Spectrophotometric analysis is a technique to measure the concentration of solute solution by measuring the amount of light absorbed by solution.
Absorption can be calculated in terms of transmittance by using Beer's Lambert law.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Spectrophotometer techniques are used to measure the concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount of the light that is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in the spectrophotometer .
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Spectrophotometer techniques are used to measure the concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount of the light that is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in the spectrophotometer .
This article illustrates the principle and working of Colorimeter and Photometer and how absorbance, transmittance and light intensity can be measured.
It is the most common analytical technique used in biochemical estimation in clinical laboratory.
It involves the quantitative estimation of color.
A substance to be estimated colorimetrically, must be colored or it should be capable of forming chromogens (colored complexes) through the addition of reagents.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument containing a monochromator, a device which produces a light beam containing wavelengths in a narrow band around a selected wavelength, and a means of measuring the ratio of that beam's intensity as it enters and leaves a cuvette 99 This describes a single-beam photometer.
http://www.redicals.com
The spectrophotometer technique is to measures light intensity as a function of wavelength.
• Measures the light that passes through a liquid sample
• Spectrophotometer gives readings in Percent Transmittance (%T) and in Absorbance (A)
This article illustrates the principle and working of Colorimeter and Photometer and how absorbance, transmittance and light intensity can be measured.
It is the most common analytical technique used in biochemical estimation in clinical laboratory.
It involves the quantitative estimation of color.
A substance to be estimated colorimetrically, must be colored or it should be capable of forming chromogens (colored complexes) through the addition of reagents.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument containing a monochromator, a device which produces a light beam containing wavelengths in a narrow band around a selected wavelength, and a means of measuring the ratio of that beam's intensity as it enters and leaves a cuvette 99 This describes a single-beam photometer.
http://www.redicals.com
The spectrophotometer technique is to measures light intensity as a function of wavelength.
• Measures the light that passes through a liquid sample
• Spectrophotometer gives readings in Percent Transmittance (%T) and in Absorbance (A)
The detailed information of UV Visible Spectroscopy, it includes the information regarding electronic transitions, Electromagnetic radiations, Various shifts.
UV - Visible Spectroscopy detailed information is included .The Spectroscopy study provide the information and the absorbance as well the concentration of the drugs is studied.
Spectroscopy using spectrophotometers of different types like: U.V, Mass Spectrophotometer, absorption , Emission, Nuclear magnetic resonance and X-rays Spectrophotometer
spectrophotometry, ultra violet absorption, infra red atomic absorption.priya tamang
A spectrophotometer is a photometer that can measure the intensity of light as a function of its wavelength. Single beam and double beam are the two major classes of spectrophotometers. Linear range of absorption and spectral bandwidth measurement are the important features of spectrophotometers.
In Single Beam Spectrophotometers, all the light passes through the sample. To measure the intensity of the incident light the sample must be removed so that all the light can pass through. This type of spectrometer is usually less expensive and less complicated. The single beam instruments are optically simpler and more compact, znc can also have a larger dynamic range.
In a Double Beam Spectrophotometer, before it reaches the sample, the light source is split into two separate beams. One beam passes through the sample and the second one is used for reference. This gives an advantage because the reference reading and sample reading can take place at the same time.
In transmission measurements, the spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the amount of light passing through the reference and test sample. For reflectance, it compares the amount of light reflecting from the test and reference sample solutions.
Many spectrophotometers must be calibrated before they start to analyse the sample and the procedure for calibrating spectrophotometer is known as "zeroing." Calibration is done by using the reference substance, and the absorbencies of all other substances are measured relative to the reference substance. % transmissivity (the amount of light transmitted through the substance relative to the initial substance) is displayed on the spectrophotometer.
UV-Visible spectroscopy is considered as an important tool in the analytical chemistry.
Most powerful tool available for the study of atomic and molecular structure.
- Most commonly used techniques in clinical as well as chemical laboratories.
- Used for the qualitative analysis and identification of chemicals.
ain use is for quantitative determination of different organic and inorganic compounds in solution.
Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter.
As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules.
The absorption of visible or ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum.
UV-Visible light range- 200-800 nm
Visible range: 400-800 nm
UV range: 200-400 nm
Spectroscopy is a method which measures the interaction of matter with electromagnetic radiation. it reveals different properties of substances such as absorbance, composition and interaction with other matter
RECOMBINATION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PPT UPDATED new.pptxSabahat Ali
This ppt is about recombination and where it occurs. Types of recombination and models of recombination along with many factors in prokaryotic and eukaryotic recombination
Folding depends upon sequence of Amino Acids not the Composition. Folding starts with the secondary structure and ends at quaternary structure.
Denaturation occur at secondary, tertiary & quaternary level but not at primary level.
Tertiary Structure basically of Hydrophobic interactions, (interactions in side chains), hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, Vander Waals interactions.
e.g. Globular proteins & Fibrous Proteins
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Spectrophotometric Analysis
• Spectrophotometric techniques are used to measure
the concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the
amount of light that is absorbed by the solution in a
cuvette placed in the spectrophotometer.
• The spectrophotometer can measure the amount of
light or electromagnetic radiation (of certain frequency)
transmitted or absored by the solution.
3. Absorption of Radiant Energy
Wave-particle Nature of Radiant energy:
Light and other forms of radiant energy have a dual nature (wave
and particle)
Electromagnetic radiation is a type of energy that is transmitted
through space as a transverse wave at enormous velocity.
It takes numerous forms known as electromagnetic spectrum.
The electromagnetic spectrum include gamma ray, X-ray,
ultraviolet (UV), visible, infrared (IR), microwave and radio-wave
radiation.
4. Wave motion of light
Wave Properties
The wave is described either in terms of its wavelength (l),the distance
between successive maxima or minima of a wav(nm), or in terms of the
frequency(n), the number of oscillation of the field per second.
The velocity of light, c, is given by the equation:
C= n l
5. Particle properties
Electromagnetic radiation of light can be viewed as a stream of
discrete wave packets of distinct particles called photons.
The energy E of photon depends upon the frequency of the
radiation
E = hn
Therefore:
h = Planck’s constant (6.626 x 10-34 J s)
n = frequency of the radiation (most common units = cm-1
Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength
6. • The ultraviolet region extends from about 10 to 380 nm
•The most analytically useful region is from 200 to 380
nm, called the near- ultraviolet region or quartz UV region.
• The visible (VIS) region extends from about 380 to
780nm.
•The infrared (IR) region extends from about 0.78μm to
300 μm.
•The near-infrared (IR) region extends from about 0.80μm
to 2.5 μm.
•The far-infrared (IR) region extends from about 2.5μm to
16 μm.
The electromagnetic spectrum
8. The absorption process
How does matter absorb radiation
When polychromatic light (white light), which contains the
whole spectrum of wavelengths in visible region, is passed
though an object will absorb certain of the wavelengths, leaving
the unabsorbed wavelengths to be transmitted. These residual
transmitted wavelengths will be seen as a color. This color is
complementary to the absorbed colors.
9. Absorption is a process in which chemical species (atom, ion or molecule)
in a transparent medium selectively attenuate certain frequencies of EMR.
Absorption spectrum is a plot of the amount of light absorbed by
a sample as a function of wavelength.
At room temperature most substance are in their lowest energy or
ground state. When an atom, molecule or ion absorbs EMR it is
promoted to higher energy states or excited states.
The excited state is a transition one and the species soon looses
the energy it gained and returns to its ground state by relaxation
process either as heat of collision or sometimes emits radiation of
specific wavelength.
11. • When a molecule interacts with photons of UV or VIS
radiation excitation of electrons takes place to higher
electronic energy level at any of its vibrational level.
• Eex-Eg= hn of the photon absorbed.
• UV / VIS radiation cause electronic transition which is
accompanied by vibrational and rotational.
• If the compound subjected to IR radiation vibrational and
rotational transitions in ground state occure.
• Rotational transitions alone can be brought about by microwave.
12. • Ultraviolt and visible radiations have sufficient energy to cause
transitions of the outermost or valence electrons.
• If large amount of energy is absorbed by certain substance, bonds may
be ruptured and new compounds are formed photolysis.
This may occur upon absorption of far Ultraviolt as its energy is
sufficiently high to exceed the energy of formation of certain bonds.
• The total energy of a molecule is given by
Etotal=Eelectronic+Evibrational +Erotational
13. Two methods to detect molecules:
Indicator – Quickest method.
Indicator solutions change colors when a
molecule of interest is present.
Allows scientist to detect colorless
molecules in a solution.
Examples: Bradford protein reagent
Diphenylamine (DPA) or
Biuret (NaOH+CuSO4).
What kind of data is this?
14. Two methods to detect molecules:
• Spectrophotometer (Spec)
–An instrument that measures the
amount of light that passes through (is
transmitted through) a sample.
15. Spectrophotometer cont…
–Uses a type of light to detect
molecules in a solution
–Light is a type of energy, and the
energy is reported as wavelengths,
in nanometers (nm).
16. Two different types of Spectrophotometer:
Ultraviolet (UV) Spectrophotometers.
Uses ultraviolet light of wave lengths from
200 nm to 350 nm.
Visible (VIS) Light Spectrum
Spectrophotometers.
Uses visible light (white light) of wave
lengths from 350 nm to 700 nm.
18. Spectrophotometer cont…
• Shines a beam of light on a sample.
• The molecules in the sample interact with
the light waves in of 3 ways:
–Absorb the energy
–Reflect the energy
–Transmit the energy between and
through the atoms and molecules of the
sample.
19. How a spectrophotometer works:
Consider blue molecules, all the
wavelengths of light are absorbed, except
for the blue ones.
The blue wavelengths are transmitted or
reflected off the molecules. If these blue
wavelengths hit a detector (such as in the
spectrophotometer or the nerve cells in
your eye), they appear blue.
20. How a spectrophotometer works:
• Molecules are whatever color of
light that they do not absorb.
• Green molecules appear green
because they absorb most
wavelengths of visible light, except
the green wavelengths.
21. Spectrophotometer cont…
The spectrophotometer measures the
amount of light transmitted through
the sample (Transmittance).
By using an equation (Beers law), it
converts the transmittance data to an
absorbance value.
What kind of data is this?
22. Spectrophotometer cont…
The concentration of an unknown
sample can be determined by comparing
the absorbance data to standards of
known concentration.
The data generated with the set of
known standards is called a standard
curve.
23. Parts of a spectrophotometer
• Inner parts
–Lamp
–Prism or grating that direct light of a
specific wavelength.
24. VIS Spec vs. UV spec
Visible spectrophotometer
Contains a tungsten lamp that produces
white light.
Ultraviolet spectrophotometer
Contains a deuterium lamp that
produces light in the UV light part of the
spectrum.
25. Parts of a Spectrophotometer
• Outer parts:
Sample Holder
Display
Knobs or buttons used to calibrate the
spec to measure the designated molecule.
Wavelength
Selection
26.
27. How a spectrophotometer works:
Visible Spectrophotometer
White light hits the prism or grating, it is
split into the colors of the rainbow
(Visible Spectrum).
The wavelength knob rotates the
prism/grating, directing different color
of light toward the sample.
28. How a spectrophotometer works:
• The wavelength of light produced by the
tungsten lamp range from about 350 nm
(Violet light) to 700 nm (red light).
• The molecules in the sample either
absorb or Transmit the light energy of
one wavelength or another.
29. How a spectrophotometer works:
• The detector measures the amount of
light being transmitted by the sample
and reports that value directly (%
transmittance) or converts it to the
amount of light absorbed in absorbance
units (au) using Beers Law.
A = 2 – log10%T
30.
31.
32. Absorption Spectrum
• After collecting data for your
concentration an absorption
spectrum graph is created.
• These can be used when attempting
to identify unknown substances (e.g.
CSI)
34. The relationship of concentration in a
solution:
The concentration of molecules in a
solution affects the solution’s
absorbance.
If there are more molecules in one
solution than in another, than there are
more molecules to absorb the light.
35. Applications of a spectrophotometer
• Determines the presence and
concentrations of samples.
• Determines the purity of a sample.
• Look at the change of samples over
time.
36.
37. OVERVIEW OF QUANTITIVE
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
A. Measure the absorbance of standards
containing known concentrations of the analyte
B. Plot a standard curve with absorbance on the X
axis and analyte concentration on the Y axis
C. Measure the absorbance of the unknown(s)
D. Determine the concentration of material of
interest in the unknowns based on the standard
curve