This document is a site visit report for a construction project of 96 semi-detached houses. It includes an introduction describing the site and project details. The objectives of the site visit are to observe construction processes, materials, and gain practical experience. Key observations from the site include different foundation types used - piling for some houses and pad footings for others due to soil conditions. The pad footing construction process and involved materials like rebar, formwork, and concrete are described. Photos from the site provide visual examples. The conclusion expresses what was learned from the experience.
Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry construction.
Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry construction.
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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING &
DESIGN
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING
(HONOURS)
INTEGRATED ASSIGNMENT:
MEASUREMENT I (QSB60104)
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY I (BLD 60104)
BUILDING MATERIALS (BLD 62003)
SITE VISIT REPORT
Name: Lee Shze Hwa
Student ID: 0320053
Date of Submission: 26th
November 2015
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Introduction
The site visit is held on 19th November 2015 (Thursday). It is organized by the programme
director, SR Any Fuey Lin which is our Measurement 1 lecturer as well. Every one of us
were advised to buy a safety helmet due to the safety precautions. Besides, we also required
to wear a proper attire and covered shoe or site boots before we went to the site visit. We
were gathered at Taylor’s Lakeside University around 8:00 am and take attendance with Ms
Azrina. After one and the half hour journey by bus, we finally reached to our site which
located at Sekyen 2A, Antara Gapi, Hulu Selangor, Selangor. The project manager, Mohd
Sobri Bin HJ. AB. Majid briefed to us about the construction site and also introduced his
team to us. After taken the group photo, we started our site visit under the guide of the project
manager and the land surveyor, Mohd Hafizi Mohammad.
The project is the construction of 96 units Semi-detached (40’ x 60’) including the
infrastructure. The developer of this project is Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor
(PKNS) and the architect is Zain Hamzah Architect. For the structural engineer is Wawasan
Bersatu Sdn Bhd. While for the mechanical & electrical engineer is ZNVA & Associated.
Moreover, the contractor is AJ-Corp Sdn Bhd. The date of the construction started from 8th
July 2014 and it is currently expected to complete at the date of 4th July 2016.
The project manager had firstly showed us the pile on the site and explained to us about the
process of pilling. Due to the different type of soil condition, some houses was constructed by
using pad footing. The project manager and the land surveyor were showed and explained to
us clearly about the construction process and materials used while guiding us around the
construction site.
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Objective
The objectives of this technical site visit are:
1. To gain extra knowledge and have a better understanding on the construction process
by observing the workers and listen to what the project manager had explained to us.
2. To apply the theory that we have learnt in books into the practical aspect of the
construction technology.
3. To experience and understand more about the actual working environment in the
construction site.
4. To observe and understand more when the workers operating the construction
mechanical and equipment.
5. To take the opportunity to communicate with the construction professional and
understand more about their scope of work.
6. To understand the important of safety precaution and arise the awareness when
entering the construction site.
7. To explore and distinguish the various types of building materials and the technology
available on the construction site.
8. To take the opportunity to ask and learn extra knowledge to the building materials that
we did not studied on the lecture.
9. To understand the scientific principles about the design and the construction.
10. To understand about the important of teamwork in the construction team that required
to solve and overcome the problem.
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Content/TechnicalObservation
The types of foundations have separated into shallow foundations and deep foundations.
While for pad foundations, it is lay under the types of shallow foundations. Shallow
foundations transfer the load to subsoil at a point near to the ground floor a building and the
height of the building should be less than 3m from the ground level. Pad foundations are used
when the soil condition are strong enough to support the load of the house and it is not
suitable in highly compressible soils. The design of the building should be simple and not too
complicated. For the construction that we visit, there have several type of Semidetached
which are type 1, type 2A (split down), type 2B (split up) and type 3. Types of foundation
used for type 1 and type 3 are pilling, while the type of foundation used for type 2A and type
2B are pad foundations due to the different condition of the soil. The types of soil for the area
of type 2A and type 2B are red clay which is cohesive soils, therefore, that particular soil area
are suitable for pad foundations. Since type 2B haven start to construct, we will focus on the
type 2A which is still under construction.
Several steps required for the construction of pad footing:
Step 1: Site Clearance
Site clearance is required before excavation work start. In this process, hedges, undergrowth,
bushes, scrub, tree stumps will be removed.
Step 2: Excavation
For the first excavation, topsoil is required to excavate to reach the average depth of 1.60m.
Topsoil obtained from excavation is either will be remove off site or will be preserved in
temporary spoil heaps. After the topsoil was excavated, excavation to reduce level average
depth 1.20m is needed by using excavator. Next, excavation was required to the pits for pad
footings starting from reduce level.
Step 3: Lean Concrete
Moreover, a layer of lean concrete is required to construct before build the pad footing. Lean
concrete provide a straight level surface to the foundation and it also act as a protection for
the foundation from the soil below to prevent moisture and other chemicals such as sulphates
that may weaken the foundation.
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Step 4: Formwork for Pad Footing
Formwork is then built for the construction of the pad footing. It need to be measure
accurately and placed well to reach the desire area in order to get the correct size of the pad
footing. Formwork consists of side, end planks, yoke, nut and bolts. The end and the two side
planks needed to join by the yokes and the bolts. The joints in the formwork should be tight
against leakage of cement grout.
Step 5: Reinforcement Bar for the Pad Footing and the Column Stump
The reinforced high tensile steel rod reinforcement straight and bent with 16mm diameter
was chosen to use in the pad footing. The reinforcement bars for the column stump should be
placed as well. Before placing the reinforcement bars, concrete cover is needed to place
below the reinforcement bars. This is because it can prevent the reinforcement bars attached
to the ground. Furthermore, concrete cover also avoids the reinforcement bars from corrosion
and act as the barrier to the spread of fire.
Step 6: Filling concrete to pad footing
Reinforced concrete Grade 30 (20-25mm agg.) is then poured into the formwork. The
reinforced concrete required to compact sufficiently and allow the concrete to cure.
Step 7: Removal of formwork
After make sure the reinforced concrete had set to receive its maximum strength, the
formwork is then ready to be remove. Finally, the pad footing is done.
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Materials involved in constructing a pad footing:
1. Reinforcement Bar
The types of reinforcement bar used is high tensile steel 16mm. Reinforcement bar
also known as rebar. Rebar normally found in foundation, column, beam and floor
slab. The function of rebar is to act as a tension device in reinforced concrete to
increase the strength and support the concrete. Besides, rebar also helps to control the
contraction and expansion of the reinforced concrete due to the change of
temperature. When rebar was placed in slab, it also helps to prevent the cracks. Rebar
should also place at the bottom of the foundation in order to receive the high
performance and able to resist the heavy load. The greater the surface of rebar
exposed to the adherence concrete, the stronger the bond and result in the higher
tension to resist the load. Moreover, the rough surface also provides a better tension.
This is because the rougher the surface of the rebar, the more adhere to the concrete.
2. Formwork
The formwork that used in the construction site to build the pad footing is timber.
Formwork is use to support structures and normally act as temporary or permanent
molds for the fresh concrete to pour in and wait until it is set. The reusable formwork
is called as panel formwork. On the another had, the non-reusable formwork is called
as stationary formwork. Timber formwork can easily be made in different size or
shape. It is economically due to the high availability and low production cost. Since
timber is light in weight, it is easy to carry in the construction site. Furthermore,
timber can be reuse and this had reduced the construction cost.
Part Size
Sheeting for slabs, beam, column 25 to 40 mm
Joints, ledges 50 x 70 mm to 50 x 150 mm
Posts 75 x 100mm to 100 x 100 mm
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3. Concrete
The concrete in pad footings is reinforced concrete Grade 30. Concrete is the most
used constructions materials around the world due to its strength, durability and
aesthetic value. It can be produced in many grades by mixing the ingredient with
different ratio. Concrete consist of cement, sand and gravel. Cement is functioned as
the bonding agent to adhere the sand and aggregates together. However, water is
required to react with the cement and form bonding agent. Besides, the benefits of
concrete are the excellent performance in terms of safety, security, mold and mildew
resistance and the flexibility for the design. For example, concrete can produce into
different texture and shape and it suitable with different finishing such as paint and
stone cladding.
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Photosand Description
The information board which located
at the main entrance.
Mind map of the organisation for
the project.
The plan of the construction site. The site office.
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Clay Bricks Concrete BricksRoof Tiles
Pad Footing
Formwork for column The worker fixing the link to the rebar.
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Conclusion
After the site visit, I have understood and gain more experience about the
construction site including the hot sun and dirt. I have gain more knowledge about the
construction technology and learnt many extra knowledges that is no in the lecture notes.
Besides, I sincerely thankful to the instructor who guiding us around the site, showed us and
also explained to us patiently about the construction work. Others than that, I also thankful to
Ms Any and Ms Azirina who organized this site visit to us and let us have the opportunity to
experience the real construction site. I have gain a lot of knowledge and taken may photo on
the site for the information to this assignment. Furthermore, I had learnt that teamwork is
very important for the construction team to solve and face the problem occur during
construction.
