http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Surface and Thin Film Characterization of Superconducting Multilayer films for application in RF (Roland Schulze - 30')
Speaker: Roland Schulze - Los Alamos National Laboratory | Duration: 30 min.
Abstract
The use of multilayer ultra-thin films on the interior surfaces of Nb superconducting RF cavities shows great promise in substantially improving the performance characteristics of superconducting RF cavities into the 100 MV/m range by increasing the RF critical magnetic field, HRF, through careful choice of new materials and thin film structures. However, there are substantial materials science challenges associated with producing such complex film structures, particularly for conformal application of uniform thin films on the interior surfaces of RF cavities. Here we present surface and thin film analysis of ultra-thin films of two candidate materials, MgB2 and NbN superconductors, deposited through several different methods, along with multilayers produced with alternating superconductor and dielectric films. We report on the analysis methods and techniques, using primarily x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger spectroscopy with ion sputter depth profiling, and describe results from variety of thin film samples. The materials stability, microstructure, chemistry, and thin film morphology are highly dependent on methods and parameters used in the thin film deposition. From our analysis, important factors for producing quality superconducting and dielectric films include chemical stoichiometry, impurity content, deposition temperature, substrate choice and conditioning, choice of dielectric material, and the nature of the thin film interfaces. These factors will be discussed in the context of the production methods used for these ultra-thin superconducting films.
Xiaoxing Xi - Magnesium Diboride Thin Films for Superconducting RF Cavitiesthinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Magnesium Diboride Thin Films for superconducting RF cavities (Xiaoxing Xi - 40')
Speaker: Xiaoxing Xi - Temple University | Duration: 40 min.
Abstract
MgB2 has a Tc of 40 K, a low residual resistivity, and a high Hc . RF cavities coated with MgB2 films have the potential for a higher Q and gradient than Nb cavities with an operation temperature of 4.2 K or higher. At Temple University, we have started a project to study issues related to the application of MgB2 to RF cavities, and to coat single-cell RF cavities with MgB2 film for characterization by the collaborators in accelerator-compatible environment. The key technical thrust of this project is the deposition of high quality clean MgB2 films and coatings using a hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition technique. I will review the progress to date in this project.
Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon that have a nanostructure that is a hollow cylinder of graphene. There are two main types: single-walled nanotubes consisting of a single layer of graphene and multi-walled nanotubes containing multiple layers of graphene. Carbon nanotubes are synthesized using methods such as arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. They are characterized using techniques like scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Carbon nanotubes have remarkable mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties that make them promising for applications in materials science, electronics, and other fields.
Have an overview of the most conventionally utilized crystal growth techniques: process, diagrams, advantages, and disadvantages. This is the presentation of my "PV cells and materials" course at the MSc Engg. level.
This document provides information on preparing thin films using the Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method. It discusses what thin films are, common thin film deposition techniques like physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition, and the SILAR method specifically. SILAR involves alternating immersion of a substrate in cationic and anionic precursor solutions to deposit materials like cadmium sulfide in a layer-by-layer process. Parameters like concentration, pH, temperature, and deposition time must be optimized to produce adherent thin films. The document also outlines some applications of SILAR-deposited cadmium sulfide thin films and factors that influence thin film characteristics.
This presentation introduces two-dimensional materials like graphene. It defines two-dimensional materials as being only one or two atoms thick and able to conduct electrons freely within their plane. The document discusses how graphene, being a single layer of graphite, is the strongest material yet and can efficiently conduct heat and electricity. It notes graphene's potential applications in electronics, solar cells, and biomedicine. In conclusion, two-dimensional materials like graphene are seen as having great potential for developing new nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and flexible devices.
know more about nanomaterials and its apllication in future as well as current situation, and what wil we reserch on basis of nanomaterials and carbon structure and its aplication in such futuriastic manner.
One can get full description of metallic glasses which contains history, preparation methods, effects on metallic glasses, properties and application part is also there with diagrams, tables and graphs
Xiaoxing Xi - Magnesium Diboride Thin Films for Superconducting RF Cavitiesthinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Magnesium Diboride Thin Films for superconducting RF cavities (Xiaoxing Xi - 40')
Speaker: Xiaoxing Xi - Temple University | Duration: 40 min.
Abstract
MgB2 has a Tc of 40 K, a low residual resistivity, and a high Hc . RF cavities coated with MgB2 films have the potential for a higher Q and gradient than Nb cavities with an operation temperature of 4.2 K or higher. At Temple University, we have started a project to study issues related to the application of MgB2 to RF cavities, and to coat single-cell RF cavities with MgB2 film for characterization by the collaborators in accelerator-compatible environment. The key technical thrust of this project is the deposition of high quality clean MgB2 films and coatings using a hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition technique. I will review the progress to date in this project.
Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon that have a nanostructure that is a hollow cylinder of graphene. There are two main types: single-walled nanotubes consisting of a single layer of graphene and multi-walled nanotubes containing multiple layers of graphene. Carbon nanotubes are synthesized using methods such as arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. They are characterized using techniques like scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Carbon nanotubes have remarkable mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties that make them promising for applications in materials science, electronics, and other fields.
Have an overview of the most conventionally utilized crystal growth techniques: process, diagrams, advantages, and disadvantages. This is the presentation of my "PV cells and materials" course at the MSc Engg. level.
This document provides information on preparing thin films using the Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method. It discusses what thin films are, common thin film deposition techniques like physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition, and the SILAR method specifically. SILAR involves alternating immersion of a substrate in cationic and anionic precursor solutions to deposit materials like cadmium sulfide in a layer-by-layer process. Parameters like concentration, pH, temperature, and deposition time must be optimized to produce adherent thin films. The document also outlines some applications of SILAR-deposited cadmium sulfide thin films and factors that influence thin film characteristics.
This presentation introduces two-dimensional materials like graphene. It defines two-dimensional materials as being only one or two atoms thick and able to conduct electrons freely within their plane. The document discusses how graphene, being a single layer of graphite, is the strongest material yet and can efficiently conduct heat and electricity. It notes graphene's potential applications in electronics, solar cells, and biomedicine. In conclusion, two-dimensional materials like graphene are seen as having great potential for developing new nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and flexible devices.
know more about nanomaterials and its apllication in future as well as current situation, and what wil we reserch on basis of nanomaterials and carbon structure and its aplication in such futuriastic manner.
One can get full description of metallic glasses which contains history, preparation methods, effects on metallic glasses, properties and application part is also there with diagrams, tables and graphs
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
[1] Crystal defects are irregularities in the structure of a crystal that arise from imperfect packing of atoms. There are several types of crystal defects including point defects, line defects, surface defects, and volume defects.
[2] Point defects are zero-dimensional and include vacancies, interstitial defects, Schottky defects, and Frenkel defects. Line defects are one-dimensional and include edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects are two-dimensional and include grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. Volume defects are three-dimensional voids or non-crystalline regions within the crystal structure.
This document summarizes research on nanowire solar cells. It discusses the theory behind nanowire solar cells, fabrication procedures, existing device designs and their performance, challenges, and suggestions. In particular, it analyzes rectangular cross-section nanowires, asymmetric nanowire designs, III-V nanowire arrays on silicon, and suggests that multi-junction nanowire array solar cells with rectangular geometries could improve performance. The document contains 6 sections and references 6 sources to support the topics discussed.
This document defines and describes semiconductor superlattices. A superlattice is a periodic structure of thin layers of two or more semiconductors that form multiple quantum wells. The layers must be thin enough, around 1-5 nm, for carrier tunneling to occur between wells. Common fabrication techniques like molecular beam epitaxy can precisely deposit layers only a few atomic layers thick to create superlattices. Unlike multiple quantum wells where wavefunctions do not overlap between wells, superlattices have thin enough barriers that wavefunctions delocalize across wells due to tunneling. This gives rise to minibands and allows carrier transport properties to differ from conventional semiconductors.
This document introduces nano-materials and discusses their properties and applications. It defines nano-materials as low-dimensional semiconductor structures between a few nanometers to tens of nanometers in size, including quantum wells, wires, and dots. Electron behavior changes from plane waves in bulk semiconductors to quantized energy levels in nano-structures. Nano-materials are of interest because they combine advantages of semiconductors and atomic systems by allowing controllable electron confinement. Common fabrication methods include top-down patterning and bottom-up self-assembly. Nano-materials exhibit properties like ballistic transport, tunneling, and discrete optical transitions useful for applications in lasers, detectors, and other optoelectronic devices
This document discusses super plasticity, which is a deformation process that produces high elongations in metallic materials during tension testing. For super plasticity to occur, the material must have an ultra fine grain size and be deformed at a temperature greater than or equal to 0.4 times the absolute melting point. The document outlines various constitutive relationships that describe super plastic deformation and discusses factors that influence strain rate sensitivity. It also examines conditions necessary for super plastic forming and methods for producing ultrafine grain sizes in materials.
CARBON NANO TUBE -- PREPARATION – METHODSArjun K Gopi
The document discusses carbon nanotubes, including their structure and properties. It describes three common production methods: arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Arc discharge was the initial discovery method and remains widely used, but it produces impurities. Laser ablation yields primarily single-walled nanotubes but is expensive. Chemical vapor deposition allows control over diameter and is suitable for scaling up. Purification techniques are needed to separate nanotubes from byproducts. Potential applications include electronics, energy storage, and reinforced composites.
quantum dots and forms of nanomaterials.pptManju923187
This document discusses different forms of nanomaterials. It defines nanomaterials as materials with at least one dimension measured in nanometers. Nanomaterials are classified based on the number of confined electron directions and include two-dimensional, one-dimensional, and zero-dimensional nanomaterials. Two-dimensional nanomaterials confine electrons in one direction, one-dimensional confine electrons in two directions, and zero-dimensional confine electrons in all three directions. Examples of each type are provided, with quantum dots given as an example of zero-dimensional nanomaterials. The document proceeds to provide more details about the unique properties of quantum dots, including their size-dependent light emission due to quantum confinement effects.
This document provides an overview of X-ray diffraction (XRD). It begins with a brief introduction and description of the basic components and operating procedure for an XRD machine. It then discusses the shut down procedure and how to analyze an XRD pattern, including identifying the significance of peaks and applications of XRD. Key applications mentioned are identifying crystalline phases, determining structural properties, and measuring thin film thickness. References for further reading are also provided.
This document discusses ferromagnetic nanomaterials. It introduces magnetic nanoparticles and their size requirements for various applications. It describes the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials and how temperature and magnetic fields affect them. Common ferromagnetic elements are iron, nickel and cobalt. Their magnetic domains can be aligned with external fields. Preparation methods like co-precipitation and thermal decomposition are discussed. Applications include nanomagnetism, targeted drug delivery, and using zero valent iron for groundwater remediation.
This document provides information about ceramics and pottery materials science. It discusses the classification of solids as crystalline or amorphous and describes properties of materials like mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties. It explains the structure of solids at subatomic, atomic, microscopic and macroscopic levels. Different types of materials are outlined including metals, semiconductors, ceramics and polymers. The document also discusses the various stages of clay bodies from greenware to bisque and glaze firing. Different clay types used for pottery like earthenware, kaolin, ball clay and fire clay are described.
This document provides an overview of graphene, including what it is, its remarkable properties, its discovery and production by Andre Geim and colleagues using scotch tape. Graphene is a single layer of graphite that is the thinnest material ever made, with superlative properties such as strength, stiffness, thermal and electrical conductivity. Geim's unconventional research approaches including "Friday night experiments" led to breakthroughs such as producing graphene and observing the quantum Hall effect at room temperature. Graphene has promising applications in areas like transparent conductors, composites, sensors, and high-frequency electronics due to its unique 2D structure and outstanding material properties.
In this presentation, you will be familiar with VSM and Magnetic characterization of materials, especially ferromagnetic materials via their magnetic hysteresis loop.
This document summarizes a seminar on sputtering processes. Sputtering is a thin film deposition technique where atoms are ejected from a target material when bombarded by energetic particles in vacuum. The ejected atoms then deposit onto a substrate to form a thin film. Key aspects of sputtering discussed include sputtering yield, how various parameters like ion mass, energy and pressure affect the process, and applications in microelectronics, decorative coatings, and medical devices.
This document discusses carbon nanotubes, including an overview, types, and applications. Carbon nanotubes are tubes made of carbon atoms that have a diameter on the nanometer scale and can be single-walled or multi-walled. They have applications in electronics such as conductive composites, sensors, and displays. Carbon nanotubes also have applications in mechanical devices, medicine for drug delivery and cancer therapy, and other uses such as thermal materials, filtration, energy storage, and hydrogen storage. However, carbon nanotubes remain difficult to work with due to their extremely small size and current high production costs.
If you have any questions, contact me. I would be happy to help.
PLEASE LIKE IT AND GIVE COMMENT
In this presentation,
The author gives the working principle of the PVD and Sputtering methods. But you can also find an information about the thin film and plasma phase of a matter.
Also this is related with Magnetron Sputtering method.
Invited talk at 98th CSC: Surface chemistry of ALD: mechanisms and conformality Riikka Puurunen
Abstract of the presentation:
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin film growth method generally applicable for the growth of conformal, highquality
inorganic material layers down to the nanometer thickness range. ALD is indifferent to the morphology of the
underlying substrate and covers even most complex 3-D shapes with a uniform film; as a consequence, ALD is used
in an ever-increasing field of applications from catalysts to photovoltaics to microelectronics and beyond. ALD
belongs to the general class of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) techniques. The speciality of ALD is the use of
repeated self-terminating (saturating, irreversible) gassolid reactions of at least two reactants for the film growth; ALD
is therefore non-continuous in nature, as opposed to the continuous CVD processes. In this presentation, I will
discuss some challenges related to understanding the surface chemistry of ALD. The commonly-used
trimethylaluminium-water ALD process to deposit Al2O3 is used as case example, as it is often presented as model
case for ALD. I will also discuss the characteristics of ALD film conformality, as detected by using microscopic lateral
high-aspect-ratio structures ("VTT μLHAR") [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 33, 010601 (2015)]. Here, the gap height is in
the range of 100 nm's and the aspect ratio (AR) can be extremely challenging, e.g. up to 25 000:1. Finally, I will
briefly introduce the on-going international volunteer-based Virtual Project on the History of ALD (http://vph-ald.com),
where new participants are still welcome.
Acknowledgement: The author thanks Finnish Centre of Excellence in Atomic Layer Deposition for funding.
Anodizing is an electrochemical process that converts the metal surface of aluminum to aluminum oxide. It produces a coating that is very durable, corrosion resistant, and maintains the metallic appearance of the aluminum. The anodizing process involves racking parts for processing, cleaning, etching, anodizing in an acid bath using electricity, coloring or sealing the pores, and testing to quality check the coating. Anodized aluminum has advantages like durability, low maintenance, and an environmentally friendly process.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
[1] Crystal defects are irregularities in the structure of a crystal that arise from imperfect packing of atoms. There are several types of crystal defects including point defects, line defects, surface defects, and volume defects.
[2] Point defects are zero-dimensional and include vacancies, interstitial defects, Schottky defects, and Frenkel defects. Line defects are one-dimensional and include edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects are two-dimensional and include grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. Volume defects are three-dimensional voids or non-crystalline regions within the crystal structure.
This document summarizes research on nanowire solar cells. It discusses the theory behind nanowire solar cells, fabrication procedures, existing device designs and their performance, challenges, and suggestions. In particular, it analyzes rectangular cross-section nanowires, asymmetric nanowire designs, III-V nanowire arrays on silicon, and suggests that multi-junction nanowire array solar cells with rectangular geometries could improve performance. The document contains 6 sections and references 6 sources to support the topics discussed.
This document defines and describes semiconductor superlattices. A superlattice is a periodic structure of thin layers of two or more semiconductors that form multiple quantum wells. The layers must be thin enough, around 1-5 nm, for carrier tunneling to occur between wells. Common fabrication techniques like molecular beam epitaxy can precisely deposit layers only a few atomic layers thick to create superlattices. Unlike multiple quantum wells where wavefunctions do not overlap between wells, superlattices have thin enough barriers that wavefunctions delocalize across wells due to tunneling. This gives rise to minibands and allows carrier transport properties to differ from conventional semiconductors.
This document introduces nano-materials and discusses their properties and applications. It defines nano-materials as low-dimensional semiconductor structures between a few nanometers to tens of nanometers in size, including quantum wells, wires, and dots. Electron behavior changes from plane waves in bulk semiconductors to quantized energy levels in nano-structures. Nano-materials are of interest because they combine advantages of semiconductors and atomic systems by allowing controllable electron confinement. Common fabrication methods include top-down patterning and bottom-up self-assembly. Nano-materials exhibit properties like ballistic transport, tunneling, and discrete optical transitions useful for applications in lasers, detectors, and other optoelectronic devices
This document discusses super plasticity, which is a deformation process that produces high elongations in metallic materials during tension testing. For super plasticity to occur, the material must have an ultra fine grain size and be deformed at a temperature greater than or equal to 0.4 times the absolute melting point. The document outlines various constitutive relationships that describe super plastic deformation and discusses factors that influence strain rate sensitivity. It also examines conditions necessary for super plastic forming and methods for producing ultrafine grain sizes in materials.
CARBON NANO TUBE -- PREPARATION – METHODSArjun K Gopi
The document discusses carbon nanotubes, including their structure and properties. It describes three common production methods: arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Arc discharge was the initial discovery method and remains widely used, but it produces impurities. Laser ablation yields primarily single-walled nanotubes but is expensive. Chemical vapor deposition allows control over diameter and is suitable for scaling up. Purification techniques are needed to separate nanotubes from byproducts. Potential applications include electronics, energy storage, and reinforced composites.
quantum dots and forms of nanomaterials.pptManju923187
This document discusses different forms of nanomaterials. It defines nanomaterials as materials with at least one dimension measured in nanometers. Nanomaterials are classified based on the number of confined electron directions and include two-dimensional, one-dimensional, and zero-dimensional nanomaterials. Two-dimensional nanomaterials confine electrons in one direction, one-dimensional confine electrons in two directions, and zero-dimensional confine electrons in all three directions. Examples of each type are provided, with quantum dots given as an example of zero-dimensional nanomaterials. The document proceeds to provide more details about the unique properties of quantum dots, including their size-dependent light emission due to quantum confinement effects.
This document provides an overview of X-ray diffraction (XRD). It begins with a brief introduction and description of the basic components and operating procedure for an XRD machine. It then discusses the shut down procedure and how to analyze an XRD pattern, including identifying the significance of peaks and applications of XRD. Key applications mentioned are identifying crystalline phases, determining structural properties, and measuring thin film thickness. References for further reading are also provided.
This document discusses ferromagnetic nanomaterials. It introduces magnetic nanoparticles and their size requirements for various applications. It describes the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials and how temperature and magnetic fields affect them. Common ferromagnetic elements are iron, nickel and cobalt. Their magnetic domains can be aligned with external fields. Preparation methods like co-precipitation and thermal decomposition are discussed. Applications include nanomagnetism, targeted drug delivery, and using zero valent iron for groundwater remediation.
This document provides information about ceramics and pottery materials science. It discusses the classification of solids as crystalline or amorphous and describes properties of materials like mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties. It explains the structure of solids at subatomic, atomic, microscopic and macroscopic levels. Different types of materials are outlined including metals, semiconductors, ceramics and polymers. The document also discusses the various stages of clay bodies from greenware to bisque and glaze firing. Different clay types used for pottery like earthenware, kaolin, ball clay and fire clay are described.
This document provides an overview of graphene, including what it is, its remarkable properties, its discovery and production by Andre Geim and colleagues using scotch tape. Graphene is a single layer of graphite that is the thinnest material ever made, with superlative properties such as strength, stiffness, thermal and electrical conductivity. Geim's unconventional research approaches including "Friday night experiments" led to breakthroughs such as producing graphene and observing the quantum Hall effect at room temperature. Graphene has promising applications in areas like transparent conductors, composites, sensors, and high-frequency electronics due to its unique 2D structure and outstanding material properties.
In this presentation, you will be familiar with VSM and Magnetic characterization of materials, especially ferromagnetic materials via their magnetic hysteresis loop.
This document summarizes a seminar on sputtering processes. Sputtering is a thin film deposition technique where atoms are ejected from a target material when bombarded by energetic particles in vacuum. The ejected atoms then deposit onto a substrate to form a thin film. Key aspects of sputtering discussed include sputtering yield, how various parameters like ion mass, energy and pressure affect the process, and applications in microelectronics, decorative coatings, and medical devices.
This document discusses carbon nanotubes, including an overview, types, and applications. Carbon nanotubes are tubes made of carbon atoms that have a diameter on the nanometer scale and can be single-walled or multi-walled. They have applications in electronics such as conductive composites, sensors, and displays. Carbon nanotubes also have applications in mechanical devices, medicine for drug delivery and cancer therapy, and other uses such as thermal materials, filtration, energy storage, and hydrogen storage. However, carbon nanotubes remain difficult to work with due to their extremely small size and current high production costs.
If you have any questions, contact me. I would be happy to help.
PLEASE LIKE IT AND GIVE COMMENT
In this presentation,
The author gives the working principle of the PVD and Sputtering methods. But you can also find an information about the thin film and plasma phase of a matter.
Also this is related with Magnetron Sputtering method.
Invited talk at 98th CSC: Surface chemistry of ALD: mechanisms and conformality Riikka Puurunen
Abstract of the presentation:
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin film growth method generally applicable for the growth of conformal, highquality
inorganic material layers down to the nanometer thickness range. ALD is indifferent to the morphology of the
underlying substrate and covers even most complex 3-D shapes with a uniform film; as a consequence, ALD is used
in an ever-increasing field of applications from catalysts to photovoltaics to microelectronics and beyond. ALD
belongs to the general class of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) techniques. The speciality of ALD is the use of
repeated self-terminating (saturating, irreversible) gassolid reactions of at least two reactants for the film growth; ALD
is therefore non-continuous in nature, as opposed to the continuous CVD processes. In this presentation, I will
discuss some challenges related to understanding the surface chemistry of ALD. The commonly-used
trimethylaluminium-water ALD process to deposit Al2O3 is used as case example, as it is often presented as model
case for ALD. I will also discuss the characteristics of ALD film conformality, as detected by using microscopic lateral
high-aspect-ratio structures ("VTT μLHAR") [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 33, 010601 (2015)]. Here, the gap height is in
the range of 100 nm's and the aspect ratio (AR) can be extremely challenging, e.g. up to 25 000:1. Finally, I will
briefly introduce the on-going international volunteer-based Virtual Project on the History of ALD (http://vph-ald.com),
where new participants are still welcome.
Acknowledgement: The author thanks Finnish Centre of Excellence in Atomic Layer Deposition for funding.
Anodizing is an electrochemical process that converts the metal surface of aluminum to aluminum oxide. It produces a coating that is very durable, corrosion resistant, and maintains the metallic appearance of the aluminum. The anodizing process involves racking parts for processing, cleaning, etching, anodizing in an acid bath using electricity, coloring or sealing the pores, and testing to quality check the coating. Anodized aluminum has advantages like durability, low maintenance, and an environmentally friendly process.
This lecture describes the process of anodic oxidation of aluminium, which is one of the most unique and commonly used surface treatment techniques for aluminium; it illustrates the weathering behaviour of anodized surfaces. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101- 5104 is assumed.
A SHORT REVIEW ON ALUMINIUM ANODIZING: AN ECO-FRIENDLY METAL FINISHING PROCESSJournal For Research
Protection of aluminium alloys is most commonly done by forming anodic films. Anodic films can also be formed on metals like titanium, zinc, magnesium, niobium, and tantalum. Aluminium alloy parts are anodized to greatly increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer for corrosion resistance. A thin aluminium oxide film, that seals the aluminium from further oxidation when it is exposed to air. The anodizing process increases the thickness of the oxidized surface. Anodizing is accomplished by immersing the aluminium into an acid electrolyte bath and passing an electric current through the medium. In an anodizing cell, the aluminium work piece is made the anode by connecting it to the positive terminal of a dc power supply and the cathode is connected to the negative terminal of the dc source. Sealing is needed to seal the pores in oxide layer to prevent further corrosion. Oxide layer on the anodized aluminium has a highly ordered, porous structure that allows for secondary processes such as dyeing, printing and sealing. Nanowires and nanotubes can be made by using the pores in the oxide layer as templates.
The document summarizes chromium-free pre-treatment processes for aluminium as alternatives to chromate conversion coatings. It describes several processes including those based on molybdate, permanganate, phosphate, and titanium/zirconium, as well as cerium-based processes, silane treatments, and anodizing. Each process is outlined briefly, noting advantages such as corrosion protection and adhesion, as well as limitations regarding color, thickness, or variability in performance between alloy types. Health, environmental and regulatory concerns with chromate and other hazardous chemicals like hydrofluoric acid are also summarized.
Invited lecture of the Simposium N "Surface Engineering - functional coatings and modified surfaces" at the XIII SBPMat (Brazilian MRS) meeting, in João Pessoa (Brazil). The lecture took place on September 30th, 2014.
The speaker was Professor Christoph Genzel, from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), in Germany, where he heads the Department of Microstructure and Residual Stress Analysis and he coordinates a group of diffraction and scattering. Genzel is also Associate Professor at the Technische Universität Berlin.
Metal ores contain metals combined with other elements like oxygen or sulfur. Sulfide ores are converted to oxides through roasting, which produces sulfur dioxide as a waste product. Metals are extracted from their ores through reduction, using reducing agents like carbon or hydrogen to remove oxygen. Aluminum requires electrolysis due to its reactivity, while titanium and tungsten use sodium or magnesium due to carbide formation. Recycling scrap metals reduces environmental impacts versus extracting new metals.
Spintronics utilizes the spin property of electrons to carry information. It offers advantages over traditional electronics like lower power consumption and greater density. Key developments include the giant magnetoresistance effect, spin transistors, and magnetic random access memory (MRAM). Continued research aims to better inject, manipulate, and detect electron spin in semiconductors for applications in memory and logic devices.
This document summarizes research on self-organized porous alumina templates and their applications in nanofabrication. It describes the experimental techniques for synthesizing porous alumina templates through anodization of aluminum foils. Factors that influence the pore size and spacing are discussed, such as applied voltage, aluminum purity, and etching time. Various deposition methods are also summarized, such as electrodeposition of nickel and sputtering of cobalt through the templates. Finally, potential applications of these templates in areas such as carbon nanotube growth and their optical properties are mentioned.
Protection des métaux contre la corrosionCHTAOU Karim
Cette présentation présentent tout d’abord les principaux types de la corrosion et il présente une description détaillée des trois grandes méthodes, préventives et curatives, utilisées en anticorrosion.
Présentation de la plate-forme d'éco-conception CORINEBrice Kosinski
Eurocopter, leader mondial de la filière hélicoptère, a pris l’initiative du projet CORINE pour réduire l’impact environnemental sur la chaîne d’approvisionnement de ses produits civils.
Planifié sur trois ans, CORINE a pour objectif de fournir aux PME un outil d’éco-conception collaboratif entre donneurs d’ordre et fournisseurs. Il permettra d’identifier et d’intégrer de nouveaux matériaux et procédés tout au long du cycle de vie de l’hélicoptère.
CORINE est un outil collaboratif d'éco-conception unique en son genre. Les points clés innovants de l’outil d’éco-conception :
- Interface collaborative entre donneurs d’ordre et fournisseurs permettant de faire des choix en matière d’éco-conception
- Outil simple d’utilisation pour sélectionner les matériaux et procédés améliorant la performance environnementale
- Outil conçu pour la filière aéronautique et adaptable à des secteurs similaires
The document discusses LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramics) passive integration, including challenges. It provides an overview of LTCC materials and processes, comparing LTCC to other integration technologies. Key advantages of LTCC include its parallel layer process, ability to achieve high layer counts up to 100 layers, compatibility with RF-friendly materials, and potential for high component density and module reliability. However, challenges for LTCC include limitations on forming precise resistors and inductors. The document also reviews common LTCC dielectric materials and provides details on Motorola's high-Q T2000 LTCC dielectric composition.
Dental ceramics include porcelain and are used for dental restorations. Porcelain is made from a glass matrix containing mineral phases and feldspars. It is used for dental crowns, veneers, dentures, and other prosthetics. Porcelain has good biocompatibility and esthetics but is brittle. Metal-ceramic restorations combine a metal substructure with porcelain for strength. All-ceramic restorations are made entirely of ceramic materials and provide superior esthetics but require more tooth reduction. Common all-ceramic systems include machinable blocks, castable ceramics, pressable ceramics, and infiltrated glass ceramics.
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
DC and RF Measurements of MgB2 thin films (Tsuyoshi Tajima - 30')
Speaker: Tsuyoshi Tajima - Los Alamos National Laboratory | Duration: 30 min.
Abstract
In order to overcome the fundamental limit of an accelerating gradient of ~50 MV/m for Nb SRF cavities, thin film coating of MgB2 has been studied. Results of DC measurements using Magnetic Property Measurement System (MPMS) SQUID at LANL and of RF measurements using 11.4 GHz high-power pulsed Klystron with a TE013-mode copper cavity at SLAC will be presented. While DC measurements show very promising results, i.e., Bc1>200 mT at 4.5 K, two RF measurements have shown a quench field of ~25 mT at 3 K.
Xiaoxing xi progress in the investigation of mg b2 thin films for srf cavit...thinfilmsworkshop
MgB2 thin films grown by hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) have been investigated for SRF cavity applications. I will present our recent results of research in three directions: enhancement of Hc1 in thin MgB2 films, large area MgB2 films on Cu, and the effort on coating of RF cavities. By reducing the thickness of the MgB2 film from 300 nm to 100 nm, Hc1(0) increases systematically from 38 mT to about 200 mT in both epitaxial and polycrystalline films. The HPCVD process has been successfully applied on 2” diameter Cu substrate. Both the in-situ and two-step processes have been used for the coating of a 6 GHz cavity. Samples from various locations of the cavity show good superconducting properties. Effort is underway to coat 3 GHz RF cavities.
In-situ TEM studies of tribo-induced bonding modification in near-frictionles...Deepak Rajput
A presentation on "In-situ TEM studies of tribo-induced bonding modification in near-frictionless carbon films" made by Deepak Rajput. This presentation was based on "critical review of a paper," in All Things Carbon course offered at the University of Tennessee Space Insitute at Tullahoma in Fall 2009.
The document provides an extended characterization of Nb3Sn-coated Nb cavity cutouts and Nb coating deposited on Cu substrate. For the Nb3Sn coating, it was found that one half cavity performed poorly due to insufficient and varying thickness of the Nb3Sn layer. Sn-deficiency regions were also observed in the cutouts that could impact superconducting performance. For the Nb film on Cu, preliminary issues identified included surface roughness and potential small Nb carbide inclusions, while no heavy element contamination or grain boundary oxides were found. Further investigation is needed to understand the structural properties.
Proslier - Localized magnetism on the Surface of Niobium: experiments and theorythinfilmsworkshop
Localized magnetism exists on the surface of niobium, as evidenced by experiments and supported by theory. Point contact spectroscopy, SQUID, and EPR measurements show the presence of paramagnetic moments in niobium oxides that increase with mild baking and decrease with high temperature baking. Theoretical modeling of the residual resistance matches experimental data and attributes it to magnetic impurities in the niobium oxide layer, with a concentration of around 250 ppm or 6×1012/cm2. Surface treatments like baking modify the concentration of magnetic moments, providing an explanation for changes in cavity performance.
This document summarizes research on topological transport in antimony (Sb) quantum wells. Key points include:
1) Sb is predicted to be a topological semimetal or insulator depending on film thickness. Thin Sb films were grown by MBE to suppress bulk conduction and study topological surface states.
2) Magneto-transport measurements on Hall bar devices show weak antilocalization, consistent with topological surface states. Parameters like the phase breaking length are independent of film thickness.
3) A simple two-channel model of surface and bulk conduction quantitatively fits the high field magnetoresistance evolution with decreasing thickness.
Overall the results provide evidence for topological surface states in thin Sb
Mitsunobu - Status of KEK Studies of Superconducting Thin Films by Pulsed La...thinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Status of KEK studies on MgB2 (Shinji Mitsunobu - 20')
Speaker: Shinji Mitsunobu - KEK | Duration: 20 min.
Abstract
We have been engaged in fabrication of high-Tc or MgB thin films on
metallic substrates. At the international workshop on thin films in
Padova, we showed our basic idea to make an accelerating-mode cavity.
In the last of this paper, we report a subsequent development, mainly a
partial success in fabricating superconducting film on a quadrant
cavity of an accelerator structure. In the beginning, we describe some
results concerning fabrication of films on Niobium and Titanium
surfaces.
Studies of Nb and Nb3Sn thin films by PLD will be shown.
Dielectric Properties of Samarium Doped- Sodium Potassium Niobate Thin Films ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Dielectric Properties of Samarium Doped- Sodium Potassium Niobate Thin Films by Umar Al-Amani Azlan* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
This document provides an overview of microstrip antennas, including:
1) Microstrip antennas are low profile, lightweight, and inexpensive to manufacture. They have limitations such as low efficiency and narrow bandwidth.
2) Microstrip antennas generally consist of a metallic patch on a dielectric substrate with a ground plane. The substrate properties, such as thickness and dielectric constant, impact antenna performance.
3) Feeding techniques include microstrip lines, coaxial probes, aperture coupling, and proximity coupling. Surface waves can reduce efficiency and must be considered in substrate selection.
Krishnan - Energetic Condensation Growth of Nb films for SRF Acceleratorsthinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Energetic Condensation Growth of Nb films for SRF accelerators (Mahadevan Krishnan - 30')
Speaker: Mahadevan Krishnan - Alameda Applied Sciences Corporation | Duration: 30 min.
Abstract
AASC, Jefferson Lab and NSU conduct research into new SRF thin-film coatings by first characterizing the materials properties such as morphology, grain size, crystalline structure, defects, and impurities, then measuring properties such as Tc and RRR and following this with ‘in-cavity’ RF measurements of the Surface Impedance of the films at cryogenic temperatures. These progressive steps are essential to the eventual design of SRF accelerator structures and to measure Q-slope and other performance parameters at high fields.
This paper describes recent results from pure Nb thin-films grown on a-plane and c-plane sapphire, MgO as well as on amorphous substrates. Substrate preparation is shown to be critical to good electrical properties of the film. The sapphire and MgO substrates were heated up to 700 deg C and subsequently coated at 300, 500 and 700 deg C. Film thickness was varied from ~0.25µm up to >3µm. RRR and Tc were measured. The XRD data yielded pole figures, intensity vs. 2-θ and intensity vs. φ plots. These data were complemented by EBSD and SEM images. RRR values ranging from ~10 up to ~333 have been measured and correlated with the XRD data. Good crystallinity is associated with high RRR. Single crystalline (110) epitaxial layers of Nb films are grown well on a-plane sapphire substrates at different temperatures. Nb films have also been grown on Cu substrates, as well as on MgO and borosilicate substrates. The significance of crystalline structure observed on amorphous substrates is discussed in light of its implications for future, lower-cost SRF cavities.
Iwashita - Laminated conductor structure for rf in normal conducting casethinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Laminated Conductor Structure for RF in normal conducting case (Yoshihisa Iwashita - 20')
Speaker: Yoshihisa Iwashita - Kyoto University | Duration: 20 min.
Abstract
Laminated conductor structure for RF was proposed by A.M. Clogston in 1951.The motivation was to reduce the skin-effect loss caused by Joule heating.When the currents are well distributed to conductor foils that is thinner than the skin depth, the current density can be reduced and the power dissipation in the conductor can be reduced.This structure, however, has not been practically used, maybe because of some restrictions to apply. When we apply the similar layered structure for superconducting (sc.) surfaces, similar restriction may hit.Some thoughts that may be useful for sc. from the study on normal conducting case will be discussed.
Thin films are layers of material ranging from 10-500 nanometers thick. Thin film technology is used in many applications like microelectronics, optics, and magnetic coatings. There are various deposition techniques used to fabricate thin films, including physical vapor deposition methods like sputtering and evaporation, and chemical vapor deposition methods like plasma-enhanced CVD and low-pressure CVD. Each deposition technique has advantages and disadvantages depending on the substrate and material properties. Thin films are used to produce microelectronics, sensors, tailored materials, optical coatings, and corrosion/wear resistant coatings.
The document discusses advanced ceramic substrates for microelectronic systems. It describes desired substrate properties such as high electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity. It also discusses common ceramic materials used as substrates like silicon carbide and aluminum nitride and their fabrication methods. The document outlines the definitions, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties to consider for ceramic substrates. It also covers metallization techniques for ceramic substrates, such as thick film and thin film processes.
This document describes a project on the formation of PbS thin films using the chemical bath deposition technique. The aims are to deposit PbS thin films using CBD, study the effect of different precursor solutions, and characterize the films using XRD. CBD is described as a low-cost deposition method using controlled chemical reactions. Procedures for depositing PbS films using lead acetate and lead nitrate precursors are provided. XRD results show the films are PbS cubic crystals with grain sizes of 41.9nm and 45.44nm for lead nitrate and acetate, respectively. Conductivity tests show the films are p-type. The effect of varying lead concentration is also studied.
Synthesis and characterisation of k doped zno 1Jeslin Mattam
Thin film technology has been developed for integrated circuits. Thin films are two-dimensional due to their small thickness and need a substrate. They are created through atomic/molecular processes like chemical vapor deposition or physical deposition. Structural properties are analyzed using electron diffraction and electrical properties depend on temperature. Optical measurements determine band structure and lattice vibrations. Applications include drug delivery, optical coatings, transistors, solar cells, and metallurgical coatings. Zinc oxide thin films were synthesized with potassium doping and analyzed. X-ray diffraction showed the films were phase pure wurtzite structure. Resistance decreased and particle size increased with higher doping concentration.
The document discusses developing a biosensor that can work in salt solutions. It summarizes work on:
1) Creating "digital" nanowire sensors that detect making/breaking electrical connections as nanowires bridge electrodes.
2) Functionalizing carbon nanofibers for biomolecular recognition and controlling nonspecific binding.
3) Demonstrating real-time detection of enzymatic DNA cleavage in saline solutions by breaking the nanowire connection.
Synthesis and structural properties of Mg (OH)2 on RF sputtered Mg thin films...IJASCSE
The document summarizes research on synthesizing magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) on magnesium thin films deposited by radio frequency sputtering. Mg thin films were processed in hot water at 95°C for various time durations. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the growth of preferentially oriented Mg(OH)2 phases with increased process time above 4 hours. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the formation of Mg(OH)2 on the Mg thin films after hot water processing. Atomic force microscopy images revealed that the processed Mg thin films had a denser nature and increased particle size with longer process times of 1 and 6 hours.
Anne marie valente-feliciano - multilayer approach to increase the performanc...thinfilmsworkshop
For the past three decades, bulk niobium has been the material of choice for SRF cavities applications. RF cavity performance is now approaching the theoretical limit for bulk niobium. For further improvement of RF cavity performance for future accelerator projects, Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) multilayer structures (as proposed by Alex Gurevich) present the theoretical prospect to reach RF performance beyond bulk Nb, using thinly layered higher-Tc superconductors with enhanced Hc1. Jefferson Lab (JLab) is pursuing this approach with the development of NbTiN and AlN based multilayer SIS structures via magnetron sputtering and High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS). This contribution presents the characterization of NbTiN and insulator films and some RF measurements on NbTiN-based multilayer structures.
Lobanov - Nb-sputtered 150 MHz Quarter-wave Resonators for ANU Linac Upgradethinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Nb sputtered 150 MHz quarter-wave resonators for ANU LINAC Upgrade (Nikolai Lobanov - 20')
Speaker: Nikolai Lobanov - The Australian National University | Duration: 20 min.
Similar to Shulze - Surface and Thin Film Characterization of Superconducting Multilayer films for Application in RF Accelerator Cavities (20)
There is no dubt that the subject of superconducting resonant cavities is a fascinating field both physical and engineering point of view.
The application of superconductivity to the world of resonant cavities has made achievable results unimaginable otherwise.
Independently of the special field of application, superconducting resonant circuits have superior performances compared to roo-temperatire circuits.
However the greatest resource of such devices stays not in the high quality of the results already obtained, but in all potential applications and new ideas that must be still developed.
When hearing about persistent currents recirculating for several year in a superconducting loop without any appreciable decay, we realize that we are dealing with a phenomenon wich in nature is the closest we know to the perpetual motion.
The zero resistivity and the perfect diamagnetism in Mercury at 4.2 K, the discovery of superconducting materials, finally the revolution of the "liquid Nitrogen superconductivity": Nature discloses drop by drop its intimate secrets.
Nobody can exclude that the final surpreise must still come.
The document discusses plans to form an international collaboration to study future circular colliders at CERN, including a 100 TeV proton-proton collider (FCC-hh), a lepton collider (FCC-ee), and a lepton-hadron collider (FCC-he). It outlines initial parameters and opportunities for the superconducting radio frequency (RF) systems, which will need to provide up to 100 MW of continuous wave power to accelerate beams. Key areas of study for the large-scale FCC RF systems include cavity and cryomodule technology, reliability, efficiency, and operational aspects.
This works deals with the A15 compound synthesis on niobium samples and over the
internal surface of niobium cavities by means of induction heating. Specifically, three compounds were studied: Nb3Ga, Nb3Al and Nb-Al-Ga. As for the preparation of the niobium samples, they were treated with BCP solution in order to polish the surface. The niobium cavities were treated with centrifugal tumbling, BCP solution and high pressure water rising. Subsequent, the samples, or cavities, were placed into an inductor controlling the voltage, time, sample position, temperature, type and pressure of gas used. The highest critical temperature
obtained was 18 K and Tc 0,35 K, in Nb-Al-Ga#1 sample by inductive measurement.
Mapping analysis showed the uniform diffusion of aluminum into the niobium, and the gallium diffuses creating channels into niobium. The composition was measured by EDS obtaining (82±1)% wt. Niobium, (11,3±0,9)% wt. Gallium, (4,7±0,2)% wt. Aluminum and (1,9±0,1)% wt. Oxygen. Finally, RF test confirmed that the cavities obtained after the annealing were normal conductive indicating that the preparation parameters must still be optimized.
In questi ultimi anni i problemi energetici e ambientali hanno favorito lo sviluppo di un nuovo settore della ricerca riguardo la produzione di energia pulita sfruttando fenomeni naturali. L'attenzione dei ricercatori è stata catturata dalla possibilità di convertire l'energia solare luminosa
in energia elettrica. Questo processo di conversione, nato nella prima metà del XX secolo, permette di produrre correnti elettriche anche in piccola scala, senza la realizzazione di imponenti impianti industriali e soprattutto senza la produzione si scorie inquinanti. Sono nate così le prime celle solari
a effetto fotovoltaico.
Gli sviluppi hanno portato a diversi risultati e al giorno d'oggi l'energia fotovoltaica ha ormai fatto il suo ingresso nella vita quotidiana. Sia i favori delle industrie, sia l'interesse dei privati cittadini, contribuiscono a espandere questo tipo di ricerca, ottenendo numerosi successi nell'aumento
dell'efficienza di conversione energetica. Dal punto di vista della scienza dei materiali la prima cosa che viene in mente pensando alle celle
fotovoltaiche è il silicio. A tutti gli effetti la maggior parte delle celle sul commercio sono costituite da silicio policristallino, per le sue ottime qualità e proprietà di resa. Tuttavia esistono anche una moltitudine di altri composti, alcuni più recenti di altri, che sono ancora nell'occhio dei ricercatori, un esempio ne sono i recenti foto-materiali organici. Spesso però i costi di realizzazione sono alti per ottenere rese elevate, rendendo così proibitive le realizzazioni su impianti industriali. L'ossido rameoso (Cu2O) è stato uno dei capostipiti dei materiali utilizzati nelle celle fotovoltaiche.
Fin dal suo primo utilizzo nel 1958 esso ha presentato le caratteristiche di semiconduttore necessarie alla realizzazione di impianti fotovoltaici. Rispetto ai sui cugini più nobili, presenta delle efficienze minori, ma anche un costo decisamente più basso. Il rame infatti, da innumerevoli anni, è un elemento largamente sfruttato in tutti i campi dell'elettronica e non solo, e la realizzazione di ossidi specifici non comporta processi troppo complessi o costosi.
La ricerca nel campo dell'ossido rameoso è riuscita a migliorare le sue qualità all'interno del mondo fotovoltaico rendendo possibile la realizzazione di celle solari a costi contenuti.
Per questo motivo il Cu2O è tutt'oggi un materiale in grado di competere nel moderno panorama della ricerca solare fotovoltaica.
Il plasma è un supporto particolarmente attivo dal punto di vista chimico e fisico. In base al modo con cui viene attivato e alla potenza di lavoro, può generare temperature basse o molto elevate e viene definito rispettivamente come plasma freddo o caldo. Quest’ampio range di temperature lo rende adatto a numerose applicazioni tecnologiche: rivestimento di superficie, smaltimento rifiuti, trattamento dei gas, sintesi chimiche, lavorazioni industriali. La maggior parte di queste applicazioni del plasma non sono ancora state industrializzate, sebbene il loro sfruttamento rispetti strettamente le norme sull’inquinamento.
I plasmi caldi (specialmente quelli ad arco) sono ampiamente industrializzati, con particolare diffusione all’interno del settore aereonautico. La tecnologia dei plasmi freddi è stata sviluppata in microelettronica, ma le apparecchiature da vuoto richieste ne limitano l’applicabilità.
Al fine di evitare l’inconveniente associato al vuoto, molti laboratori hanno provato a trasferire a pressione atmosferica processi che attualmente lavorano in vuoto. Le ricerche condotte hanno portato alla scoperta di varie ed innovative sorgenti che verranno descritte in questo elaborato.
Dopo un riassunto sui differenti tipi di plasmi, saranno descritte le varie sorgenti in termini di design, condizioni di lavoro e proprietà del plasma. In seguito l’attenzione sarà spostata sulle varie applicazioni (analisi spettroscopica, trattamento dei gas e processi sui materiali).
The lowest possible surface resistivity and higher accelerating field are the paramount
considerations, hence are obligatory for accelerating cavities. Since, superconducting materials
are used to make radio-frequency cavities for future accelerators. In the case of rf cavities,
superconductors are being used in order to minimize the power dissipated and increase the
figures of merit of a radio-frequency cavity, such as the quality factor and accelerating gradient.
Hence, these could be achieved by improving surface treatment to the cavity, and processing
techniques must be analyzed in order to optimize these figures of merit.
The research work reported in this dissertation mainly carried out on tesla type seamless 6GHz
Nb and Cu cavities. We have developed two innovative techniques: firstly, for mechanical
polishing of cavities, and secondly for purification of these cavities at atmospheric pressure under
cover of 4Helium gas (for protection) and at ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system. These cavities are
fabricated by spinning technology to create seamless cavities.
The main advantages of 6 GHz bulk-Nb cavities are saving cost, materials and time to collect
statistics of surface treatments and RF test in a very short time scale. Cavities are RF tested
before and after high temperature treatment under atmospheric pressure (under cover of inert gas
atmosphere to protect inner and outer surface of cavity) inside transparent quartz tube, and under
UHV conditions. Induction heating method is used to anneal the cavity at temperatures higher
than 2000°C and close to the melting point of Nb for less than a minute while few seconds at
maximum temperature. Before RF test and UHV annealing, the surface treatment processes like
tumbling, chemical, electro-chemical (such as BCP and EP), ultrasonic cleaning and high
pressure rinsing (HPR) have been employed. High temperature treatment for few minutes at
atmospheric pressure allow to reduce hydrogen, oxygen and other elemental impurities, which
effects on cavity Q-factor degradation, hence recovers rf performances of these cavities. This
research work will address these problems and illustrate the importance of surface treatments.
6 GHz spun seamless Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities are a very
useful tool for testing alternative surface treatments in the fabrication of TESLA cavity.
However, the spinning technique has also some drawbacks like contamination, surface
damage in internal part due to the collapsible mandrel line. The first important step of
the surface treatments is the mechanical polishing. For this purpose, a new, cheap, easy
and highly efficient tumbling approach based on vibration was developed.
Before this approach was conceived, a few other methods, such as Turbula,
Centrifugal Barrel Polishing (CBP), custom Zigzag tumbler and “flower brush” have
been studied and tested. But the result was not so satisfactory neither for the low erosion
rate nor for the unstableness of the system nor for the complicated polishing process. At
last, a vibration system with a simple structure, working stably was created after two
experiments.
Another important task of the thesis is to update the optical inspection system for 6
GHz cavities. 3 stepper motors motor was added to move and rotate the cavity and
realized auto focus of the miniature camera. A software was developed to achieve a full
cavity photographed by one key operation using LabVIEW.
A high-efficiency mechanical polishing system is generally judged by two aspects:
one is whether the surface property satisfies the demand after polishing; the other is
whether the erosion rate can reach and be stabilized at a high value which is comparable
or greater than the existing products. The Radio Frequency (RF) test result indicates that
the vibration system is feasible. The latest erosion rate 1 gram/hour i.e. removing 13
microns depth of inner surface materials per hour exceeds the performance of CBP,
which is widely used in other laboratories in the world.
The mechanical polishing process is elaborated and cavities that have been polished
are listed. Several influencing factors on the erosion rate, such as tumbling time, media,
signal and multi-cavities and plate direction are discussed at the end.
A preliminary design of 1.3 GHz vibration system as the future development is
provided for the next plan.
In questo lavoro di tesi verrà presentato un primo prototipo di un mini inceneritore al plasma per la pirolisi dei rifiuti medicali basato sulla tecnologia delle torce al plasma a microonde (MW) con tecnologia domestica a basso costo.
Si inizia con una breve e generale descrizione sulle problematiche dei rifiuti, della loro classificazione e delle norme che ne regolano lo smaltimento. Quindi si parlerà delle norme necessarie per l‟identificazione dei rifiuti medicali ed infine verrà riassunta la modalità di gestione dei rifiuti secondo la normativa in vigore.
Successivamente saranno descritti alcuni metodi di termodistruzione dei rifiuti ospedalieri come la combustione negli inceneritori tradizionali, e alcuni metodi alternativi, come il trattamento al plasma atmosferico, andando ad analizzare vantaggi e svantaggi di ogni tecnologia.
L‟attenzione sarà quindi focalizzata sul plasma atmosferico e sulla descrizione delle sue proprietà. Quindi saranno descritti diversi tipi di plasma atmosferico in base alle condizioni operative di alimentazione e delle loro strutture concentrando le nostre attenzioni verso le torce al plasma atmosferico basate sulle microonde.
Quindi si descriverà la realizzazione di una torcia al plasma atmosferico utilizzando i componenti a basso costo dei normali forni a microonde e con l‟obbiettivo di utilizzare questa torcia sia nel settore industriale che nella ricerca.
Tale torcia, realizzata con componenti commerciali domestici a basso costo, costituirà il cuore del prototipo di mini inceneritore che è stato progettato, realizzato, descritto e testato in laboratorio. Verrà quindi illustrata l‟efficacia di trattamento di materiale rappresentativo di rifiuti medicali come: carta, cotone idrofilo e tessuti organici biologici.
Infine verranno descritte le linee guida per gli sviluppi futuri del prototipo al fine di aumentarne l‟efficienza nel trattamento dei rifiuti, nel recupero dell‟energia derivante dalla combustione dei syn-gas e nella purificazione dei gas da agenti inquinanti.
This document provides a thermo-mechanical design of a high power neutron converter for the SPIRAL2 Facility. It includes 3 key parts:
1. A description of the neutron converter design including the graphite neutron converter, cooling system, delay window, beam collimator, and other components.
2. Analysis of material activation, radiation damage effects, and lifetime considerations for the graphite and other materials used.
3. Thermo-mechanical design calculations for the 50kW and 200kW neutron converters including temperature distributions, stresses, and deformations to validate the design meets specifications. Testing results of graphite evaporation rates, delay window performance, and ball bearing performance are also summarized.
This document is the dissertation of Zhang Yan for the degree of Ph.D. It summarizes his research on sputtering niobium films into RF cavities and sputtering of superconducting V3Si films. The dissertation contains 6 chapters that discuss sputtering techniques for niobium cavities, sputtering niobium films on an RFQ model, co-sputtering and reactive sputtering of V3Si films, and thermal diffusion of V3Si films. The research aimed to develop sputtering methods for producing superconducting coatings on RF cavities and investigate the properties of V3Si films for potential use in superconducting radio frequency applications.
Il forno in alto vuoto della TAV è stato costruito per l’Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare agli inizi degli anni novanta ed è installato presso i Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (PD) nello stabilimento Alte Energie.
E’ stato realizzato in collaborazione con la ditta milanese TAV, che ha sede a Caravaggio (MI), specializzata nella produzione di forni in vuoto. E’ stato così possibile realizzare un forno mai costruito prima e che rispondeva appieno alle esigenze richieste.
Il forno in vuoto allora in uso era un modello a caricamento orizzontale le cui pareti interne e le resistenze erano realizzate in grafite. Da allora il vecchio forno è stato congedato, mentre il nuovo impianto è entrato subito in funzione per eseguire le brasature e i trattamenti termici sulle cavità acceleratici superconduttive a quarto d’onda dell’impianto Alpi.
Da allora fino ad oggi, il nuovo forno è sempre stato operativo, e grazie ad esso è stato possibile realizzare una grande varietà di trattamenti termici e brasature, per le più svariate applicazioni e impieghi.
La tecnologia degli acceleratori di particelle è tradizionalmente un serbatoio da cui attingere per il trasferimento di conoscenze tecniche dall’ambito della ricerca di base all’industria; in questo campo i Laboratori Nazionali de Legnaro dell’Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (LNL – INFN) vantano una lunga esperienza come ente di ricerca di alto livello sia in ambito italiano che internazionale, nello sviluppo di nuove tecniche di accelerazione e nell’applicazione di conoscenze e metodologie tipiche della scienza dei materiali al campo degli acceleratori di particelle. Il master in Trattamenti di superficie applicati a tecnologie meccaniche innovative per l’industria si inserisce in questo contesto e funge da ponte per il trasferimento del bagaglio di conoscenze maturate durante gli anni per il trattamento dei materiali delle cavità acceleratrici a realtà industriali presenti sul territorio nazionale.
Il trattamento superficiale di una cavità acceleratrice superconduttiva è un passaggio fondamentale nella sua realizzazione, in quanto predispone lo strato superficiale del risonatore stesso a sostenere le condizioni di vuoto, temperatura ed alti campi elettrici presenti durante il funzionamento nell’acceleratore; questi trattamenti presuppongono un’approfondita conoscenza della scienza dei materiali ed una robusta preparazione di tipo applicativo oltre che teorico.
Il lavoro di questa tesi prende l’avvio da due istanze fondamentali, cioè
dall’applicazione delle conoscenze fisiche, chimiche e meccaniche apprese nel corso del master e dalla tradizione nello sviluppo di nuove tecniche di accelerazione dei Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro con il fine di realizzare e caratterizzare un nuovo tipo di strutture acceleranti basate sul concetto di cristallo fotonico o photonic band gap (PBG) applicato alle microonde.
Durante questo lavoro si sono quindi realizzati alcuni prototipi di cavità PBG risuonanti a 14 e 6 GHz, in rame ed in niobio superconduttivo, sviluppando un metodo realizzativo che permettesse di evitare il ricorso a costose saldature electron beam; le cavità così realizzate sono state trattate superficialmente adattando il protocollo di trattamento utilizzato per altre cavità costruite nei Laboratori e studiando nuove strade tecniche per la loro finitura superficiale. Infine si è proceduto ad adattare i sistemi criogenici e RF
integrandoli per caratterizzare le cavità costruite.Questo progetto si inserisce in una collaborazione fra i Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro
e la sezione INFN di Napoli, che ha fornito il supporto teorico sulla teoria dei cristalli fotonici applicati agli acceleratori e ha contribuito al progetto delle cavità attraverso le simulazioni dei campi elettromagnetici in cavità; il gruppo di legnaro si è occupato, oltre che della costruzione, dei trattamenti di superficie e delle misure, anche della parte riguardante la superconduttività in Radiofrequenza.
L’obiettivo di questo lavoro consiste nella progettazione e costruzione di un sistema UHV multicamera per la deposizione di film sottili. La tecnica
utilizzata per crescere i ricoprimenti sottili in questo caso è l’arco catodico continuo e pulsato. Questa tecnica permette di depositare film di elevato spessore in tempi estremamente veloci. La sorgente è pressoché puntiforme in confronto allo sputtering ed i film possono essere più spessi e più puri.
L’arc vapour deposition è una tecnica di deposizione di film sottiliche cade nella grande famiglia del PVD. Essa consiste nella vaporizzazione, da un elettrodo, del materiale che si vuole depositare per mezzo di un arco. La tecnica è veloce, efficiente e relativamente poco costosa: di conseguenza è uno dei metodi più usati a livello industriale per ottenere deposizioni di film sottili con ottime proprietà meccaniche.
Negli ultimi anni si stanno effettuando numerose ricerche, sia sperimentali sia
teoriche, al fine di mettere in evidenza come questa tecnica possa essere molto utile per produrre dei film sottili in grado di aumentare le proprietà fisiche e chimiche dei rivestimenti (come ad esempio un aumento della densità, un miglioramento dell’adesione al substrato, della stechiometria dei composti e di ulteriori caratteristiche chimico-fisiche).
In particolare la letteratura russa tratta numerosi esempi di come la tecnica
dell’arco, proprio grazie all’alto grado di ionizzazione dei vapori prodotti, renda possibile la produzione di rivestimenti con determinate proprietà chimico-fisiche e strutturali per particolari condizioni di processo, non altrimenti ottenibili con altre tecniche competitive quali il magnetron sputtering o l’evaporazione tramite electron beam Come si vedrà in
seguito, infatti, l’arc vapour deposition ha il grandissimo vantaggio di controllare non solo la ionizzazione degli atomi che si vogliono depositare, attraverso una combinazione di campi elettrici e magnetici, ma anche l’energia con la quale gli ioni arrivano sul substrato.
Le sorgenti ad arco vengono inoltre utilizzate come sorgenti per LRQ EHDP che
devono produrre elevate densità di corrente.
Nel mondo industriale, infatti, questa tecnica riscuote molto interesse.Il deposito tramite arco catodico è un processo fisico sottovuoto che consente la
crescita di film duri, compatti ed aderenti su un ampio spettro di materiali al di sotto dei 300°C: Il film, estremamente sottile, ha durezze da 1000 a 3500 HV: le applicazioni industriali sono molte e variano dalla ricopertura di utensili da taglio agli tampi per le materie plastiche e lavorazioni meccaniche, da prodotti d’arredamento (maniglie, copri interruttori, pomoli, etc.) a componentistica da bagno (rubinetti, docce, tubi, etc.).
......
Fu una scoperta sensazionale quando Jun Akimitsu e colleghi annunciarono la loro scoperta nel gennaio 2001 che il diboruro di magnesio diveniva superconduttore attorno ai 40 K. L’interesse degli autori era inizialmente rivolto verso il semiconduttore CaB6 , il quale diviene ferromagnetico a seguito di trattamento leggero di doping. La loro intenzione era quella di sostituire parzialmente degli atomi di carbonio con altri di magnesio, omologo come shells elettronici ma più leggero, e gli parve conveniente utilizzare il diboruro di magnesio (ben noto sin dal 1953) per questo scopo.
L’aspetto interessante è che il magnesio diboruro è un composto molto usato nelle reazioni di sintesi del boro, dei borani, o di bururi di metalli di transizione e facilmente reperibile in qualsiasi laboratorio di chimica. E’ dunque facile immaginarsi lo stupore del mondo scientifico quando fu
comunicato che il MgB2 diviene superconduttore a temperature mai raggiunte sino ad allora da sistemi basati su semplici leghe intermetalliche non ossidate. Le fievoli speranze ed il derivante
mitigato interesse che vi era attorno ai superconduttori all’inizio della seconda metà del 1900 era dovuto soprattutto a due figure ....
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
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The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
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Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
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Charlie Greenberg, host
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Shulze - Surface and Thin Film Characterization of Superconducting Multilayer films for Application in RF Accelerator Cavities
1. Surface and Thin Film Characterization of
Superconducting Multilayer films for Application in RF
Accelerator Cavities
A.T. Zocco, T. Tajima, M. Hawley, Y.Y. Zhang, N.F. Haberkorn, L. Civale, and R.K. Schulze, Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
T. Prolier, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
B. Moeckly, Superconducting Technologies, Inc., 460 Ward Drive, Santa Barbara, CA 93111 USA
The Fourth International Workshop on: Thin films and New Ideas for Pushing the Limits of RF
Superconductivity, Padua, IT October 4-6, 2010
This work has been supported by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency
and DOE Office of Science Nuclear Physics
Slide 1
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
2. The key idea of using a thin film superconductor is the fact that Bc1
increases when the thickness is d< λL (penetration depth)
• The RF critical magnetic field HRF in a
• Use thin films with thickness d < λL to
type-II superconductor is somewhere
enhance the lower critical field
between Hc1 and Hc2
[Gurevich, APL 88 (2006) 012511]
MgB2
Coherence length 5 nm
Penetration depth 140 nm
See Tajima talk for further details
Slide 2
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
3. An example: Coating 105 nm MgB2 layer could sustain 355 mT,
corresponding to ~100 MV/m with Bpeak /Eacc ~ 3.6 mT/(MV/m)
Simple single layer example Eacc ~ 100 MV/m
• Assumptions
Hc1(Nb) = 0.17 T
λ(MgB2) = 140 nm
ξ(MgB2) = 5 nm
H0 = 355mT
• Hc1(MgB2) = 355 mT Hi = 170mT
• d = 105 nm
• The film thickness needs to be determined so that the
decayed field at the Nb surface is below the RF critical
field of Nb (~200 mT).
Nb
MgB2
See Tajima talk for further
details
Dielectric
material d = 105 nm
Slide 3
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
4. Materials and Deposition Methods:
Polymer assisted deposition (PAD) for NbN - LANL
Sequential reactive coevaporation for MgB2 - STI
Coevaporation with 2 e-beam sources for MgB2 - Kagoshima University
Atomic layer deposition for dielectrics Al2O3, MgO, Y2O3 - ANL
Future CVD and PECVD for NbN and MgB2 - LANL
Characterization Tools:
XRD
SEM
SPM - STM, AFM This talk
XPS
Auger spectroscopy and sputter ion depth profiling
PPMS - Tc
Magnetometry - Hc1 See Tajima talk for further details
RF power measurements - SLAC
Materials and thin film characterization carried out in concert with deposition
methods is critical for fine tuning synthesis methods and desired superconducting and
RF performance properties:
Chemistry and phase at surfaces and interfaces
Interface mixing
Film thickness
Slide 4
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
5. Film synthesis methods
Polymer assisted deposition of NbN MgB2
Reactive co-evaporation method
PAD solution:
NbCl2, NH4OH, polyethyleneimine, HF,
H2O
Spin coat to thin film on substrate -
provides basis of thin film structure for
starting material NbCl2
Anneal (~1000°C) in reactive atmosphere
to provide oriented growth of
microcrystalline domains:
NH3 to produce NbN
CH4 to produce NbC
Zou, GF, et al., Chem. Comm. 45 (2008) 6022 B.H. Moeckly and W.S. Ruby, Supercond. Sci.
Technol. 19 (2006) L21–L24
Slide 5
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
6. Nb substrate conditioning
Required to remove excessive
surface oxide to avoid reactions
with deposited thin films and 4
x 10
improves surface magnetic 18
properties - less dissipation Nb
16
metallic
14
small amount of
Nb sub-oxide
12
XPS high resolution scan
Nb3d XPS 10
c/s
Before anneal mostly Nb oxide 8
After anneal 800°C in UHV, surface
is mostly Nb metal with a bit of 6
partial oxidation (high binding After anneal (blue)
energy tailing) 4
Small amount of oxygen left at
2
surface after anneal by XPS Before anneal (red)
0 Nb2O5
220 218 216 214 212 210 208 206 204 202 200 198
Binding Energy (eV)
Slide 6
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
7. Angle Resolved XPS used to determine Nb2O5 oxide layer thickness resulting from
BCP treatment on Nb metal crystal plate
XPS intensities for photoemission peaks associated with the oxide overlayer, and the underlying
intrinsic metal were used. The intensity, I, of photoelectron emission from each layer, i, can be
described by the equation, where Io is the bulk intensity, which is dependent on the atom b
volume density and is taken as unity for the base metal and some lower fraction for the oxide o
based on material densities. l is the distance that the electron travels through the material
before exiting the surface into the vacuum and is described as l=d/sinθ, where d is the thickness
I i
= I i " # i" &exp($l / % i )dl
a
of the oxide overlayer, and θ the angle of electron emission relative to the surface plane. λ is
inelastic mean free path of the electron in the solid. For the oxide overlayer we integrate from
l=0 to l=d/sinθ, and for the base metal we integrate from l=d/sinθ to ∞ for the bulk substrate.
ARXPS reveals an oxide layer that is 27-30Å thick resulting from the BCP treatment
!
3 different photoelectron take off angles (TOA) relative to the surface plane: 90°, 45°, and 20°. The Nb3d manifold is curve fit to
extract intensity data for the Nb in the form of Nb2O5 (oxide overlayer) and Nb in the form of metal (base substrate). The spin orbit
couple peaks were constrained to a ratio of 3/2, expected theoretically. The metal peaks were fit using asymmetric broadening
following theory from Doniac and Suncic, and the oxide peaks were simple Gaussian-Lawrencian. Slide 7
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
8. NbN Surface and Thin Film Analysis
• NbN intrinsic Tc = 16K
• thin superconducting films produced by PAD method
• with current deposition and annealing parameters films are N poor
• low oxygen content critical for yielding superconductivity
• incomplete coverage (pinhole) issues need to be resolved - AFM and XPS
• annealing conditions critical in determining micro-nanostructure of films
grain size and surface roughness - AFM
• relative atomic sensitivity factors in Auger spectroscopy not yet correct - need
standard
Slide 8
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
9. NbN Surface and Thin Film Analysis - surface morphology by AFM
SRF-NbN6-1
1 x 1 µm
RMS = 10.6 nm
on Al2O3
SRF-NbN6-2
1 x 1 µm
RMS = 5.1 nm
on SrTiO3
SRF-NbN3-3
4 x 4 µm
RMS = 21.6 nm
on Al2O3
Topographic Image Phase Image Slide 9
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
10. NbN films - surfaces vs. Comment: sample NbN3_2, NbN on sapphire produced by PAD process
bulk film Atomic Concentration Table
C1s N1s O1s Al2p Nb3d
[0.296] [0.499] [0.711] [0.193] [3.127]
1.30 25.38 17.45 11.58 44.29
XPS spectroscopy measurement on surface
and after sputter ion clean of 10 nm (into
main bulk of film) shows relatively high
oxygen (17.45% atomic) and a small
amount of carbon (1.3% atomic). Some of
the O signal may be from the incomplete
coverage of sapphire.
Na, Si, and most of the C at the surface are
just surface impurities from processing or air
exposure.
Nb:N ratio here is measured to be 1.7. The after 10 nm sputter clean
NbN films tend to be nitrogen deficient.
The balance in the nitrogen deficiency may
be made up by the O and C impurity levels.
on surface
Slide 10
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
11. NbN film - profile
Auger survey spectrum taken at 12 nm point
in profile shows O, C, and Al in addition to
the Nb and N. C is in a metal carbide
chemical form.
Relatively high O (>5%) and C (~5%) level
in bulk of film
No superconductivity
Slide 11
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
12. NbN film - profile
XPS survey spectrum taken at 8 nm point in
profile shows a very clean film.
Oxygen <2% atomic
Tc = 9.5K
Slide 12
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
13. NbN film - excessive oxygen in film
5 NbN4_6.spe
x 10
4.5
-Nb3d
4
-Nb3p3 -Nb3p1
3.5
3
2.5
-N1s
at 10 nm sputter depth
c/s
2 -Nb3s
File Name: NbN4_6.spe
-O1s
1.5 Comment: PAD NbN on sapphire from YYZ sample
NbN4-2
--------------------------
1
-N KLL
-Nb4p
Atomic Concentration Table - RSF in [brackets]
-O KLL
--------------------------
0.5 -Al2p N1s O1s Al2s Nb3d
-Al2s
[0.499] [0.711] [0.312] [3.127]
0 32.55 9.53 4.43 53.49
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
Binding Energy (eV)
Al and some of the O signal is from the sapphire substrate due to
incomplete coverage (holes) of the NbN film
Slide 13
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
14. MgB2 Surface and Thin Film Analysis
• MgB2 intrinsic Tc = 39K
• thin superconducting films produced by codeposition methods
• high quality films are being produced - Tc, stoichiometry, interfaces good, RF
performance, Hc1
• some issues with stability and interface mixing (inter reactions)
• oxygen from substrate or dielectric may cause chemical interference at
interfaces
• for Auger spectroscopy and Auger thin film profiling there exists an overlap in
the low energy Nb and B Auger peaks. Principal component analysis used to
effectively separate signals for these two elements. The Mg chemical states of
MgB2 and MgO may also be separated.
Slide 14
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
15. MgB2 Surface and Thin Film Analysis
principal component analysis (PCA) in Auger profiling spectroscopy
Separating B and Nb B
Auger peaks
B Nb
Nb
sum to fit
experiment
Mg in MgB2
Separating Mg in
MgB2 and Mg in MgO Mg in MgB2
Auger signals
Mg in MgO
Mg in MgO
sum to fit
experiment
Slide 15
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
16. MgB2 Surface Analysis - surface alteration due to air exposure for a thick film (100 nm)
Note:
Ultrathin films show full depletion
of B from altered surface layer -
see below
Slide 16
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
17. MgB2 film structure
surface oxide
Mg-B oxide
Mg-B oxide
Mg oxide
MgB2 Nb
Intended:
100nm MgB2 on 10nm B on Nb x 10
5
substrate 3
C1
O1
Mg2
B1
2.5 Nb1
Thin film structure complicated:
1) Nb substrate 2
2) Thin Mg oxide
3) First layer of thin Mg-B oxide
Intensity
1.5
4) Second layer of thin Mg-B
oxide
1
5) Thicker MgB2 layer
6) Thin surface oxide layer
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Sputter Time (min) Slide 17
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
18. MgB2 film structure
surface oxide
Mg oxide
MgB2 Nb
Intended:
1000nm MgB2 on Nb substrate
Thin film structure:
1) Nb substrate
2) Mg oxide (MgO)
3) Thicker MgB2 layer
4) Thin surface oxide layer
MgO layer relatively thick
Substantial mixing at interface of
MgO and MgB2
Slide 18
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
19. Auger spectroscopy sputter depth profile: peak intensity profile
with Mg chemical states resolved using principal component
analysis (PCA) / target factor analysis (TFA)
Slide 19
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
20. MgB2 + dielectric film multilayers
Intended:
200nm MgB2 on 300nm Al2O3 on Nb substrate
SRF45_7.pro
100
O1
Mg2
90 Al2
B1
MgB2 Al2O3 Nb1
80
MgB2 film of ~230 nm thickness shows
very low oxygen and close to Mg:B =
70
0.5 stoichiometry
Atomic Concentration (%)
Layer of MgO at interface which seems 60
fairly sharp
Al2O3 layer of ~370 nm thickness 50 Nb
shows poor stoichiometry of ~Al1O1
instead of Al2O3 40
Interface of Al2O3 layer with Nb seems 30
to be very broad, indicating
interdiffusion of Al2O3 with Nb 20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Sputter Depth (nm)
Slide 20
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
21. surface Mg oxide
MgB2 + dielectric film
buried Mg oxide
aluminum oxide
multilayers
MgB2 Nb substrate
MgB2 50 nm / ALD Al2O3 10 nm / Nb
Auger sputter depth profile 100
O1
90
Surface layer >10 nm is fully Mg Mg2
oxide and completely depleted of B Al2
80
B1
MgB2 layer (~40 nm) is slightly B Nb1
70
poor except at 50 nm depth where
Atomic Concentration (%)
stoichiometry is close to correct
60
Mg oxide layer (~20 nm)
50
Aluminum oxide (~15 nm)
40
The small amount of oxygen (~2%)
in the MgB2 film is real 30
Al is actually at ~0 atomic% in MbB2 20
layer - nonzero signal arises from
spectral noise 10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Sputter Depth (nm) Slide 21
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
22. MgB2 + dielectric film
multilayers
MgB2 50 nm / ALD MgO 10 nm / Nb
MgOald4_5.pro
100
surface Mg oxide
ALD Mg oxide
90 O1
Mg2
80 B1
MgB2 Nb1
70
Atomic Concentration (%)
60
Nb substrate
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Sputter Depth (nm) Slide 22
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
23. MgB2 + dielectric film
multilayers
MgB2 50 nm / ALD Y2O3 10 nm / Nb
MgB2Y_6.pro
100
surface Mg oxide
buried Mg oxide
O1
90
ALD Y oxide
Mg2
Y2
80
MgB2 B1
Nb1
70
Atomic Concentration (%)
60
Nb substrate
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Sputter Depth (nm) Slide 23
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
24. Comparison of Auger sputter depth profiles for MgB2 films on
ALD dielectrics on baked Nb substrates
MgB2 50 nm / ALD Al2O3 10 nm / Nb MgB2 50 nm / ALD MgO 10 nm / Nb MgB2 50 nm / ALD Y2O3 10 nm / Nb
Slide 24
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
25. MgB2 + dielectric film many multilayers
Auger sputter ion profile
B B B B B Nb
Top layer of nominally pure B 10nm
plus MgB2 MgB2 MgB2 MgB2
MgB2Nb5_11.pro
4x double layers of MgB2 50nm / B 10nm 100
on O1
Mg2
Nb substrate 90 B1
Nb1
Top layer of nominally pure B approximately 80
10nm in thickness, but shows Mg signal also
70
Individual layers and total film thickness are
Atomic Concentration (%)
thicker than predicted 60
I believe that the “less than sharp” interfaces
50
and incomplete stoichiometry gain (Mg
found in the pure B layers) are due to
40
intermixing of the layers during the
deposition process. Not an artifact from the
30
sputtering during analysis - note the
relatively sharp interface at the Nb substrate.
20
First MgB2 layer slightly Mg rich, other layers
10
slightly B rich. 65nm 37nm
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Sputter Depth (nm) Slide 25
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339
26. Summary:
•Lots of materials and thin film information available in surface analysis, sputter
depth profiles, and full spectroscopy
•Stoichiometry (with proper calibration), film thickness, material interface
interactions
•In the NbN system, oxygen content in the films is one critical factor in
determining proper phase and superconductivity (<5% atomic need)
•Stoichiometry to be improved in PAD produced NbN by adjustment of annealing
conditions
•MgB2 thick films on Nb crystal plate show promising results
•Ongoing progress in producing ultra-thin MgB2 dielectric multilayers
•Additional methods to produce thin films being investigated - CVD and PECVD
towards the primary goal of conformal coatings on RF cavity interiors
Slide 26
Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA SRF Workshop Padua October 2010 10/1/10
LA-UR 10-06339