This document describes different types of computer-based information systems used in organizations. It discusses office information systems that automate office tasks. Transaction processing systems track business transactions like orders and payments. Management information systems produce routine reports from transaction data for managers. Decision support systems provide tools to analyze data and help managers plan for the future. Executive support systems are easy to use decision support tools for strategic planning. Expert systems apply specialized knowledge to help solve problems like a human expert.

1. Computer Based Information Systems
 The purpose of the computer based
information system is to provide managers
(and various categories of employees) with
appropriate kind ,of information to help them
make decisions. It is used to collect and
analyze data from all departments and is
designed to provide an organization’s
management with up to date information
anytime.

2. Types of Information Systems
 There are several types of computer base
information systems, which serve different
levels of management:

Office Information systems

Transaction processing systems

Management information systems

Decision support systems

Executive support systems

Expert Systems

3. Office Information Systems
Let us consider these:
 Office Information Systems OIS, also called office automation
systems (OASs), combine various technologies to reduce the
manual labor required in operating an efficient office environment
and to increase productivity.
 Used throughout all levels of an organization. OIS technologies
include fax, voice mail, email, scheduling software, word processing
and desktop publishing among others.
 The backbone of an OIS is a network – LAN, intranet, extranet- that
connects everything. All office functions- dictation, typing, filing,
copying, fax, microfilm and records management, telephone calls
and switchboard operations- are candidates for integration into the
network.

4. Office Information system
Office
Management
Systems
Image
Processing
Systems
Electronic
Collaborative
Systems
Electronic
communications
Systems
Electronic
Publishing
Systems
• Word processing
• Desktop Publishing
• Copying Systems
• Electronic mail
• Voice mail
• Facsimile
• Desktop
Videoconferencing
• Electronic meeting
systems
• Collaborative work
systems
• Teleconferencing
• Telecommuting
• Electronic document
management
• Other image processing
• Presentation graphics
• Multimedia systems
• Electronic office
accessories
• Electronic
scheduling
• Task
management

5. Transaction Processing System:
 A transaction may be recorded manually or via a
computer system an d includes everything
concerning the product or service in which the
organization is engaged; production, distribution,
sales, orders.
 A transaction Processing System (TPS), is a
computer based information system that keeps track
of the transaction needed to conduct business.

6. Features of a TPS
 Input and Output – The inputs to the system are
transaction data: bills, orders, inventory levels and
the like. The output consists of processed
transactions: bills, pay checks and so on.
 For operational managers
 Produce detail reports
 One TPS for each department
 Basis for MIS and DSS: Transactions stored in
database are required as a input for the processing of
management and decision making purposes.

7. Management Information systems
 A management Information system (MIS) is a
computer based information system that uses
data recorded by TPS as input into programs
that produce routine reports as output.

8. Features of an MIS
 Input and Output: Input consists of processed
transaction data, such as bills, orders and paychecks
plus ,other internal data. Outputs summarized
structured reports, budget summaries and production
schedules etc.
 For tactical managers
 Draws from all departments
 Produce several kinds of reports (summary,
exception, periodic and demand reports)

9. 
Summary Reports: shows totals and trends. Showing total sales by
the office, by product, and by salesperson, as well as the total overall
sales.
 Exception Reports: shows out of ordinary data. An example is an
inventory report listing only those items of which fewer than 10 are in
stock.
 Periodic Reports: are produced on regular schedule. Such daily,
weekly, monthly, quarterly and annual reports may contain sales
figures, income statements, or balance sheets. Produced on papers
such s printouts.
 demand reports: produce information in response to an unscheduled
demand. A director of Finance may ask for a demand credit
background report for a unknown customer who wants to place a big
order Produced on computer screen or on a terminal.

10. Decision Support System
 A DSS is a computer based information system that
provides a flexible tool for analysis and helps
managers focus on the future.
 Some decision support systems come very close to
acting as artificial agents. DSS applications are not
single information resources, such as a database or a
program that graphically represents sales figures, but
a combination of integrated resources working
together.
 Whereas a TPS records data and an MIS
summarized data, a DSS analyzes data.

11.  To reach the DSS level of sophistication in
information technology, an organization must have
established TPS and MIS Systems first.
Features of a DSS:
 Inputs and Outputs: Inputs include internal data-such
as summarized reports and processed transactions
and also data that is external to the organization.
External data may be produced by the trade
associations, marketing research firms, the U.S.
bureau of census & other government agencies.

12.  Outputs are demand reports on which a top manager
can make decisions about unstructured problems.
 Mainly for tactical managers
 Produces analytic models: A key attribute of a
DSS is that it uses models. A model is a
mathematical representation of a real system. The
models use DSS database, which draws on the TPS
and MIS files, as well as external data such as stock
reports, government reports, and national and
international news.

13.  Thus a manager can simulate an aspect of the
organization’s environment in order to decide how to
react to a change in conditions affecting it. By
changing the hypothetical inputs to the model, the
manager can see how the model ‘s outputs re
affected.
 A use of DSS (example): Investors in commercial real
state use a DSS called RealPlan to forecast property
values up to 40 years into the future based on
income, expense and cash flow projections.

14. Executive Support System
 ESS is an easy to use DSS made especially
for strategic managers; it specifically supports
strategic decision making.
 It draws on data not only from systems
internal to the organization but also from
those outside, such as news services or
market research database.
 ESS are relatively user friendly and require
little training to use.

15.  The ESS includes the capabilities for
analyzing data and doing what if scenarios.
ESS also have the capability to browse
through summarized information on all
aspects of the organization and then drill
down to detailed areas the manger believes
require attention.
Executive Support System

16. Expert Systems
 An expert system or knowledge based system is a set of
interactive computer programs that helps users solve problems
that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert.
 Expert systems are created on the basis of knowledge collected
on specific topics from human specialists, and they imitate the
reasoning process of a human beings. ESs have emerged from
the field of artificial intelligence (the branch of comp. sci. that is devoted
to creation of computer systems that simulate human reasoning and sensation).
 They are used by both management and non- management
personnel to solve specific problem.