A seed contains a seed coat, endosperm or cotyledon that stores food, and an embryo containing a cotyledon, epicotyl, hypocotyl and radicle. Seeds are dispersed by various means, including wind using wings, hairs or being light, as well as animals through hooks or barbs, or water through air spaces or floats.

1. SEEDS

2. A seed is the ripened ovule which consists
of the following parts:
1. testa – the seed coat or outer covering which is
partly impervious to water
2. endosperm – the nutritive tissue within the seeds
that stores food (if it is absent the cotyledon stores
the food)
3. embryo – the baby plant within the seed, it is
made up of cotyledon, epicotyl and hypocotyl

3. 4. Cotyledon – primary leaf of the embryo
5. Epicotyl – the part of the embryo that gives rise
to a shoot
6. Radicle – the primary root developing in a seed
7. Hypocotyl – the part of the embryo that is made
up of meristematic cells

5. Seed Dispersal – the spread or dissemination of
fruits and seeds to distant places. There are
several agents that help in this process
1. Wind
a. Wings – appendages which thin, flat and
membranous
ex: malunggay, samara
b. Hairs – either in one or two tufts or all
over the body
ex: talahib, cotton, amorseco, milkweed
c. Papery seeds – very light and paper-like

8. 2. Animals
hooks, barbs, spines, stiff hairs, sticky glands
birds are very effective
3. Water
air spaces, corky floats