is defined as the loss
of speech due to brain damage
• Greek, aphasia = without
speech
• It is an acquired disorder
• Aphasia is not due to
paralysis of muscles of
articulation.
• It is due to damage of speech
centre
28. Cause of aphasia
Head injury
Stroke
Severe blow to head
Cerebral tumors
Brain infections
Degenerative diseases.
29. TYPR OF APHASIA
• Broca’s aphasia
• Wernicke aphasia
• Global aphasia
30. BROCA’S APHASIA
• Broca aphasia is the non-fluent speech
problem.
• It occurs due to lesion in left frontal
lobe of cerebral cortex.
• It is also known as expressive aphasia
or Anterior aphasia
31. • The affected persons do not complete the
sentences
• because of their inability to construct
the sentences
• They often talk in short phrases by
omitting
• small words such as 'and', 'is', 'for',
etc.
32. WERNICKE APHASIA
• Wernicke aphasia is the speech without any
meaning
• It is also called receptive aphasia or
posterior aphasia.
• Wernicke aphasia occurs due lesion in left
temporal lobe.
• It is characterized by fluent speech.
• The affected persons speak long sentences
• but without any meaning.
33. • They use incorrect words and cannot
speak sensibly.
• This type of speech is known as jargon
speech.
• These individuals are unable to
understand others’ speech.
• Because of this weakness, they are
unaware
34. GLOBAL APHASIA
• Global aphasia is the type of aphasia
characterized by combined features of
Broca aphasia and Wernicke aphasia.
• It is due to widespread lesion in speech
areas
• caused by infarction of left cerebral
hemisphere
• It is the most common type of aphasia
35. • Affected persons can neither speak nor
understand the spoken words.
• They cannot read and write also So they
have severe communication problems
36. Type of aphasia Features Cause
Broca aphasia Non fluent
speech problem
Lesion in
left
frontal
lobe
Wernicke aphasia Speech without
any meaning
Lesion in
left
temporal
lobe
Global aphasia Both features
of Broca
aphasia and
Widespread
lesion in
speech
37.
38. DYSARTHIA OR ANARTHRIA
• The term dysarthria refers to disturbed
articulation.
• Dysarthria means inability to speak.
• Dysarthria is defined as the difficulty or
inability to speak because of paralysis muscles
involved in articulation.
• Psychic aspect of speech is not affected.
39. Cause of dysarthria
• Dysarthria is caused by damage of
nerves that control the muscles
involved in speech.
• It occurs in conditions like stroke,
brain injury, degenerative disease like
Parkinson disease and Huntington
disease.
40. DYSPHONIYA
• Dysphonia is a voice disorder.
• it is characterized by hoarseness and a
dry throat
• Hoarseness means the difficulty in
producing sound while trying to speak or
a change in the pitch .
41. CAUSES OF DYSPHONIA
• 1. Trauma of vocal cords
• 2. Paralysis of vocal cords
• 3. Lumps (nodules) on vocal cords
• 4. Inflammation of larynx
• 5. Hypothyroidism
• 6. Stress (psychological dysphonia).
43. • जेव्हा आत्म्याला विषय कथन (बोलण्याची) करण्याची इच्छा उत्पन्न होते
जेव्हा तो बुध्दिसोबत विळू न िनाला प्रेरीत करतो.
िर्णोच्चाराची इच्छा उत्पन्न होते. आत्म्याच्या प्रयत्नाने प्रेरीत झालेले िन
काययरत होते हा आघात िायुला सुदिा प्रेरीत करतो ि िायु उर प्रिेशात
संचरन करून िंि स्वराला उत्पन्न करतो.
अथायत (उिान िायु) क
ं ठ, तालु इत्यािी स्थानािर आघात करून त्या
संयोगाने िर्णायत्मक शब्दाची उत्पत्ती होते.
येथे आघातजन्य संयोग वनवित्त कारर्ण आहे.
क
ं ठ, तालु इ.चा आकाशाशी संयोग असिाविकारर्ण आहे ि आकाश
शब्दोत्पत्तीिध्ये सििावय कारर्ण आहे.
44. QUESTIONS
1)Which are also called speech centre ?
2)Speech understanding is main function of
………..area.
3)What is Location of Broca’s area.
4) Which of the following is part of
peripheral apparatus
a)Broca’s area
b)Wernicke area
c) vocal cord
45. 5))Wernicke are send fiber to Boca are by
which tract?
6)Which of the following is not disorder
of speech.
a)Aphasia
b)dysphonia
c)hypertension
c)dysarthia
7) patient has speech without meaning then
46. REFERENCE
By K Sembulingam and Prema sembulingam
9th edition of essentials of medical
physiology
Page no-944 to 948
Photos by google
47. Acknowledgement
• I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to Dr.sunil Mehetre sir. HOD of
kriya shaarir & HOD of sport department &
experienced teacher of SCM Avm college
satara who had provided me an apportunity
to present this topic in front of you
all.
•
• I would also like to thanks to you all
guys for listening my topic patiencely…
