Secondary storage structure
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This document discusses secondary storage structures, including different types of storage devices like magnetic tapes and disks. It describes the components and workings of tapes, floppy disks, and hard disks. Various disk scheduling algorithms are also covered, such as First Come First Serve, Shortest Seek Time First, SCAN, Look, C-SCAN, and C-LOOK. These algorithms differ in how they determine the order of requests to minimize the disk head's movement across tracks and reduce average seek and rotational latency times.
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The document discusses various types of physical storage media used in databases, including their characteristics and performance measures. It covers magnetic disks, optical storage, tape storage, and storage hierarchy. It also describes different RAID levels that provide redundancy to improve reliability and use parallelism to improve performance. Key factors in choosing a RAID level are discussed.
db
The document discusses various types of physical storage media used in databases, including their characteristics and performance measures. It covers volatile storage like cache and main memory, and non-volatile storage like magnetic disks, flash memory, optical disks, and tape. It also discusses storage hierarchies and optimizations for magnetic disk access like disk blocking, file organization, write buffers, and RAID configurations.
FILE STRUCTURE IN DBMS
This document discusses physical storage media and file organization. It describes different types of storage media like magnetic disks, flash memory, and tape storage in terms of their speed, capacity, reliability and other characteristics. It also discusses the storage hierarchy from fastest volatile cache/memory to slower non-volatile secondary storage like disks to slowest tertiary storage like tapes. The document further explains techniques like RAID and file organization to optimize storage access and reliability in the presence of disk failures.
Computers12 Ch6
The document discusses different types of secondary storage used in computer systems, focusing on magnetic disk storage. It describes diskettes and hard disks, the basic components and technologies used. Diskettes are flexible and store 1.44 MB or less, while hard disks are rigid platters that can store hundreds of gigabytes. Hard disks assemble multiple platters and use read/write heads to access and transfer data via tracks and sectors.
Understanding operating systems 5th ed ch07
The document discusses different types of storage devices and factors that affect access times. It covers dedicated, shared, and virtual devices, as well as sequential and direct access storage media. Some key points include the differences between magnetic disks, optical discs, flash memory, and magneto-optical storage. Factors like seek time, rotational delay, and transfer time impact access times for direct access storage devices.
Intro ch 05_a
Magnetic storage devices like hard drives and floppy disks store data using magnetism on metal platters. Optical storage devices like CDs and DVDs use lasers to read data encoded in pits and lands on plastic discs. Solid state devices store data using physical switches rather than magnetism or lasers. Common storage devices include hard drives for primary storage, floppy disks and flash drives for removable storage, and tapes for backups. Data is organized on disks in tracks and sectors to allow efficient reading and writing.
Intro Ch 06 A
The document describes different types of storage devices used in computers. It discusses magnetic storage devices like hard drives and floppy disks which use magnets to write binary data to iron oxide coated disks. Optical storage devices like CDs and DVDs are also covered, using lasers to write to disks. Finally, solid state devices are mentioned, which store data physically without moving parts, like flash memory in USB drives and cameras.
Storage structure1
This document discusses storage and file structure. It covers physical storage media like magnetic disks, flash memory, and tape storage. It describes how disks are organized into tracks and sectors. RAID systems are discussed which provide redundancy across multiple disks for reliability and use striping for increased performance. Different RAID levels are outlined which provide varying levels of redundancy through techniques like mirroring, parity bits, and error correction codes.
Chapter4.ppt
This document discusses computer storage devices and media. It describes four common types of storage devices as diskettes, hard disks, removable hard disks, and magnetic tape. Floppy disks are commonly used to store and transfer files between computers. Disks are divided into four areas: the boot record, file allocation table, root folder/directory, and data area. Optical storage devices discussed include CD-ROMs, WORM disks, phase-change rewritable disks, and magneto-optical disks. The document also covers disk drive interface standards like IDE, ESDI, and SCSI.
Storing information in a computer
This document discusses computer storage devices and media. It describes four common types of storage devices: magnetic disk drives like hard drives and floppies, optical drives like CD-ROMs, and magnetic tape drives. It explains the differences between magnetic and optical storage media. Key concepts covered include storage media types, common storage devices, factors that affect drive performance like access time and transfer rate, disk formatting into tracks and sectors, and four main disk drive interface standards.
Storing Information in a Computer
This document discusses computer storage devices and media. It lists four common types of storage devices as diskettes, hard disks, removable hard disks, and magnetic tape. Floppy disks are commonly used to store and transfer files between computers. Disks are divided into four areas: the boot record, file allocation table, root folder/directory, and data area. Optical storage devices discussed include CD-ROMs, WORM disks, phase-change rewritable disks, and magneto-optical disks. Disk drive interface standards covered are Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI), and Small Computer System Interface (SCSI).
Ch11
This document provides an overview of physical storage media and file organization concepts for databases. It discusses various storage media like magnetic disks, flash memory, tape storage and their characteristics. The document introduces the concept of storage hierarchy with primary, secondary and tertiary storage. It describes magnetic disks in detail and optimization techniques for disk access like RAID and file organization. RAID levels 1-4 are summarized with their performance and reliability tradeoffs.
Ch10
This document discusses mass storage systems. It begins with an overview of disk structure, including details on disk performance characteristics like seek time and rotational latency. It then covers topics like disk scheduling algorithms, disk management in operating systems, swap space management, RAID structures, and implementing stable storage. RAID levels like mirroring and striping with parity are explained. The document provides information on technologies like solid-state disks, magnetic tape, storage arrays, and network-attached storage.
7 disk managment
The document discusses secondary storage structures like magnetic tapes and disks. It provides details on:
1) Magnetic disks are made up of platters divided into tracks and sectors that store data. Disks use heads to read and write data as the platters rotate.
2) Disk scheduling algorithms like SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN, and C-LOOK are used to determine the order of requests to minimize head movement across cylinders.
3) Formatting prepares disks for use by dividing them into partitions and creating file systems to store operating system and user data structures.
Ce202 Storage
The document summarizes storage technologies and architectures. It discusses the hierarchy of storage technologies from fastest to slowest including RAM, disk, optical, and tape. It describes common disk architectures and trends in disk capacity and density over time. The document also covers RAID levels, file systems, tape storage, optical storage, emerging technologies like MRAM and MEMS, and networked storage architectures.
ch11
The document discusses physical storage media used in database systems, including their characteristics and performance measures. It describes the storage hierarchy from fastest volatile cache and main memory to slower non-volatile secondary storage like magnetic disks and tertiary storage like tape. It focuses on magnetic disks, explaining their mechanical components and performance optimization techniques like disk scheduling algorithms and file organization to minimize disk arm movement.
Disk structure
The document discusses secondary storage and magnetic disk structure. It provides details on:
- Secondary storage devices like disks, tapes, and drives have non-volatile memory and are slower but cheaper than primary storage like RAM.
- Magnetic disks are divided into platters, tracks, cylinders, and sectors. Read/write heads access data locations specified by head, sector, cylinder addresses.
- Various disk scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN, and LOOK are described which improve disk bandwidth and access time by processing requests in different orders.
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Secondary storage structure
- 2. Types of storage Random access storage Serial access storage – example: Magnetic tapes Direct access storage – example :Magnetic disks
- 3. Kinds of devices Character device Block device
- 4. Magnetic tapes Long tape coated with magnetic material Consists of 9 tracks TRACKS
- 5. Magnetic tapes Read-write head A byte of data is stored laterally Data is stored and accessed as records TRACKS Read write head record
- 6. Floppy disk Two component address: Track number and sector number TRACK
- 10. Comparison between magnetic disks and tapes
- 11. Disk attachment Host- attached storage Example: hard disk drives , CD,DVD Network-attached storage
- 12. Storage area network Uses storage protocols instead of network protocols. Connects servers and storage units
- 14. Seek time and rotational latency: the time necessary to move the disk arm to the desired track, called the seek time The time necessary for the desired sector to rotate to the disk head, called the rotational latency. ROTATIONAL LATENCY
- 15. First come First serve (FCFS): The request that comes first are serviced first
- 16. Total tracks traversed = 45+85+146+85+108+110+59+2= 640
- 17. Shortest Seek Time First (SSTF): The request near the current head position is serviced first
- 18. 2 Total tracks traversed = 12+2+30+23+84+24+2+59= 236
- 19. SCAN algorithm: (Elevator algorithm) The read-write head moves in a particular direction and services all the requests along that direction Traverses till the last track and then reverses its direction and services the remaining requests
- 20. Does not change direction at 14th track. Reaches 0th track and then reverses.
- 21. Look algorithm Does not traverse till 0th track
- 22. C-SCAN algorithm: (Circular scan) Does not change direction at 183rd track. Reaches 199th track and then reaches 0th track.
- 23. C-LOOK algorithm: Does not traverse till 199th track. Returns to 14th track (not 0th track) after 183rd track