This document discusses different types of computer software and programming languages. It describes application software, which performs specific tasks for users, and system software, which acts as an interface between users, applications, and hardware. Some key points covered include: - Application software includes commercial/packaged software, public domain, shareware, freeware, custom software, and different types like entertainment, personal, educational, and productivity software. - System software includes the operating system, device drivers, and utility programs. The operating system loads at startup and manages memory, security, tasks, files, and input/output between components. Device drivers control peripheral devices. - Programming languages and compilers/translators are also discussed as they

1. IntroductionIntroduction to Information Technologyto Information Technology
MBA 1MBA 1stst
Course LecturerCourse Lecturer
Sadaf ZahraSadaf Zahra

2. Discussion TopicDiscussion Topic
Week 3Week 3
 Computer Software & types ofComputer Software & types of
SoftwareSoftware
 Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages
 Compiler & TranslatorsCompiler & Translators

3. SoftwareSoftware
Software/programs consist of all theSoftware/programs consist of all the
instructions that tell the computer how toinstructions that tell the computer how to
perform a task.perform a task.
These instructions come from a softwareThese instructions come from a software
developer in a form such as CD that will bedeveloper in a form such as CD that will be
accepted by the computer.accepted by the computer.

4. Types of SoftwareTypes of Software
1.1. Application S/wApplication S/w
2.2. System S/wSystem S/w
 Operating SystemOperating System
 Device DriversDevice Drivers
 Utility ProgramsUtility Programs
 Language TranslatorsLanguage Translators

5. Application S/wApplication S/w
Application S/w Consist of programs thatApplication S/w Consist of programs that
perform specific task for the users.perform specific task for the users.
ways to obtain application S/wways to obtain application S/w
 Commercial S/w /Packaged S/wCommercial S/w /Packaged S/w
it is copy righted S/w .user get license afterit is copy righted S/w .user get license after
paying the company.paying the company.
e.g. Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Officee.g. Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Office
Microsoft Office XP.Microsoft Office XP.

6. Application S/wApplication S/w
several types of license existseveral types of license exist
1.Site License1.Site License
Allow the S/w to be used on all theAllow the S/w to be used on all the
computers at a specific location.computers at a specific location.
2.A Concurrent License2.A Concurrent License
Allow a certain number of copies of the S/w toAllow a certain number of copies of the S/w to
be used at thebe used at the same timesame time
3.Multiple User License3.Multiple User License
The number of people use the S/wThe number of people use the S/w
4.Single User License4.Single User License
use by only 1 user at a time.use by only 1 user at a time.

7. Application S/wApplication S/w
 Public Domain S/wPublic Domain S/w
Free for all any one can download and distribute.Free for all any one can download and distribute.
 SharewareShareware
On trial basis free or pay to continue usingOn trial basis free or pay to continue using
 Free wareFree ware
Free but copyrighted ,user can not resaleFree but copyrighted ,user can not resale

8. Application S/wApplication S/w
 Rent wareRent ware
user lease for a fee and downloaded whenever they want.user lease for a fee and downloaded whenever they want.
E.g. ASPE.g. ASP
 Pirated S/wPirated S/w
this is obtain illegally, from friends but there is chancethis is obtain illegally, from friends but there is chance
of virusof virus
 Abandon wareAbandon ware
Company have legal right to S/w for 95 years after thatCompany have legal right to S/w for 95 years after that
any 1 can use it.any 1 can use it.
 Custom S/wCustom S/w
special S/w for any organization develop by S/wspecial S/w for any organization develop by S/w
engineers.engineers.

9. Types of Application S/wTypes of Application S/w
 Entertainment S/wEntertainment S/w
e.g. games etce.g. games etc
 Personal S/wPersonal S/w
medical ,home user, gardening etcmedical ,home user, gardening etc
 Educational S/wEducational S/w
Encyclopedia, phone books, SPSSEncyclopedia, phone books, SPSS
 Productivity S/wProductivity S/w
web browser, word processing, spread sheetweb browser, word processing, spread sheet
 Specialty S/wSpecialty S/w
Financial desktop ,CAD, multimedia, video/audio editingFinancial desktop ,CAD, multimedia, video/audio editing

10. System SoftwareSystem Software
system S/w serve as the interface b/w the user,system S/w serve as the interface b/w the user,
application S/w & computer H/w.application S/w & computer H/w.
ComponentsComponents
 Operating System / S/w PlatformOperating System / S/w Platform
It is the principle component of system S/w inIt is the principle component of system S/w in
any computing system. Some operating systemany computing system. Some operating system
run only specific computers e.g. Macintosh OS,run only specific computers e.g. Macintosh OS,
Pen based system have S/w called Pen right.Pen based system have S/w called Pen right.

11. Types of Operating SystemTypes of Operating System
 Disk operating S/wDisk operating S/w
 Macintosh Operating SystemMacintosh Operating System
 Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft Windows
 Network Operating SystemNetwork Operating System
 Windows NT/2000/2003Windows NT/2000/2003
 UnixUnix
 LinuxLinux
 Operating system for Palm PC, Pocket PCOperating system for Palm PC, Pocket PC

12. Functions of Operating SystemFunctions of Operating System
 BootingBooting
is the process of loading an operating system intois the process of loading an operating system into
a main memory.a main memory.
ProcessProcess
1.1. The power supply sends a signal to theThe power supply sends a signal to the
components in the system unit.components in the system unit.
2.2. The processor finds ROM that contains theThe processor finds ROM that contains the
BIOS (basic input/output system).BIOS (basic input/output system).

13. Functions of Operating SystemFunctions of Operating System
3.3. TheThe BIOSBIOS performs the POST (Power on selfperforms the POST (Power on self
test) which checks components such as mouse,test) which checks components such as mouse,
key board etc.key board etc.
4.4. The result of theThe result of the POSTPOST are compared withare compared with
data in CMOS chip.data in CMOS chip.
5.5. The BIOS looks for the system files in drive AThe BIOS looks for the system files in drive A
some times CD or DVD drive and then Drivesome times CD or DVD drive and then Drive
CC

14. Functions of Operating SystemFunctions of Operating System
6. The system files and kernel of the operating system6. The system files and kernel of the operating system
load into memory (RAM) from storage (HD)load into memory (RAM) from storage (HD)
7. The operating system loads configuration information.7. The operating system loads configuration information.
may request user information. And display themay request user information. And display the
desktop on the screen.desktop on the screen.
-Cold boot: Power on computer by turning on the-Cold boot: Power on computer by turning on the
power switch.power switch.
-Warm Boot: When system is already on & restart-Warm Boot: When system is already on & restart
system.system.

15. Functions of Operating SystemFunctions of Operating System
 CPU Management:CPU Management:
Operating sys manage the memory, it keeps track of theOperating sys manage the memory, it keeps track of the
locations with in a main memory where the programs &locations with in a main memory where the programs &
data are stored. swapping data b/w main & secondarydata are stored. swapping data b/w main & secondary
memory.memory.
Getting On line:Getting On line:
QueuesQueues: It is a first-in, first-out sequence of data. “wait: It is a first-in, first-out sequence of data. “wait
in line”.in line”.
Buffers:Buffers: The disk area where data wait for processing.The disk area where data wait for processing.
Spooling:Spooling: Place in Buffer where data wait for printing.Place in Buffer where data wait for printing.

16. Functions of Operating SystemFunctions of Operating System
 Security ManagementSecurity Management::
O/s give the option of password to file & sysO/s give the option of password to file & sys
when multiple user.when multiple user.

17. Task ManagementTask Management
Task ManagementTask Management::
Task User Processor Order
Multitasking 1 1 Concurrently
Multiprogrammi
ng
Multiple // //
Timesharing // // Round robin
Multiprocessing // // Simultanously

18. Functions of Operating SystemFunctions of Operating System
 File Management:File Management:
O/s record the storage location of all files so it helps toO/s record the storage location of all files so it helps to
find out the file. As well as handling the rename, movefind out the file. As well as handling the rename, move
or deletion of any file.or deletion of any file.
- Organize files- Organize files
Root directory ------- top most directoryRoot directory ------- top most directory
Parent Directory ------ Sub DirectoryParent Directory ------ Sub Directory
C:mydocuments/Termpaper/IIT.docC:mydocuments/Termpaper/IIT.doc
C (HD) Root Directory Sub DirectoryC (HD) Root Directory Sub Directory
filename&extentionfilename&extention

19. Device DriverDevice Driver
Device drivers help the computer to controlDevice drivers help the computer to control
peripheral devices. It allow input and outputperipheral devices. It allow input and output
devices to communicate with the rest of thedevices to communicate with the rest of the
computer system.computer system.
when user buy a new H/w then package willwhen user buy a new H/w then package will
include a device driver for the new device.include a device driver for the new device.
now a days some operating system automaticallynow a days some operating system automatically
install other wise it display massage.install other wise it display massage.

20. Utility ProgramsUtility Programs
Utility programs also known as service programs,Utility programs also known as service programs,
perform tasks related to the control andperform tasks related to the control and
allocation of computer resources. they enhanceallocation of computer resources. they enhance
existing functions, most computer come withexisting functions, most computer come with
built-in utilities as a part of system S/w.built-in utilities as a part of system S/w.
e.g. Norton system & McAfee utilities.e.g. Norton system & McAfee utilities.

21. Utility programsUtility programs
 BackupBackup
Duplicate copy of the information on H/D.Duplicate copy of the information on H/D.
 Data RecoveryData Recovery
It is used to restore data that has been physicallyIt is used to restore data that has been physically
damaged or corrupted.damaged or corrupted.
 Virus ProtectionVirus Protection
It is used to scan all disks & memory to detectIt is used to scan all disks & memory to detect
viruses & some time destroy at the spot.viruses & some time destroy at the spot.

22. Utility programsUtility programs
 File DefragmentationFile Defragmentation
It is used to find all the scattered files & reorganize inIt is used to find all the scattered files & reorganize in
contiguous files. & speed up the system.contiguous files. & speed up the system.
 Disk scanner & cleanupDisk scanner & cleanup
It is used to scan & clean the unnecessary files.It is used to scan & clean the unnecessary files.
 Data compressionData compression
It is used to remove redundant elements, gaps &It is used to remove redundant elements, gaps &
unnecessary files from a computer's storage space sounnecessary files from a computer's storage space so
that less space is required to store.that less space is required to store.

23. Language generationsLanguage generations
Programming language is a set of rules that tell theProgramming language is a set of rules that tell the
computer what operations to do.computer what operations to do.
 Machine languageMachine language 19451945
Basic language of computer.Basic language of computer.
 Assembly LanguageAssembly Language 19501950
Low level ,allows user to write prog in abbreviationsLow level ,allows user to write prog in abbreviations
 High Level & Procedural LanguageHigh Level & Procedural Language 19601960
Resemble some human language such as English.Resemble some human language such as English.
Visual Basic, COBOL, FortarnVisual Basic, COBOL, Fortarn

24. Language generationsLanguage generations
 Very High Level & Problem Oriented 1970
4GL much more user oriented and allow user to4GL much more user oriented and allow user to
develop programs with fewer commands. e.g.develop programs with fewer commands. e.g.
SQL, HTML, Java.SQL, HTML, Java.
 Natural Language 1980
5GL are two types.5GL are two types.
First comprises ordinary human lang: English,First comprises ordinary human lang: English,
Spanish.Spanish.
22ndnd
type Comprises more natural connection withtype Comprises more natural connection with
computers. Turbo Pascal .computers. Turbo Pascal .

25. TranslatorTranslator
It is software that translate programming language intoIt is software that translate programming language into
machine language.machine language.
 Assemblers
It is prog that translate assembly lang. into machine
lang.
 Compilers
It is prog that convert the whole prog into machine
lang.& use source code.
 Interpreters
It is prog that convert the prog lang into machine lang
statement by statement.& execute it immediately.