Pragmatics is the study of how meaning depends on context and involves understanding implied meanings. It examines how people use language in communication and negotiate meaning between speakers and listeners based on circumstances. Without pragmatics, there would be little understanding of intention from language as meaning would only be taken literally without considering context. Pragmatics works with semantics and context to interpret implied meanings beyond just the literal definition of words.
Discuss about :
Concerned with what knowledge individual speakers of a language possess which makes it possible for them to communicate with one another.
Consideration of what language is and how a child acquires it
The speakers have about the nature and expression of meaning in their language.
1.1 The Systematic Study Of Meaning
1.2 The Nature Of Language
1.3 Language And The Individual
1.4. Demonstrating Semantic Knowledge
Covers the definitions of Language, Elements used in defining the term Language and the characteristics of Language (Both peculiar to human Language and those shared by other species) according to the Tanzanian English syllabus for Advanced level learners.
The work of speech organs necessary for making speech sounds is called articulation. According to
The specific character of articulation, especially according to the presence or absence of the obstruction speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. The most substantial difference between vowels and consonants is that in the articulation of vowels the air passes freely through the mouth cavity, while in making consonants an obstruction is formed in the mouth cavity or in the pharynx and the flow of the air meets a narrowing or complete obstruction. Vowels have no fixed place of articulation, the whole of the speaking apparatus takes part in their formation, while the articulation of consonants can be localized, and an obstruction or a narrowing for each consonant is formed at a definite place of the speaking apparatus. In producing vowels all the organs of speech are tense, while in making consonants, the organs of speech are tense only in the place of obstruction. Voice prevails in vowels while in most consonants noise prevails over voice. Vowels are syllable forming sounds while consonants are not, as a rule.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Hello!
I am Dian Agustini, S.Pd
I am here because I love to learn new things
and share them with you.
You can find me at @dianagustini.dee or
dian.purnomo12@gmail.com
4. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live
in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their
skin, but by the content of their character.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
5. Pragmatic and semantic units in language play significant roles in how
people perceive the meanings. How they understand the messages and how
the messages (get done).
In this presentation I will explain about how the semantic and pragmatic
give the language meaning.
6. GENERAL DEFINITIONS
SEMANTIC:
Semantic is the study of sentence meaning and the word meaning. Semantics is the study of
the ‘toolkit’ for meaning: knowledge encoded in the vocabulary of language and its pattern
for building more elaborate meanings, up to the level of sentence meanings
PRAGMATIC:
Pragmatic is the study of utterance. Pragmatics is concerned with the use of these tools in
meaningful communication. Pragmatics is about the interaction of semantic knowledge
with our knowledge of the world, taking into account context o use.
Griffith, Patrick.2006.An Introduction To English Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh.
University of Edinburgh.
7. Semantics versus Pragmatics
semantics:
branch of linguistics concerned with the meanings of propositions
pragmatics:
branch of linguistics concerned with
• the use and function of language;
• the relation between the structural properties of an utterance
and its deployment and reception by language users
Unknown resource
12. Definition
SEMANTIC:
Semantic is the study of sentence meaning and the word meaning. Semantics is the
study of the ‘toolkit’ for meaning: knowledge encoded in the vocabulary of language
and its pattern for building more elaborate meanings, up to the level of sentence
meanings. Semantics is the systematic study of meaning, and linguistic semantics is
the study of how languages organize and express meanings.
13. ▪ Semantics is a sub-discipline of Linguistics which focuses on the study
of meaning. Semantics tries to understand what meaning is as an
element of language and how it is constructed by language as well as
interpreted, obscured and negotiated by speakers and listeners of
language.
▪ Semantics is closely linked with another sub-discipline of linguistics,
Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning in context. However, unlike
Pragmatics, Semantics is a highly theoretical research perspective, and
looks at meaning in language in isolation, in the language itself,
whereas Pragmatics is a more practical subject and is interested in
meaning in language in use.
http://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/semantics/
14. Three disciplines are concerned with the systematic study of ‘meaning’ in
itself: psychology, philosophy and linguistics. Their particular interests
and approaches are different, yet each borrows from and contributes to
the others.
Psychologists are interested in how individual humans learn, how they
retain, recall, or lose information; how they classify, make judgements
and solve problems—in other words, how the human mind seeks
meanings and works with them.
15. Philosophers of language are concerned with how we know, how any particular
fact that we know or accept as true is related to other possible facts—what just be
antecedent (a presupposition) to that fact and what is a likely consequence, or
entailment of it; what statements are mutually contradictory, which sentences
express the same meaning in different words, and which are unrelated.
16. Linguists want to understand how language works. Just what common knowledge do
two people possess when they share a language— English, Swahili, Korean or
whatever—that makes it possible for them to give and get information, to express their
feelings and their intentions to one another, and to be understood with a fair degree of
success.
Linguistics is concerned with identifying the meaningful elements of specific languages,
for example, English words like paint and happy and affixes like the -er of painter and
the un- of unhappy. It is concerned with describing how such elements go together to
express more complex meanings—in phrases like the unhappy painter and sentences
like The painter is unhappy—and telling how these are related to each other.
17. What is the knowledge that a speaker of a language has about that language? Quite
simply, a vocabulary and the ways to use it. More specifically, speakers have two
vocabularies, one that they use in producing utterances and a somewhat larger one that is
needed for understanding a variety of people. The vocabulary contains numerous names
of people and places, as well as what we might think of as ordinary words. The
productive vocabulary grows rapidly in early childhood, and for most people changes
somewhat throughout life.
19. To describe a language the linguist writes a grammar. As Chomsky and Halle (1968:1)
put it, we use the term grammar to mean two things: the implicit knowledge that a
speaker has and the explicit description and explanation of it by the linguist.
Phonology is the knowledge, or the description, of how speech sounds are organized
in a particular language. Syntax is the knowledge, or the description, of the classes of
words, sometimes called parts of speech, and of how members of these classes go
together to form phrases and sentences. Syntax deals with grammatical categories
like tense, number, aspect—categories that differ from language to language and
which yet are present somehow in all languages.
20. Morphology the description or the knowledge of word formation: the account of
different forms of the ‘same’ word (cat, cats; connect, connecting, connected) and the
derivation of different words which share a basic meaning (connect, disconnect,
connection).
Kreidler, Charles W. 2002.Introducing English Semantics. Taylor &
Francis e-Library. USA
21. The obvious thing is that speakers can make their thoughts and feelings and intentions
known to other speakers of the language and can understand what others say. This ability
requires possession of a vocabulary and for speakers to know how to pronounce every item
in this vocabulary and how to recognize its pronunciation by other speakers. They know
how to use the production vocabulary in meaningful sentences and to understand the
sentences produced by others. And of course they know meanings—how to choose the
items that express what they want to express and how to find the meanings in what other
people say.
22. 1a Henry drew a picture.
1b Henry laughed.
1c The picture laughed.
1d Picture a Henry drew.
*1a and 1b are meaningful to
speakers of English, while 1c
and 1d are anomalous
(examples of anomaly).
10a Andy Murfee usually drives his Datsun to work.
10b There is a person named Andy Murfee.
10c Andy Murfee works.
10d There is a Datsun that belongs to Andy Murfee.
10e Andy Murfee knows how to drive an
automobile.
*The meaning of sentence 10a presupposes what is
expressed in 10b, c,d and e. The latter are
presuppositions of 10a.
25. Pragmatics is another branch of linguistics that is concerned with meaning.
Pragmatics and semantics can be viewed as different parts, or different
aspects, of the same general study. Both are concerned with people’s ability
to use language meaningfully. While semantics is mainly concerned with a
speaker’s competence to use the language system in producing meaningful
utterances and processing (comprehending).
Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics concerned with how the ‘meaning’ of
an utterance depends on the circumstances in which it is uttered — how
people use linguistic actions.
26. Pragmatics deals with the context dependent assignment of meaning to
language expressions used in acts of speaking and writing.
27. Take a look at this movie clip
I will find You.I will Kill You. Taken Movie best scene ever _ liam neeson.mp4
28. A Definition of Pragmatics
• the study of the practical aspects of human action and thought.
• the study of the use of linguistic signs, words and sentences, in actual
situations.[1]
Pragmatics outlines the study of meaning in the interactional context
▪ It looks beyond the literal meaning of an utterance and considers how
meaning is constructed as well as focusing on implied meanings. It
considers language as an instrument of interaction, what people mean
when they use language and how we communicate and understand each
other.
http://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-
linguistics/pragmatics/what-is-pragmatics/
29. Jenny Thomas[2] says that pragmatics considers:
▪ the negotiation of meaning between speaker and listener.
▪ the context of the utterance.
▪ the meaning potential of an utterance.
What would happen to language if Pragmatics did not exist?
▪ Pragmatics acts as the basis for all language interactions and
contact. It is a key feature to the understanding of language and the
responses that follow this. Therefore, without the function of
Pragmatics, there would be very little understanding of intention
and meaning.
30. We would like to demonstrate this by showing you how life would be
WITHOUT Pragmatics:
‘Can you pass the salt?’
▪ Literal Meaning: Are you physically able to do this task?
Literal Response: ‘Yes’
▪ (Pragmatic Meaning: Will you pass me the salt?
Pragmtic Response: pass the salt to the speaker.)
‘What time do you call this?’
▪ Literal Meaning: What time is it?
Literal Response: A time (e.g. ‘twenty to one.’)
▪ (Pragmatic Meaning: a different question entirely, e.g. Why are you so
late?
Pragmatic Response: Explain the reason for being so late.)
31. Pragmatic
the negotiation of meaning between
speaker and listener.
the meaning potential of an
utterance.context of the utterance.
32.
33. Three Stages of Intrepretation
1.Literal meaning (Semantic Information based on the knowledge of a
certain language)
2.Explicature (Basic Information of Utterance).
3. Implicature (Hinted information from the utterance based on the
context happen or given) -> sender’s agenda
Example:
Literal meaning: That was the last bus
Explicature: Yes that was.
Implicature: (Stay with me for one more night).
Semantic and Pragmatic work
34. Conclusion:
In general there are two types of meaning that can be
interpreted by human.
1. Semantic Meaning
2. Pragmatic Meaning
While semantic focuses on the meaning of the
element of the language only, the pragmatic works
with the context given. Or meanings are not only
about a set of sentence, but also the context they
are uttered.
Editor's Notes
What happened in the video is commonly found in our daily conversation. We often get confused on literal meaning of others saying.
