Spectroscopy
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What is spectroscopy and how to measure the wavelength of light? Learn more about it in this presentation!
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FTIR spectroscopy works by collecting an interferogram using an interferometer, then applying a Fourier transform to obtain the infrared spectrum. Radiation from a source is split into two beams that reflect between a fixed and moving mirror, recombining to produce an interferogram containing all infrared information. The Fourier transform converts this interferogram into a spectrum as a function of wavelength. FTIR has advantages over dispersive IR including faster measurement times as it collects all frequencies simultaneously, higher signal-to-noise ratios, and improved wavelength accuracy from calibration with a He-Ne laser.
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INTRODUCTION
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TYPES OF HPLC
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REFERENCE
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HPLC mainly utilizes a column that holds packing material (stationary phase), a pump that moves the mobile phase(s) through the column, and a detector that shows the retention times of the molecules.
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The document discusses different types of luminescence including bioluminescence used by deep sea organisms. It then describes how luminol is used by crime scene investigators to detect trace amounts of blood, even if cleaning products were used. Finally, it mentions green fluorescent protein (GFP) which was used to win the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and is now used in medical research to track proteins in diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's.
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This document provides information on atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), including:
1) AAS is a technique used to determine the concentration of chemical elements in samples by measuring light absorption by free atoms. It can analyze over 62 elements and is commonly used in pharmaceutical, food, and environmental applications.
2) The basic components of an AAS instrument are a hollow cathode lamp, monochromator, atomizer, detector, and nebulizer. Samples are atomized in a flame or graphite furnace then irradiated to cause absorption of specific wavelengths that are measured.
3) AAS is based on the principle that free atoms generated from a sample can absorb radiation at specific frequencies, allowing quantification of elemental
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1. Absorption spectroscopy measures the absorption of light by a sample as it transitions between energy levels. The amount of light absorbed is dependent on characteristics of the sample like concentration and path length.
2. A spectrophotometer directs light from a source through a wavelength selector and sample cell, and a detector measures the intensity of light transmitted. Double beam instruments separately measure light passing through a reference and sample for improved accuracy.
3. Beer's law states absorbance is directly proportional to concentration, path length, and a proportionality constant. Spectrophotometers allow determination of unknown concentrations by measuring absorbance.
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Ftir
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This document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy. It begins by defining spectroscopy as the study of how atoms and molecules interact with light. It then describes Raman scattering, which was discovered by C.V. Raman in 1928 and involves a change in frequency of scattered light that depends on the chemical structure of molecules. The rest of the document discusses key aspects of Raman spectroscopy such as Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering, the relationship between Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and applications of Raman spectroscopy such as molecular identification and quantification.
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Pyrolysis is the breaking apart of chemical bonds through thermal energy. Analytical pyrolysis introduces solid and high molecular weight samples to a gas chromatograph by breaking them down. It is used to minimize sample preparation and analyze whole samples. Applications include forensics, polymers, and microorganisms. Samples are placed in a quartz tube or vial and pyrolyzed. Liquid samples can also be injected and pyrolyzed. The OPTIC inlet allows for fast, high temperature pyrolysis for both solid and liquid samples.
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1) A spectroscope separates white light into a spectrum of wavelengths that is unique for each chemical element. The pattern of wavelengths emitted is like a fingerprint that identifies the element.
2) When elements are heated, they emit light across the visible spectrum in distinct patterns called emission spectra. Observing these spectra in starlight allows scientists to determine which elements are present on distant stars and galaxies.
3) All light from stars and galaxies is redshifted due to the expansion of the universe, providing evidence that the universe has been expanding since the Big Bang over 14 billion years ago.
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Spectroscopy is defined as the study of the interaction between radiation and matter as a function of wavelength. It involves splitting light into its constituent wavelengths to study how matter absorbs and emits electromagnetic radiation. There are several types of spectroscopy that are used for various applications like determining atomic structure, monitoring dissolved oxygen, and characterizing proteins. Atomic emission spectroscopy uses high temperatures to excite the atoms in a sample, causing them to emit light at characteristic wavelengths. This emitted light is analyzed to determine the elemental composition of the sample.
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Spectrophotometers use light sources, monochromators, and detectors to measure the absorption of specific wavelengths of light by a sample. They have applications in photometry, colorimetry, and spectrophotometry to quantitatively analyze compounds. A spectrophotometer passes light through a sample and measures the intensity of transmitted light, allowing concentration measurements using the Beer-Lambert law. Common components include sources like deuterium lamps, monochromators to select wavelengths, and detectors to convert light to electrical signals.
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Here in this article, the matter is studied in further detail.
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Red light has a longer wavelength than blue light. Light behaves as a wave and the color we see depends on the wavelength. Visible light is a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A photometer is a device that measures light intensity as perceived by the human eye, taking into account the eye's sensitivity to different wavelengths. There are different types of photometry including differential, which compares the brightness of an object to others, and absolute, which measures an object's actual brightness without comparison.
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Spectrophotometry and colorimetry are analytical techniques that use light to determine properties of substances. Spectrophotometry measures how much light is absorbed by a solution and can be used to determine concentration. It works by passing light through a sample and measuring the absorption at specific wavelengths. Many factors can affect the measurements, including concentration, path length, and calibration. Spectrophotometry has wide applications in fields like chemistry, medicine, food science and more.
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Spectrophotometric analysis is a technique to measure the concentration of solute solution by measuring the amount of light absorbed by solution.
Absorption can be calculated in terms of transmittance by using Beer's Lambert law.
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The document provides an overview of fundamentals of spectrophotometry. It discusses how spectrophotometers work by measuring the absorption of light as it passes through a sample. Key points include:
- Spectrophotometers measure the intensity of light absorbed by a sample at specific wavelengths.
- Beer's law describes the relationship between light absorption and analyte concentration, path length, and absorptivity.
- The basic design of a spectrophotometer includes a light source, wavelength selector/monochromator to isolate wavelengths, and a detector to measure transmitted light intensity.
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Spectroscopy is the study of the absorption and emission of light and other electromagnetic radiation by matter. It is used to study the structure of atoms and molecules by analyzing the wavelengths of radiation absorbed or emitted. A spectrophotometer can measure the amount of light absorbed by a sample and is used to determine the concentration of substances in solution. Common types of spectroscopy include absorption, emission, scattering, and fluorescence spectroscopy which use different methods to excite samples and analyze the spectra produced. Spectroscopy has many applications in fields like environmental analysis, biomedical science, and astronomy.
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PHOTOMETRY.pptx
Photometry is the science of measuring light in terms of its brightness as perceived by the human eye. It only considers visible light since the eye can only see in this range. Spectrophotometry measures light intensity across the electromagnetic spectrum using instruments. Absorption spectrophotometry measures the absorption of light as it passes through a sample, relating absorption to characteristics like concentration through Beer's and Lambert's laws. A spectrophotometer directs light from a source through a sample and measures the intensity of transmitted light using a detector to analyze samples and identify substances.
Uv visiblr spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of UV-visible spectroscopy and chromophores. It discusses electromagnetic radiation and its wave and particle properties. UV-visible spectroscopy utilizes absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges by chromophores in molecules. Chromophores are functional groups that absorb specific wavelengths, while auxochromes modify this absorption. Beer's law describes the relationship between absorption and concentration. Instrumentation for UV-visible spectroscopy includes sources of radiation, monochromators, sample cells, and detectors. Applications involve quantitative analysis, structure elucidation, and more.
Spectrophotometer
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of light transmitted through a sample. It uses light energy in the ultraviolet (UV) or visible light spectrum to detect molecules in a solution. The spectrophotometer shines a beam of light on a sample, and measures how the sample interacts with the light through absorption, reflection, or transmission. By comparing the transmittance or absorbance values of an unknown sample to standards of known concentration, the spectrophotometer can determine the concentration of the unknown sample.
Spectrometer
This document discusses different methods for detecting molecules in solutions, including indicator solutions and spectrophotometers. It describes how spectrophotometers work by shining light on a sample and measuring how it absorbs, reflects, or transmits the light. Spectrophotometers can use ultraviolet or visible light and measure transmittance, converting it to absorbance using Beer's Law to determine concentrations of unknown samples. The document provides details on the inner parts of spectrophotometers including lamps, prisms or gratings, and outer parts like sample holders and displays.
spectrophotometry, ultra violet absorption, infra red atomic absorption.
A spectrophotometer is a photometer that can measure the intensity of light as a function of its wavelength. Single beam and double beam are the two major classes of spectrophotometers. Linear range of absorption and spectral bandwidth measurement are the important features of spectrophotometers.
In Single Beam Spectrophotometers, all the light passes through the sample. To measure the intensity of the incident light the sample must be removed so that all the light can pass through. This type of spectrometer is usually less expensive and less complicated. The single beam instruments are optically simpler and more compact, znc can also have a larger dynamic range.
In a Double Beam Spectrophotometer, before it reaches the sample, the light source is split into two separate beams. One beam passes through the sample and the second one is used for reference. This gives an advantage because the reference reading and sample reading can take place at the same time.
In transmission measurements, the spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the amount of light passing through the reference and test sample. For reflectance, it compares the amount of light reflecting from the test and reference sample solutions.
Many spectrophotometers must be calibrated before they start to analyse the sample and the procedure for calibrating spectrophotometer is known as "zeroing." Calibration is done by using the reference substance, and the absorbencies of all other substances are measured relative to the reference substance. % transmissivity (the amount of light transmitted through the substance relative to the initial substance) is displayed on the spectrophotometer.
Electromagnetic spectrum-power point
A. Electromagnetic waves travel as vibrations in electrical and magnetic fields at the speed of light without a medium. They have properties of both waves and particles.
B. The electromagnetic spectrum orders electromagnetic waves from radio waves to gamma rays based on increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. Different electromagnetic waves are used for technologies like WiFi, infrared devices, MRI, and X-rays.
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Spectroscopy
- 1. What is Spectroscopy? Spectroscopy: The study or measurement of lights colour or ‘wavelength’ Spectrometer: An instrument to measure the wavelength of light Spectrum: A plot of the colour profile (wavelengths present)
- 2. Colour and Wavelength Light can be many different colours Each colour of light is different to the other Because each colour of light has a different wavelength!
- 3. Colour and Wavelength The wavelength λ of light is the distance point to point of a wave of light The ‘visible’ light ranges from violet light 400nm up to red 700nm The shorter the wavelength the more energy the light has λ
- 4. Electromagnetic Spectrum Light is a form of ‘electromagnetic wave’ Visible light is only a very small section of the range of wavelengths! See if you recognize any others
- 5. • So how does a spectrometer work? • The answer lies with dispersion Measuring the Wavelength of Light So if a nanometer is 1 millionth of a millimeter, how do we measure the wavelength of light? We certainly can’t use a ruler! So we must use other means, we must use a spectrometer
- 6. Measuring the Wavelength of Light When light passes through a small slit (grating) or prism it ‘spreads out’ or disperses The longer the wavelength the further it disperses Each wavelength spreads differently due to the formula n.λ=d.sinθ • This dispersion creates a spectra, which we can record using a camera to analyze • This is the basis of spectroscopy
- 7. Spectroscopy There are three main types of spectra within spectroscopy Continuum: Broad bands of many wavelengths Emission: Only some specific wavelengths present Absorption: Some specific wavelengths missing (Absorbed)
- 8. Spectroscopy In professional spectrometers the intensity of the light is plotted vs. the position of the light on the camera, With a little math we can then convert this to intensity of the light vs. the wavelength of the light
- 9. Spectroscopy Continuum spectra are most commonly due to thermal energy being released from a sample at all wavelengths (Black body radiation) The broad release of energy will have certain shape of intensity which can often be used to determine the rough temperature of the sample Emission and Absorption spectra hold much more information about the sample and are what we look for in spectroscopy. But why? The answer is atomic fingerprints!
- 10. Atomic Emission – Atom Fingerprints When atoms are excited electrons can move up into the outer rings Electrons will release energy in the form of light to return to their original state For each element the spectrum of light is specific like a fingerprint
- 11. Atomic Absorption - Atom Fingerprints Similar to atomic emission but the process is reversed Fingerprints of light are absorbed rather than emitted Electron is excited up and releases the energy in other forms Usually requires the sample to be in a gaseous state
- 12. Atom Fingerprints If we can capture these atomic spectra with a spectrometer we can read these ‘fingerprints’ Using reference tables we can determine what elements are present It’s nearly like looking at the sample’s recipe! Ingredients: 1 Tsp Carbon 1 Tbsp Hydrogen 1 Tsp Oxygen Pinch of Potassium
- 13. Example – Fluorescent Bulb We can see the change to the ‘new’ style of bulb has less continuum this is due to less energy wasted into heat energy We can also see that the mercury spectrum matches up with lines in the spectra showing the presence of mercury in the bulbs Fluorescent Bulb Old Style Fluorescent Bulb New Style Mercury Spectrum
- 14. Example – Multi element Source