The document provides information on examining the sensory system. It discusses the different types of sensation including somatic, visceral, and special senses. It then describes in detail how to examine superficial sensation, deep sensation including vibration, joint position, nerve, and muscle sensation. The document outlines examining dermatomal distribution and patterns of sensory loss. It also discusses examining cortical sensation including tactile localization, two-point discrimination, stereognosis, and other tests. Finally, it provides guidance on examining coordination and gait abnormalities.
Hand functions help in performing everyday' work, let it be gross or fine functions.It covers basic anatomy of hand, major hand functions, how the grasp patterns look, development pattern of hand functions. development of eye hand coordination. use of various hand functions.
Hand functions help in performing everyday' work, let it be gross or fine functions.It covers basic anatomy of hand, major hand functions, how the grasp patterns look, development pattern of hand functions. development of eye hand coordination. use of various hand functions.
Detailed description of clinical examination of higher mental functions like conscoiusness, cognition, memory, pereception,etc. in neurological conditions.
here i am to explain the Anatomy and physiology of part of the Pyramidal tract, that is the corticospinal tract. I also added the clinical significance of corticospinal tract. The course of the corticospinal tract are well explained.
Detailed description of clinical examination of higher mental functions like conscoiusness, cognition, memory, pereception,etc. in neurological conditions.
here i am to explain the Anatomy and physiology of part of the Pyramidal tract, that is the corticospinal tract. I also added the clinical significance of corticospinal tract. The course of the corticospinal tract are well explained.
Lower limb neurological examination frequently appears in OSCEs. You’ll be expected to pick up the relevant clinical signs using your examination skills. This lower limb neurological examination OSCE guide provides a clear, concise, step-by-step approach to performing a neurological examination of the lower limb
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired.
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Vitamin B12 IssueUsama Ragab
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Vitamin B12 Issue
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Diabetic neuropathies are the most prevalent chronic complications of diabetes
Central and Peripheral Precocious PubertyUsama Ragab
Precocious Puberty
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Precocious puberty (PP) is defined as the development of pubertal changes (2ry sexual characters), at an age younger than the accepted lower limits for age of onset of puberty.
Algorithms for Diabetes Management for StudentsUsama Ragab
Algorithms for Diabetes Management for Students
By Usama Ragab Youssif
Lecturer of Medicine - Zagazig University
Agenda
Type 2 Diabetes 101
Incretin based therapy
Algorithms of management
Email: usamaragab@medicine.zu.edu.eg, usama.ragab.zu@gmail.com
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/doc.usama
Facebook Clinic: https://www.facebook.com/usamaclinic
Mobile: 00201000035863
Classification & Diagnosis of Diabetes.pptx
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Lecturer of Internal Medicine Zagazig University
Email: usamaragab@medicine.zu.edu.eg, usama.ragab.zu@gmail.com
SlideShare: https://www.slideshare.net/dr4spring/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/doc.usama
Facebook Clinic: https://www.facebook.com/usamaclinic
Mobile: 00201000035863
Renal System - History Taking
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Lecturer of Medicine, Zagazig University
Email: usamaragab@medicine.zu.edu.eg, usama.ragab.zu@gmail.com
SlideShare: https://www.slideshare.net/dr4spring/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/doc.usama
Facebook Clinic: https://www.facebook.com/usamaclinic
Mobile: 00201000035863
Clinical Endocrinology Round
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Lecturer of Medicine
Zagazig University
Acromegaly
Cushing
Diabetes
Thyroid
Addison
Techniques and clinical insights
Functional Bowel Disorders
By Dr. Usama Ragab
Esophageal Disorders
Gastroduodenal Disorders
Bowel disorders
Centrally Mediated Disorders of GI Pain
Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi Disorders
Anorectal disorders
Childhood Functional GI Disorders: Neonate/Toddler
Childhood Functional GI Disorders: Child/Adolescent
Heat, Cold and High Altitude Related illnessUsama Ragab
Heat, Cold and High Altitude Related illness
By Dr Usama Ragab
Lecturer of Medicine
Topics are heat and cold related illness and high altitude medical disorders
Imeglimin, What is new?
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Lecturer of Medicine - Zagazig University
Agenda
Mitochondrial function and dysfunction
Mitochondrial (dys)function in diabetes
Diabetes core defects and Imeglimin
Imeglimin drug development and approval
Imeglimin and Heart
Diabetes and Gut interplay
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
In Gastro Canal Association Annual Conference
Agenda
Diabetes as the main player
Gut as the main player
Diabetes and gut in a separate game
Gut as game changer
Tips and tricks: diabetes drugs
Guidelines in Obesity management
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Obesity-related counseling should be offered to those with BMI ≥25 kg/m2
A 3% to 5% weight loss can result in meaningful reductions in triglycerides, blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes
Set an initial weight loss goal of 5% to 10% of current body weight over 6 mo
After 6 mo, focus on weight maintenance before attempting further weight loss
Participating in a weight loss program long-term can help improve weight maintenance
Intensification Options after basal Insulin RevisitedUsama Ragab
Intensification Options revisited
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Add an OAD
Add a short-acting insulin at mealtime
Switch to premixed insulins
Novel insulin combinations
Basal insulin/GLP-1 RA combinations
Insulin Lispro Revisited
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
The discovery of insulin was one of the most dramatic and important milestones in medicine - a Nobel Prize-winning moment in science.
Thyroid and Pregnancy, Review of PhysiologyUsama Ragab
Thyroid and Pregnancy
Facts and Messages
A series of changes in thyroid hormone economy take place in normal pregnancy.
As a result of these changes, thyroid hormone levels in pregnancy differ from those in the non-pregnant state.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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2. The Sensory System
• Sensation in general is classified into:
1. Somatic sensation
2. Visceral sensation: carried via autonomics NS
from viscera
3. Special sense: smell, taste, vision
3. Somatic sensation
Superficial Sensation: Pain, temperature, touch
Deep sensation: Vibration, joint, nerve, muscle
Cortical sensation: mix of refined superficial & deep sensation
10. 1- Superficial sensation (cont.)
• Face: start with C2 then 3 areas of trigeminal
• Leg → Arm → Face
• Leg:Leg → Arm:Arm → Face:Face
• Leg: proximal & distal
• Arm: proximal & distal
• Leg & arm circumference: to detect radiculopathy
• Sensory level:
Very important in paraplegia and PN
Not done in hemihyposthesia and Normal person
11. Dermatomal distribution
C2 Angle of jaw, lateral neck.
C3,4 Shoulder, down manubrium.
C5 Lateral aspect of arm.
C6 Lateral aspect of the forearm, thenar eminence & thumb.
C7 Middle aspect of the forearm, middle of the palm, middle 3 fingers.
C8 Medial aspect of forearm, hypothenar eminence & little finger.
T1 Medial aspect of arm.
T2 → T7 Thorax (T4 4 nipple).
T8 → T12 Abdomen (T10 4 umbilicus), (T12 4 inguinal ligament).
12. Dermatomal distribution (cont.)
L1 Upper 1/3 front of thigh.
L2 Middle 1/3 front of thigh.
L3 Lower 1/3 front thigh.
L4 Anterolateral aspect of thigh, front of knee, anteromedial aspect of leg,medial aspect
of foot & big toe.
L5 Lateral aspect of thigh, lateral aspect of leg, middle 1/3 of dorsum of foot & middle 3
toes.
S1 Posterolateral aspect of thigh & leg, lateral 1/3 of dorsum of foot & little toe.
S2 Posterior aspect of thigh, leg & sole of the foot.
S3,4,5 Anal, perianal & gluteal region (saddle shaped area) in concentric manner.
17. Vibration sense
• Tuning fork 128
• Start on forehead to test thalamus
Upper limbs Lower limbs
• Styloid process of
radius: PN
• Clavicle: posterior
column (PC)
• Forehead: thalamus
Medial malleolus: PN
ASIS: PC
Forehead: thalamus
18. Muscle sense
• Squeeze the calf muscle.
• Loss of muscle sense. Called Abadie's sign
as in neurosyphilis
• Tender calf muscle in:
Diabetic P.N.
Nutritional P.N.
D.V.T.
Myositis
GBS
19. Joint (Position) sense
• First learn the patient: position
and whether finger is moved or
not
• Ask patient to close his eye and
test position and movement
• Caught finger or toe gently
20. Nerve sensation
• By pressing the ulnar nerve
and the lateral popliteal nerve
against the bones.
• Normally, it results in an
electric like sensation.
22. Cortical sensation
• They are only examined when the superficial and deep sensation are
intact with open and closed eyes.
1. Tactile localization
2. Two-points discrimination
3. Stereognosis
4. Graphesthesia
5. Perceptual rivalry
31. Co-
ordination
(cont.)
• Should be examine after power.
• Once while eyes are opened to examine
cerebellum
• Once while eyes are closed to examine deep
sensation
32. Upper limb
1- Finger to nose.
2- Finger to finger.
3- Finger to doctor finger (and to moving doctor finger).
4- Adiadokokinesia or Dysdiadokokinesia
5- Rebound phenomenon
6 - Buttoning unbuttoning test (the earliest sign)
33. 1- Finger to nose test
Try to reach your tip of nose
34. 2- Finger to finger test
• Touch tip of each of your
index fingers from distance
35. 3- Finger to
doctor’s finger
test
• The tip of his forefinger
from a distance o
doctor's forefinger.
36. In any of the
above tests
you may
find:
Decomposition of movement.
Kinetic intention tremors which is
evident as the patient's forefinger
approaches the target.
Dysmetria in the form of
Hypometria or hypermetria.
38. 5- Rebound
phenomenon
• The patient is fixed, flexes his
arm against resistance.
• While suddenly released the
patient's forearm may hit his
face or shoulder.
41. 1- Heal to knee test
• The patient raise down its heel
onto the knee of his other leg
then move it down along the
shaft of the tibia.
42. Again, all above tests are positive if:
Intention tremor.
Decomposition of movement.
Dysmetria.
43. Romberg sign
• Ask the patient to stand with the heels
together, 1st with his eyes open, then with
his eyes closed.
• Note any swaying or loss of balance.
• If present:
With eyes open or closed = cerebellar
ataxia.
Only with closed eyes = sensory
ataxia.
45. Gait
Gait is the pattern that you walk.
Sometimes, an injury or underlying
medical condition can cause an
abnormal gait.
Certain gait abnormalities are
temporary, and others require
lifelong management.
Compare both sides leg to leg, arm to arm & face to face.
Compare on each side, the L.L. with the trunk, with the U.L. & with the face.
In case of hyposthesia in a limb, test all around it to differentiate between radicular sensory loss & glove & stock hyposthesia.
-------------------
Face: start with C2 then 3 areas of trigeminal
Leg → Arm → Face
Leg:Leg → Arm:Arm → Face:Face
Leg: proximal & distal
Arm: proximal & distal
Leg & arm circumference
Sensory level:
Very important in paraplegia and PN
Not done in hemihyposthesia and Normal person
------------------------------------
Start with C2
1. Compare right with left at (face - upper limb - lower limb) →↓ in one side in hemiplegia.
2. Compare the same side at (face - upper limb - trunk - lower limb)
Jacket of sensory loss in intramedullary compression paraplegia.
Decrease sensation in lower limb in extramedullary compression paraplegia.
3. Compare proximal with distal (PN).
4. Level.
5. Circumferential to detect radiculopathy
Dermatomes are areas of skin on your body that rely on specific nerve connections on your spine. In this way, dermatomes are much like a map.
There are 8 cervical segments & only 7 cervical vertebra.
-----------
The five groups of spinal nerves are:
Cervical nerves. There are eight pairs of these cervical nerves, numbered C1 through C8. They originate from your neck.
Thoracic nerves. You have 12 pairs of thoracic nerves that are numbered T1 through T12. They originate in the part of your spine that makes up your torso.
Lumbar nerves. There are five pairs of lumbar spinal nerves, designated L1 through L5. They come from the part of your spine that makes up your lower back.
Sacral nerves. Like the lumbar spinal nerves, you also have five pairs of sacral spinal nerves. They’re associated with your sacrum, which is one of the bones found in your pelvis.
Coccygeal nerves. You only have a single pair of coccygeal spinal nerves. This pair of nerves originates from the area of your coccyx, or tailbone.
-------------------
Your body has 30 dermatomes. You may have noticed that this is one less than the number of spinal nerves. This is because the C1 spinal nerve typically doesn’t have a sensory root. As a result, dermatomes begin with spinal nerve C2. Dermatomes have a segmented distribution throughout your body. The exact dermatome pattern can actually vary from person to person. Some overlap between neighboring dermatomes may also occur.
Because your spinal nerves exit your spine laterally, dermatomes associated with your torso and core are distributed horizontally. When viewed on a body map, they appear very much like stacked discs.
The dermatome pattern in the limbs is slightly different. This is due to the shape of the limbs as compared with the rest of the body. In general, dermatomes associated with your limbs run vertically along the long axis of the limbs, such as down your leg.
Vibration sensation: using tuning fork 128
Place the vibrating fork over the bony prominences: medial malleouls - anterior tibial tubercle - anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) - styloid process & clavicle.
Ask the patient if he feels the fork's vibrations & if they are felt equally on all sites if V.S. is diminished or lost over medial malleolus, check A.S.I.S., if lost, It suggest posterior column lesion, if intact, it suggests P.N. lesion.
Joint sense (sense of position and movement): first show the patient with his eyes open, the position of his big toe (dorsi-flexed), then with his eyes closed, move the big toe and ask him if he feels it moving and if so in which direction.
The big toe should be caught gently, from the sides.
Ask the patient to close his eyes, then prick his finger & ask him to localize the site of the prick.
With his eyes closed, the patient is asked to recognize a familiar object placed in his hand.
With his eyes closed, the patient is asked to recognize a number or letter drawn over his palm.
Normally if you deliver 2 simultaneous pin pricks at 2 corresponding sites of the body, both pricks are felt; in cortical sensory loss, only the prick on the healthy side is felt.
Ataxia is a term for a group of disorders that affect co-ordination, balance and speech. Any part of the body can be affected, but people with ataxia often have difficulties with: balance and walking. speaking. swallowing.
-----------------
Damage to vermis: Causes truncal ataxia.
Damage to cerebellar hemisphere: Causes ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia.
Integration of
Cerebellum → open eye.
Deep sensation → closed eye.
The patient brings the tip of his forefinger from a distance onto the tip of the nose
The test is conducted with the eyes open then closed
The patient brit forefinger from the distance of his out meet each other in the midline.
Patient is asked to do rapidly alternating movement in pronation and supination of the forearm.
In cerebellar ataxia there is failure to perform the movements.
The patient is fixed, flexes his arm against resistance.
While suddenly released the patient's forearm may hit his face or shoulder.
Hemiplegia: circumduction.
Paraplegia: scissoring.
P.N.: high stepping.
Sensory ataxia: stamping.
Ferdrich's ataxia (archicerebellum): drunken.
Marie's ataxia (Neo cerebellum):
Unilateral: deviation to one side.
Bilateral: Zigzag.
Parkinsonism:
Short steppage.
Shuffling.
Festinant.
Chorea: dancing