The document discusses the topic of pragmatics, which is presented by a group including Mohammad Waqas, Tayyaba ishfaq, Rabia, and Danish. Pragmatics is introduced as the study of language in use and actual conversation, concerned with speaker meaning rather than dictionary definitions. While pragmatics involves social and psychological factors making it interdisciplinary, it is also considered a branch of linguistics. Key aspects of pragmatics discussed include speech acts, rhetorical structure, conversational implicature, and management of reference through deixis.

1. LINGUISTICS:
Group presentation:
• Mohammad Waqas (191670314)
• Tayyaba ishfaq (191670368)
• Rabia (191670373)
• Danish (191670372)

2. Topic:
Pragmatics

3. Introduction:
The term “pragmatic” was first coined in the
1930s by the philosopher C.W. Morris;
developed as the subfield of linguistics in 1970s.
Pragmatics is needed if we want a fuller, deeper,
and generally more responsible account of
human language behavior.

4. Pragmatics:
Pragmatics is the study of the ways people use
language in actual conversation.
 Pragmatics is the study of meaning of words,
phrases and full sentences, but unlike semantics
which deals with the objective meaning of word that
can be found in dictionaries, pragmatics is more
concerned with the meanings that words in fact
convey when they are used, or with the intended
speaker meaning as it is sometimes referred to.

5. Is pragmatics a new branch of linguistics?
The answer is both “yes” and “no”. “Yes”, because to some people,
the term pragmatics is a branch of linguistics, and like many other
branches of linguistics, the term becomes increasingly popular
through researchers’ explorations of linguistic facts. That’s why some
linguistics books include it as a separate and growing discipline under
the umbrella term linguistics.
“No”, because to some other people, pragmatics involves
social as well as individual norms in language production and
comprehension. In other words, social, cultural and psychological
factors play important roles in language use. Since pragmatics is
related to multi-dimensions or plural disciplines, it is better seen as an
interdisciplinary study of language in use.

6. For Example:
A: So _ did you?
B: Hey _ who wouldn’t?
Two friends in a conversation may imply some
things and infer some others without providing any
clear linguistic evidence. So, pragmatics requires
us to make sense that what people have in mind.

7. Pragmatics involve three major communication
skills:
 Using language for different purposes, such as
 Greeting (e.g., hello, goodbye)
 Informing (e.g., I’m going to get a cookie)
 Demanding (e.g., give me a cookie)
 Promising (e.g., I’m going to get you a cookie)
 Requesting (e.g., I would like a cookie, please)

8.  Changing language according to the needs of a
listener or situation such as
 Talking differently to a baby than to an adult.
 Giving background information to an unfamiliar
listener.
 Speaking differently in a classroom than on a
playground.

9.  Following rules for conversation and story telling,
such as
 Taking turns in conversation.
 Introducing topic of conversation.
 Staying on topic.
 Rephrasing when misunderstood.
 How to use verbal and nonverbal signs.
 How close to stand to someone when speaking.
 How to use facial expressions and eye contact.

10. CONTEXT IN PRAGMATICS
CONTEXT;
• The situation in which something happens and
that helps you to understand it.
• Context includes place, situation, object, person,
tone, the linguistic background, etc.
 FURTHUR ARE TYPES OF CONTEXT IN
PRAGMATICS

11.  LINGUISTIC CONTEXT
■ The set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence,
also called co-text.
■ The surrounding co-text has a strong effect on what we think
about a phrase or sentence, e.g. we looked at the word “bank”
as homonym, a single form with more than one meaning.
■ The surrounding linguistic context will help us to determine
the right meaning.
■ Example: “I am going to bank to withdraw some money.”

12.  PHYSICAL CONTEXT
■ The situation time or place in which words are used.
■ Most of our understanding of what we read and listen is tied to
physical context, particularly, the time and place in which
linguistic expressions are used.
■ Many times we forget the linguistic expression we heard in
past but we don’t forget places.
■ Example: If we see the word “bank” on the wall of a
building in a city, that physical location will influence or
interpretation.

13.  SOCIAL CONTEXT
■ It refers to the social relationship among speaker and
hearer.
■ Example: Mr. President you stop bugging me and
go home.
We cant talk to a president like this.

14.  EPISTEMIC CONTEXT
■ It refers to what speaker know about the world.
■ Example: What background knowledge is shared
by speaker in part of your epistemic context.

15. There are 4 main aspects of
pragmatics
 Speech acts
 Rhetorical structure
 Conversational implicate
 Management of reference

16. Speech acts
Speech act is a subfield of pragmatics that studies how words are
used not only to present information but also to carry out action.
EXAMPLES:
We perform speech acts when we offer an
Apology,Greeting,Request,Complaint,Invitations and so on.
Speech act might contain on a one word like “ Sorry” for algology,
hi for greeting and could you for request.

17. Rhetorical structure
(‫بیان‬‫بازی‬)
Ask a question in order to produce an effect or to make a
statement rather than to elicit information.
“The art of speaking or writing effectively.”
EXAMPLES:
Alliteration. Allusion. Anaphora.

18. Conversational implicature
Conversational imlicature known simply as implicature. It is an indirect
or implicit speech.
( ‫اشارہ‬) speech.
EXAMPLES:
A: would you prefer coffee or tea?
B:I like tea.
A:Do you like Monica?
B: she's the cream in my coffee.

19. Management of reference
Reference are the words we use to identify things , are in the
some direct relationship to those things.
It is an act in which a speaker, or write uses linguistic forms of to
enable a listener, or reader, to identify some thing.
Linguistic Forms:
Linguistic forms are referring expressions: like ,Who ,What,
Whom and so on .

20. What is Diexis?
"Deictic expressions point to something in the
context, anaphoric expressions stand as
replacements for something that has occurred in
prior discourse. "

21. How it works?
The linguistic phenomena of Deixis and anaphora
serve to illustrate the difference between context
and co-text.

22. Deixis Deals With?
(Context)
the world around us, the
situation in which a piece of
discourse happens.
(co-text)
the surrounding discourse
-what was previously said

23. Types of Diexis
Central
1. Person Diexis
2. Place Diexis
3. Time Diexis
Non-Central
1. Social Diexis
2. Diexis of Manners
3. Discourse Diexis

24. Peraon Diexis Time Diexis Place Diexis
Any expression
used
to point to a person
(
me, you, him,
them)
is an example of
PERSON DEIXIS.
The
TIME DEIXIS
expression used to
point
to a time ( now,
then,
tonight, last week,
yesterday) are
examples
ofTIME DEIXIS.
Words used to point
to a location ( here,
there) are examples
of PLACE DEIXIS.

25. Social Diexis Manner and
Degree
Discourse
Social Diexis
e.g. Sir, Madam,
Mr. President,
Your
Honor
manner and
degree:
e.g. this (big), so
(fat), like this, etc.
(accompanied by
gestures)
Discourse:
e.g. this story, as
mentioned above,
this
chapter, therefore

26. THANK YOU