2. There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words
spoken by a person to other person.
1. Direct speech
2.Indirect speech
Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will
give you a pen”. You come to home and you want to tell your brother
what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him.
Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.
Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.
3. In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no
change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in
indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the
person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense
will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed
accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not
enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before
the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect speech is
also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the
second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by
a person.
4. The sentence is traditionally (and inadequately)
defined as a word or group of words that expresses a
complete idea and that includes a subject and a verb.
Examples:
Preetham did not attend English class.
Why didn’t Prajwal go to Party?
Abhimanyu ordered Pareekshit to bring him some water.
I just won the Prize!
May God bless you!
Etc.,
5. When people form sentences, they do many things, they ask
questions, make requests, make statements, or they exclaim a
powerful feeling or emotion. Because sentences convey statements,
requests, strong emotion, and questions they can be categorized into
five different types of sentences;
•Declarative sentences,
•Interrogative sentences,
•Imperative sentences,
•Exclamatory sentences
•Optative
and
Note: Sometimes Optative Sentences are considered as Exclamatory
sentences
6. The declarative sentence is the most common kind of sentence
in language, in most situations, and in a way can be considered
the default function of a sentence. What this means essentially is
that when a language modifies a sentence in order to form a
question or give a command, the base form will always be the
declarative. Declarative sentences always have a subject and a
predicate. The subject can be simple with a noun phrase or it
can be a compound subject. Compound subjects are made of
more than one simple subject combined with a conjunction such
as and, or, and but.
7. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Manthan is the captain of our cricket team.
Ganesh is the best student in our class.
Sameer says (that) he wants to go
Chandan likes playing
There are five million people at risk.
London is the capital of England.
Hima asked Lubna whether she liked her dress.
I hope you can come tomorrow
Shubam said (that) he had seen a famous TV
presenter there the day before.
10.Sachin is the best cricket player in the world.
8. Darshan said to Aditi, "My school is better than yours." (Direct
statement)
Darshan told Aditi that his school was better than hers. (Indirect
statement)
When we change a declarative sentence from direct to indirect
speech, the speech is introduced by ‘that'. The reporting verb is
usually changed from ‘said' to ‘told'. This change is made only
when the listener is mentioned, for 'tell', unlike 'say', requires
that the object immediately follow it.
9. When turning declarative sentences into indirect speech, we need
to pay attention to the following points.
Changing the pronouns
Example:
He said: I saw a famous TV presenter.
He said (that) he had seen a famous TV presenter.
changing the information about time and place.
Example:
He said, “I saw a famous TV presenter here yesterday.”
He said (that) he had seen a famous TV presenter there the day
before.
Changing the tense
Example:
He said, “She was eating an ice-cream at the table where you are
sitting.”
He said (that) she had been eating an ice-cream at the table
where I was sitting.
10. When introductory verbs are in the present or in the
future tense, the tenses of the verbs remains
unchanged
Examples:
1. He says, “I am hungry”
He says that he is hungry.
2. He will say, “I am hungry”
He will say that he is hungry.
11. 1. John said, ‘I am very busy now.’
2. He said, ‘The horse has been fed.’
3. ‘I know her name and address,’ said John.
4. ‘German is easy to learn,’ she said.
5. He said, ‘I am writing letters.’
John said that he was very busy then.
2. He said that the horse had been fed.
3. John said that he knew/knows her name and address. (Note that the
tenses may not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a
universal truth.)
4. She said that German is/was easy to learn.
5. He said that he was writing letters.
1.
12. 6. ‘It is too late to go out,’ Aneesh said.
7. He said to me, ‘I don’t believe you.’
8. He says, ‘I am glad to be here this evening.’
9. John said, “ I’ll carry you after I get my breath”
10. Manish said, “ I’m glad you find him”
6. Aneesh said that it was too late to go out.
7. He told me that he didn’t believe me. OR He said he didn’t
believe me.
8. He says that he is glad to be here this evening. (When the
reporting verb is in the present tense, adverbs of time and
place do not normally change in indirect speech.)
9. John said that he would carry him after he got his breath.
10. He said that he was glad he found him.
