This document outlines the steps of the scientific research method and experimental design process. It discusses: 1. Defining the research question and formulating a hypothesis. 2. Designing an experiment to test the hypothesis, including identifying variables, controls, and repeated trials. 3. Collecting and analyzing data from experiments to interpret results and determine if they prove or disprove the original hypothesis. 4. Publishing findings so other scientists can review and potentially replicate the research. The key steps are formulating a research problem and hypothesis, designing a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis through measurable data collection and analysis, and communicating results. The overall goal is to advance scientific understanding through this systematic process.

1. KULIAH 3
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

2. • Research question / Problem
• Background / Observation
• Formulate hypothesis
• Design experiment
• Test hypothesis / Collect data
• Interpret / Analyze results
• Publish findings
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What are you interested in?
What do you have to know about it?
Make observations & gather background
information about the problem
An educated guess …
It shall be possible to measure / test it.
It should help answer the original question
How will you test your hypothesis?
What tests will answer your question?
Test your hypothesis by executing your
experiments. Collect data from them
What do your results tell you?
Do they prove or disprove the hypothesis.
It is OK to be wrong
Write papers for conferences & journals.
Write thesis
Scientific Research Steps

3. Step 4: Preparing Research Design
• Research design is the conceptual structure within which
research would be conducted.
• The function of research design is to provide for the
collection of relevant information with minimal
expenditure of effort, time and money.
• The preparation of research design, appropriate for a
particular research problem, involves the consideration of
the following :
1. Objectives of the research study.
2. Method of Data Collection to be adopted
3. Source of information—Sample Design
4. Tool for Data collection
5. Data Analysis-- qualitative and quantitative

4. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
• Also called Empirical Research or Cause and
Effect Method, it is a data-based research,
coming up with conclusions which are capable
of being verified with observation or
experiment.
• Experimental research is appropriate when
proof is sought that certain variables affect
other variables in some way.

5. DESIGN EXPERIMENT
• Includes planning in detail all the steps of the experimental
phase. In engineering research it often includes the design of
a prototype / system architecture.
• Identify the variables that will be manipulated and measured –
the research outcomes must be measurable.
• In other words:
– What needs to be controlled in order to get an unbiased answer
to the research question.
• Therefore: it is necessary to not only design a prototype /
system but also the thesis validation method !
• The plan should allow others to repeat it. It should be
feasible...!

6. Guidelines to Construct a Research Tool
• The underlying principle behind the guidelines suggested
below is to ensure the validity of your instrument by making
sure that your questions relate to the objectives of your
study.
• Step I: Clearly define and individually list all the specific
objectives or research questions for your study.
• Step II: For each objective or research questions, list all the
associated questions that you want to answer through your
study.
• Step III: Take each research question listed in step II and list
the information required to answer it.
• Step IV: Formulate question(s) to obtain this information.

7. Scientific Experiment
• A scientific experiment is an ordered investigation
that attempts to prove or disprove a hypothesis.
• Its primary purpose is to test whether someone's
prediction is correct.
• In designing experiments, scientists have to
answer some pretty complicated questions, like:
• Does my experiment answer the question I'm trying
to solve?
• Does it adequately test my hypothesis?
• Can I make observations about the results of my
experiment, and will I be able to analyze those
results?
• Finally, if I run this test, will it allow me to come up
with some kind of conclusion?

8. Basic rules for the design of a good
experiment (1)
• Rule #1: The experiment must show that a hypothesis
is either supported or not supported. In science, we
don't say that hypotheses are 'proven' or 'disproven'
until we're really sure about it. A single experiment is
not enough to prove anything with 100% certainty.
• Rule #2: The results of an experiment must be
measurable and objective. Scientists use standard units
to measure different properties like length, time,
volume, mass, and speed. Sometimes we need special
equipment to observe things in a measurable way. For
example, we can't see ultraviolet light or hear
infrasonic sounds. We need special devices to detect
and measure those properties for us.

9. Basic rules for the design of a good
experiment (2)
• Rule #3 for scientific investigations: The experiment
must be repeatable by other scientists. Peer reviewers
want to make sure that other scientists can run the
same experiment and get similar results. This is one of
the reasons we standardize our measuring tools and
equipment. Scientists must be able to read anyone
else's report, follow the steps exactly the same way,
and compare their findings to the original test. In
science, new ideas aren't taken seriously until many
scientists have tested them many, many times. So it's
important that scientists share their techniques and
confirm each other's findings.

10. Step 5: COLLECTING DATA
• Having formulated the research problem,,
developed a study design, constructed a
research instrument and selected a sample,
you then collect the data from which you will
draw inferences and conclusions for your
study. Depending upon your plans, you might
commence interviews, mail out a
questionnaire, conduct experiments and/or
make observations.

11. Key questions on How to Design and
Conduct an Experiment.

12. Problem/Purpose
• What is your objective?
• What idea are you trying to test?
• What is the scientific question you are trying
to answer?

13. Hypothesis
• Explain how you think your project can
demonstrate your purpose.
• Make a prediction regarding the outcome of
your tests or experiments.
• Describe the results you are predicting in
measurable terms.

14. Procedure
• Give a detailed explanation of how you will conduct the
experiment to test your hypothesis.
• Be clear about the variables (elements of the experiment that
change to test your hypothesis) versus your controls
(elements of the experiment that do not change).
• Be very specific about how you will measure results to prove
or disprove your hypothesis. You should include a regular
timetable for measuring results or observing the projects (for
example, every hour, every day, every week).
• Your procedures should be repeatable by others so that the
test could be re-done (Another person should be able to
perform your experiment following your procedure.)

15. Materials
• List all materials and/or equipment that were
used.
• Your list of materials should include all of the
ingredients of the procedure recipe.

16. Observations/Data/Results
• Keep a detailed record of observations, data,
and results. Your journal should contain data
measurements and written notes about what
you are sensing (hearing, seeing, or touching)
about the experiment.
• If applicable, photograph your project results
or phases of the project to help your analysis
and possibly to demonstrate your experiment
on your exhibit board.

17. Plan your data collection
• Know beforehand when you will collect data and
what kind of data you will collect.
• Measure this data at a set time or, in other cases,
at regular intervals.
• For experiments that measure the change in a
certain variable over time, it's necessary to collect
data at regular intervals.
• Know the difference between dependent and
independent variables. An independent variable is
the variable that you change and a dependent
variable is the one affected by the independent
variable

18. Conduct your experiment methodically
• Run your experiment, testing for your variable.
This almost always requires you to run the
experiment multiple times for multiple variable
values.
• Generally, the wider range of data you can gather,
the better. Record as much data as is feasible.
• Good experimental design incorporates what's
known as a control. One of your experimental
replications should not include the variable you're
testing for at all

19. Collect your data
• It's always a good idea to represent your data visually
if you can. Plot data points on a graph and express
trends with a line or curve of best fit. This will help
you (and anyone else who sees the graph) visualize
patterns in the data.
• For most basic experiments, the independent
variable is represented on the horizontal x axis and
the dependent variable is on the vertical y axis.

20. Analysis
• Explain your observations, data, and results.
This is a summary of what your data has
shown you.
• List the main points that you have learned.
• Why have the results occurred? What has
your experiment prove?
• Was your hypothesis correct? Has your
experiment prove or disprove your
hypothesis? This should be explained
thoroughly

21. Conclusion
• Answer your problem/purpose statement.
• What does it all add up to? What is the value
of your project?
• What further study do you recommend given
the results of your experiment? What would
be the next question to ask?
• If you repeated this project, what would you
change?

22. Contoh
desain
eksperimen

23. Independent Variable - The item being tested in the
experiment; it is intentionally changed by the
experimenter.
Dependent Variable – The item being measured in
the experiment; it is directly affected by the
independent variable.
Constant – One or more factors associated with the
experiment that do not change or are not
allowed to vary throughout the procedure.
Control – The part of the experiment that is used as
a comparison for the independent variable; it is
unchanged from its normal circumstances.
Repeated Trials – The number of specimens on
which the same experiment is performed.

24. INTERMEZZO

25. Directions: Read the following scenario.
Then, identify the independent variable, dependent variable,
constants, control, and repeated trials.
Joe and Melissa wanted to find out what type of surface
would allow a toy car to roll the fastest. To answer their
question, they designed an experiment. They found a piece of
wood to use as a ramp to roll the toy car down. Then, they
thought of several different types of surfaces to put on the
ramp. Joe thought they should try carpet and sandpaper;
Melissa suggested they try the wood that the ramp was built
with and waxed paper. They decided to roll the car down each
of the four surfaces 10 times. They would use the collected
data to calculate an average speed for each surface. They
wanted to control the distance the car traveled, so they
marked the “start” line at the top of the ramp and made
another line for the “finish” 1½ meters away. After they set
up the equipment, they did their experiment.

26. 1. What was the independent variable in this
experiment?
2. What was the dependent variable in this
experiment?
3. List the constants that were needed in order
to perform the experiment.
4. How many repeated trials were there?
5. Was there a control to this experiment? If so
what was it?
Questions

27. HOMEWORK
• Lanjutkan proses penyusunan proposal