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![Sv
NP1
VP
MVP
NP2
Aux
YES/ NO Q TENSE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
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read the book
Mark
Present [HAVE + {-en}]
[BE + {-ing}]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sentencetransformation-chapte9presentation-141130022536-conversion-gate02/85/Sentence-transformation-chapte-9-presentation-25-320.jpg)
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Sentence transformation chapte 9 presentation
This document discusses sentence transformations in English grammar. It begins by explaining that sentence transformations allow language to be more complex and varied by moving, adding or deleting words. It then provides examples of the indirect object transformation, where a prepositional phrase following a direct object can be removed and the object it referred to becomes the indirect object. The document also discusses other types of sentence transformations like passive voice, negatives, questions, exclamations and imperatives. It provides rules and structural formulas for performing each of these transformations.
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Sentence transformation chapte 9 presentation
- 1. Analyzing English Grammar Thomas P. Klammer and Others BASIC SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS Chapter 9 Presented by: Bilal H. Yaseen GS39550 Hani Shakir GS39584 Rashad Yaqoob GS38704 Presented to Dr. Helen Tan Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication University Putra Malaysia November 2014
- 2. THE INDIRECT OBJECTTRANSFORMATION • We may ask " if we depend on these five types in order to communicate, how will our language performance be? • The answer is: if speakers and writers of English use only these types in Chapter 8, our language performance will not only be “childlike” in its simplicity ,but also boringly repetitive. • In addition to that, we need a phenomenon by which we are able to express complex relationships between ideas, attitudes and differences in emphasize. • As a result, one sentence can be transformed into another in English to emphasize information, to ask questions ,to issue imperative ,to negate , etc. Thus, a phenomenon resulting from the combining of simple structures into more complex ones is called sentence transformation. ( words may be added, moved or deleted by transformations)
- 3. THE INDIRECT OBJECTTRANSFORMATION ● Our ability to move constituents helps to explain sentence variety. Examples: 1 - Maria gave a gift to George. 2- Carol picked some flowers for her cousin. ● both sentences contain a transitive verb and belong to the type: V pattern Sv = NP1 + MVtr + NP2 + ADVP ● contain a prepositional phrase (with, to or for) following the direct object (that functions as adverbial modifier of the verb)
- 4. THE INDIRECT OBJECTTRANSFORMATION - Maria gave George a gift - Carol picked her cousin some flowers ● have the same meaning, but different pattern - SV = NP1 + MVtr +NP2 + NP3 ● have a direct object (which was moved and now is NP3) ● have an indirect object( the preposition was deleted) and (the first noun phrase following the transitive verb: NP2)
- 5. Structural Formula ●Sv= NP1 + MVtr + NP2 + NP3 IOBJ DOBJ – Maria gave George a gift – Carol picked her cousin some flowers – Subject, indirect object, direct object have different references (NP1 NP2NP3) (renumber the NP to clarify the new relationship between George and a gift) ● any time you have a sentence containing a constituent NP2 the verb is transitive ● if there is no other NP constituent of the verb phrase , NP2 is the direct object ●when you have both NP2 and NP3 the verb is still transitive, but the sentence contains an indirect object What - is used to identify a direct object, to/for whom - to identify indirect object (recipient)
- 9. Remember: • Ifa sentence contains a constituent NP2, the verb is transitive. • If there is no other NP constituent of the verb phrase, NP2 is the direct object. • If there are both NP2 and NP3, the verb is still transitive, but the sentence contains an indirect object. – NP2 is the indirect object, NP3 is the direct object. – to ask what to identify the direct object – to ask to whom or for whom to identify the indirect object. – Indirect object can be expressed as an adverbial phrase – Indirect object can be removed from a sentence, basis action of the verb remains constant.
- 18. OTHER TRANSFORMATIONS •Enables us to combine sentences of the five basic types. • Through transformations, we are able to use: 1. Passive 2. Negative 3. Question/ Interrogative 4. Exclamations 5. Command/ Imperative
- 19. NEGATIVE SENTENCES -Presence of word not • With auxiliary verbs • With Be • Without auxiliary verbs or Be
- 20. NEGATIVE SENTENCES (cont.) The addition of the negative marker ‘not’ after the auxiliary verb in a positive sentence. a) Peter will not arrive early. (Modal) b) Frances has not finished her homework. (HAVE) c) Fred is not painting his room white. (BE) d) Jane should not have been driving your car. (2 auxi) e) Betty is not here. (BE) f) Scott does not think deeply. (dummy auxiliary)
- 21. Double negatives •Other than not, there is other negating markers such as in-, un- or the use of indefinite pronouns some – no any – none Exp. Her apologies were insincere. He blamed nobody for the accident. • Two negatives equal a positive. He is not treating them unkindly He didn’t blame nobody
- 22. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES oAsk questions • Yes/no question – seeks yes/no answer Did Mary win the competition? • Wh-question – Wh- fronting Who won the competition?
- 23. • Yes/no question 1. Move the first auxiliary verb or be to the front of sentence. Mark has been reading the book. Has Mark_______ been reading the book? Shakespeare is Jim’s favorite writer Is Shakespeare ________ Jim’s favorite writer?
- 24. • Yes/no question(cont.) 2. If there is no auxiliary verb or be, INSERT DO as an auxiliary verb. He closed the door. Did he close the door? - Moved to the front. - Functions as substitute auxiliary. - Becomes the carrier of tense.
- 25. Sv NP1 VP MVP NP2 Aux YES/ NO Q TENSE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE MVtr read the book Mark Present [HAVE + {-en}] [BE + {-ing}]
- 26. Sv AUX PERFECT Has NP1 Mark VP MVP NP2 AUX MVtr PROGRESSIVE been reading the book Mark Has been reading book the
- 27. Wh- question Yes/noquestion 1. Ask for missing information 1. Simple confirmation (YES) or denial of information (NO) 2. Begin with an interrogative word (wh- word) – who, whom, what, when, where, why, how, which, whose -
- 28. • Wh- questiontransformation 1. Move 1st auxiliary, or the main verb if there is no auxiliary to the front. 2. Substitute the appropriate wh- word. 3. Move the wh- word to the front. Exp. Dan has gone somewhere. Has Dan ________ gone somewhere. Has Dan ________ gone somewhere where Where has Dan gone?
- 29. Wh- question transformation(cont.) Insert the auxiliary DO if 1. the unknown information is not the subject 2. there is no auxiliary or main verb be Exp. The committee invited someone. The committee did invite someone. did the committee ______ invite someone whom Whom did the committee invite?
- 30. Sv NP1 VP MVP NP2 AUX MVtr WH-Q TENSE The committee past invite someon e
- 31. Sv NP2 AUX NP1 VP MVP MVtr whom did the committee invite committee the did invite Whom
- 32. Interrogative determiners Barbarawore someone’s coat *Whose did Barbara wear coat? • Whose coat did Barbara wear _______ ?
- 33. Imperative Sentences •Function: Give commands and issue orders in a blunt way: • E.g. Finish your soup! • Sit down! • You is an “understood” subject EWxaamlkp lfea:ster ! Declarative Imperative Delete the subject you
- 34. ● ● ImperativeSentences More polite would be to say Would you like to be seated? To transform from declarative sentences into imperative: - Delete the subject you - You walk faster –Walk faster! - You are here - *Are here!; You are quiet - *Are quiet! check if the verb is in its uninflected base form Be here! Be quiet!
- 35. You are here. You are quiet. You are a leader. *Be Are here! here! *Be Are quiet! quiet! Be *Are a leader! a leader! Delete TENSE to leave base verb form Delete the subject you Imperative Transformation
- 36. SI NP VP MVP ADVP AUX MVint TENSE You walk faster
- 37.