The document summarizes the basic parts of plants and their functions. It discusses the five main parts - leaves, stems, roots, fruits, and flowers. For each part, it describes their external and internal structures as well as different types. Leaves perform photosynthesis. Stems support leaves and transport water. Roots absorb water and minerals from soil. Fruits protect seeds and aid in seed dispersal. Flowers contain reproductive organs to produce seeds.

1. Parts of the
plant and
their
functions
By:
John Paulo Alvarez
Kristina Casandra
Gatchalian
Miguel Luigi Vargas
John Kenneth Tabiolo
Genedkin Charm Aquino
II- Linnaeus

2. Plants are:
The source of food.
Produce oxygen.
provide a home for
wildlife

3. Five Basic Parts of
the Plant:
leaves
stems
roots
fruit
flowers

4. LEAVES
This
is where
photosynthesis occurs.

5. External parts of the leaf:
 Leaf Blade- Wide flattened area of leaf for
concentrating sunlight on photosynthetic
cells.
 Petiole- Short stem that attaches leaf to
main stem or branch.
 Node- Growth region of stem where
leaves or new branches arise.
 Axillary bud- Baby leaf or stem (next years
growth).
 Midrib- large center vein from which all
other leaf veins extend

7. Internal parts of the leaf:
 Upper Epidermis- consists of a single layer of cells
covered by cuticle.
 Palisade mesophyll- Most photosynthesis takes
place here.
 Spongy mesophyll- composed of closely packed
irregular shape cells surrounded by air spaces.
 Guard Cells- are specialized cells located in the
leaf epidermis of plants.
 Stomata- is a microscopic pore on the surface
(epidermis) of land plants.
 Chloroplasts- are organelles found in plant
cells and other eukaryotic organisms that
conduct photosynthesis.
 Lower epidermis- We will see vascular bundle here
and stomata.

9. Types of a Leaf:
1. ACCORDING TO THE PETIOLE:
Petiolated- leaves that have a petiole.
Sessile- leaves without petiole.
2. ACCORDING TO THE BLADE:
Simple Leaf- shows an undivided blade or, in case it
has divisions, they do not reach the midrib.
Compound Leaf- has a fragmented blade, with
divisions reaching the midrib.
3. ACCORDING TO THE EDGE:
Entire Leaves- have a smooth margin.
Sinuate Leaves- have little curves with smooth
edges like waves.

10.  Dentate Leaves- have little teeth at the margin.
 Serrate Leaves- have little bent teeth like those of a
saw.
 Lobed Leaves- have divisions that do not arrive the
center of half blade.
4. ACCORDING TO THE SHAPE OF THE BLADE:
 Elliptic Leaves- ellipse-shaped.
 Lanceolate Leaves- spear-shaped.
 Acicular Leaves- needle-shaped.
 Ovate Leaves- egg-shaped.
 Cordate Leaves- heart-shaped.
 Hastate Leaves- halberd-shaped.
 Linear Leaves- strip-shaped.

11. 5. ACCORDING TO THE VEINS:
Parallel-veined Leaves- the veins run at the same
distance to each other, like in canes.
Pinnate Leaves- there is a main nerve, called midrib,
from which the other nerves derive, remembering a
plume.
Palmate Leaves- the nerves diverge from the main
point such as the fingers do in the palm of the hand.
6. ACCORDING TO THE ARRANGEMENT ALONG THE
STEM:
Alternate- springing one per node at different levels
of the stem.
Opposite- two per node, facing opposite sides of
the stem.

12.  Whorled- several leaves disposed at the same level
around the stem.
 Rosulate- forming a rosette, like a ring around the
stem.

13. Stems
They support the leaves
and flowers and they carry
water and food from place
to place within the plant.
Support of leaves and
reproductive structures.

14. External parts of the stem:
 Lenticel-it function as a pore, providing a
medium for the direct exchange of gases
between the internal tissues and
atmosphere.
 Terminal bud- is the main area of growth
in most plants.
 Lateral bud- it is capable of developing
into a branch shoot or flower cluster.
 Leaf scar- is the mark left on a stem after
a leaf falls.

16. Internal parts of the stem:
Phloem- bark, carries
manufactured foods down.
Xylem- wood, carries water
and minerals up.
Cambium- separates the 2 and
produces all new cells.

18. Types of a Stem:
 HERBACEOUS STEM
- They do not have developed ligneous stiffened
structures.
 LIGNEOUS STEM:
- They have developed rigid, stiffened structures,
what we normally know as “wood”.

19. Roots
The organ of a plant that
typically lies below the surface
of the soil.
absorb water and minerals
form soil and conduct to stem
The anchor of the plant.
Used for Propagation.

20. Parts of the root:
 Primary root- originates at germination
stage from the radicle of the seed.
 Secondary root- arise from the primary
root.
 Root cap- envelope and protects the
young roots.
 Root hairs- ensure efficient absorption of
nutrients.

21. Parts of a Root

22. Types of a Root:
 FIBROUS ROOTS- It is usually formed by thin,
moderately branching roots growing from the stem.
 TAPROOT- is an enlarged, somewhat straight to
tapering plant root that grows downward. It forms a
center from which other roots sprout laterally. Plants
with taproots are difficult to transplant.
 AERIAL ROOTS- are roots above the ground. They
are almost always adventitious. They are found in
diverse plant species, including epiphytes such as
orchids.

23. Seed
a small embryonic
plant enclosed in a covering
called the seed coat, usually
with some stored food.
attractive to birds who eat and
spread seeds.

24. Parts of a Seed:
 Radicle- The mature embryo consists of an embryonic root.
 Epicotyl- is the portion of the embryonic stem above the point
at which the stem is attached to the cotyledon(s).
 Hypocotyl- is the portion below the point of attachment. It is
connected to radicle.
 Cotyledon- is described as a seed leaf that stores food in the
form of starch and protein for use by the embryo.
 Embryo- is the young multicellular organism before it emerges
from the seed.
 Endosperm- is a source of stored food, consisting primarily of
starches.
 Seed coat- consists of one or more protective layers that
encase the seed.
 An embryo of a monocotyledon (monocot) plant has one
cotyledon, while that of a dicotyledon (dicot) plant has two
cotyledons.

25. Parts of a Seed

26. Types of a Seed:
 Dicots are
seeds that have two parts, such as a
bean seed.
 Monocots are seeds that only have one cotyledon,
such as the corn seed.

27. Fruit
The ripened seed-bearing
part of a plant when fleshy
and edible.
In other words, it is any
fleshy material covering a
seed or seeds.

28. Parts of a Fruit:
 Pericarp- surrounds the seed or seeds.
 Exocarp- is the outermost part of the pericarp,
and is often the visible skin or peel of the fruit. It
consists of the epidermal and sub epidermal
layers of fruits.
 Mesocarp- is the middle layer of the pericarp
between the exocarp and endocarp. In mango,
the mesocarp is the edible, fleshy portion that is
eaten between the skin and the seed.
 Endocarp- is the innermost layer of the pericarp,
the part that immediately encloses the seeds. It
occurs in various forms and texture ranging from
thin and papery to hard and stony as in the fruit
type called drupe.

29. Parts of a Fruit

30. Types of a Fruit:
 Simple Fruits: These fruits are produced by flowers
containing one pistil, the main female reproductive
organ of a flower.
 Aggregate Fruits: These fruits are developed from
flowers which have more than one pistils. They
consist of mass of small drupes that develops from a
separate ovary of a single flower.
 Multiple Fruits: These fruits are developed not from
one single flower but by a cluster of flowers.
 Accessory Fruits: These fruits are developed from
plant parts other than the ovary.

31. Flower
Thepart of the plant that
makes the seeds.

32. Parts of the Flower
 Petals- are actually leaves. Usually bright
colors to attract pollinating insects.
 Stamen- male part of the flower.
 Anther- a sac-like structure on top of
filament, contains pollen.
 Pistil - female part of the flower.
 Ovary- egg cells develop here. Grows to
become fruit or seed coat.

34. Types of a Flower
Complete- contains 4 main parts.
Incomplete- does not have all 4
main parts.
Perfect- has stamen and pistil.
Imperfect- lacks stamen or pistil.

35. Thank You for listening ))))