This document contains a table of contents that lists various Spanish grammar topics including verbs like ser and estar, verbs like gustar, hacer expressions, the preterite and trigger words, irregular preterite verbs, affirmative and negative commands, DOPs, IOPs, the future tense, adjectives, formal commands, modal verbs, reflexive verbs, and saber vs conocer.

2. Table of Contents Ser Estar Verbs like Gustar Hacer Expressions El Pretérito and Trigger Words Car, Gar, y Zar Spock Cucaracha Snake Snakeys Affirmative Commands Negative Commands DOPs IOPs

3. Ser Description Origin Characteristics Time Occupation Relationship Possession Event Date

4. Estar Rules!! Ar to ando Er and ir to iendoor yendo

5. Verbs like Gustar These verbs follow the same conjugation as gustar with doler having an e stem changer. Faltar- to lack Doler- to hurt Fascinar- to fascinate Molestar- to bother

6. Hacer Time Expressions Hace=Time Que=Verb Present Tense is since and for. Preterite Tense is ago.

9. Cucaracha

11. Spock Irregulars 1. ir y ser 2.dar y ver 3.hacer Each group is conjugated the same

12. Spock DA R S E R V E R I R H A C E R

13. Cucaracha -e -imos -iste -isteis -o -ieron Andar- aduv Estar- estuv Poder- pud Poner- pus Querer- quis Saber- sup Tener- tuv Venir- vin

14. Snakes The stem change occurs only in 3rd person. The stem change is to opposite vowel with the first vowel.

15. Snakeys In the 3rd person the stem change is the vowel “I” to the vowel “y”.

16. . Affirmative Commands Put verb in ‘yo’ form Change to opposite vowel. Ar to e er/ir to a 3. If plural add an n 4. Then, add DOP to end ONLY IF POSITIVE

17. Negetive Commands Instead of putting the DOP at the end of the verb, put it before it.

18. DOPs Answers the question of what is receiving the direct action of the verb. DOPs are : lo, la, los, las, me, te, nos You must have a DOP in order to have an IOP, however in a sentence you always put the IOP behind the DOP.

19. IOPs Answers the question to whom or for whom. IOPs are: me, te, le, nos, os, les.

20. Se Impersonal Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb. When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person Se can be used in all tenses

21. Past Participles Add-ado for-ar verbs Add-ido for-ir/-er verbs Has to agree with nouns they modify in gender and number.

22. Irregular Past Participles Abrir-abierto resolver-resuelto Cubrir-cubierto romper-roto Decir-dichover-visto Escribir-escritovolver-vuelto Freir-frito Hacer-hecho Morir-muerto Poner-puesto

23. El futuro Infinitive+Ending Endings are all the same for ar/er/ir verbs e as a emos eis an

24. IregularFuturo Decir-dir Hacer-har Poder-podr Querer-querr Saber-sabr Salir-saldr Tener-tendr Valer-valdr Venir-vendr

25. Extended el futuro Ir + A + Infinitive (going to do something)

26. Adjectivos Demonstratives Put in front of the noun it modifies Make sure it agrees with number and gender

27. Mandatos Formales AR-put in the yo form/ drop the o and add the e ER-put in the yo form/ drop the o add the a IR- put in the yo form/ drop the o and add the a

28. Affirmative&Negative Mandatos

29. Modal Verbs Ir + a + infinitive - going to do something Poder + infinitive- are able to do something Qurer + infinitive- want to do something Deber + infinitive- should do something Tenerque + infinitive- to have to do something

30. Reflexives -in front of the conjugated verb - attached to the infinitive - attached to the present participle - attached to an affirmative command Reflexive Pronouns: me, te, se, nos, os, se Reflexive Verbs: acostarse, afeitarse, bañarse, cepillarse, ducharse, llamarse, ponerse, vestirse.

31. Saber vs. Conocer Saber is used to express knowledge of information Conocer is used to express knowledge of a person, place, thing, etc.