Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Theoretical and Conceptual framework in ResearchIkbal Ahmed
A presentation on Theoretical framework and conceptual framework of a research.From this presentation you can know -
1) About theory and 4 types of theory
2) How to choose a suitable theoretical framework for your research
3) How to make a good conceptual framework for your research
4) Find out Independent variable and dependent variable of your problem statement
5) Relation between TF & CF relative to Quantitative and Qualitative methodology
Difference between qualitative and quantitative research shaniShani Jyothis
nursing research### quantitative research###qualitative research###difference#### process of research ......
Quantitative Vs qualitative research.......÷######$###@@@@@@@@@@ based on hypothesis, ............., variables analysis,............ interpretation, .............
Theoretical or conceptual frameworks for dissertations or theses 2016DoctoralNet Limited
What is the difference between and usefulness of conceptual vs theoretical frameworks in research? These slides and the corresponding webinar considered each, testing our ideas and using them as a step towards the significance of our work?
Theoretical and Conceptual framework in ResearchIkbal Ahmed
A presentation on Theoretical framework and conceptual framework of a research.From this presentation you can know -
1) About theory and 4 types of theory
2) How to choose a suitable theoretical framework for your research
3) How to make a good conceptual framework for your research
4) Find out Independent variable and dependent variable of your problem statement
5) Relation between TF & CF relative to Quantitative and Qualitative methodology
Difference between qualitative and quantitative research shaniShani Jyothis
nursing research### quantitative research###qualitative research###difference#### process of research ......
Quantitative Vs qualitative research.......÷######$###@@@@@@@@@@ based on hypothesis, ............., variables analysis,............ interpretation, .............
Theoretical or conceptual frameworks for dissertations or theses 2016DoctoralNet Limited
What is the difference between and usefulness of conceptual vs theoretical frameworks in research? These slides and the corresponding webinar considered each, testing our ideas and using them as a step towards the significance of our work?
How to write an effective research paperVidhyambikaSR
Covers everything from understanding what a research paper is, to exploring the various types of research papers. Learn how to choose a compelling topic and write an engaging manuscript that not only presents innovative ideas but also reaches a broad audience. Additionally, get insights on publishing your paper in the right journal or conference, all in a concise and clear manner.
There are both challenges and opportunities in the existing scenario characterized by heavy emphasis on collaboration, digitization and onset of social media. One needs to be connected with theme, institution, industry and society. The web 2.0 technologies make it possible for a researcher to be a connected one.
Action research is a philosophy and methodology of research generally applied in the social sciences. It seeks trasformative change through the simultaneous process of taking action and doing research which are linked together by critical reflection
Psychosocial care of coronavirus disease 2019Nursing Path
The novel Coronavirus (nCoV) epidemic in 2019 -2020 has recently emerged. The route of transmission is not totally known, although it is known that it can spread from person to person, and local health care systems may be ill-equipped to handle a large-scale outbreak.
The blood electrolytes—sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate—help regulate nerve and muscle function and maintain acid-base balance and water balance. ... Thus, having electrolytes in the right concentrations (called electrolyte balance) is important in maintaining fluid balance among the compartments
Hospital infection control programs can help healthcare organizations monitor and improve practices, identify risks and proactively establish policies to prevent the spread of infections
Outcome-based education (OBE) is an educational theory that bases each part of an educational system around goals (outcomes). By the end of the educational experience, each student should have achieved the goal.
Assessment is part of the everyday activities of nursing professionals. Assessment is the only way by which a teacher can know how successful his teaching was and what areas in teaching need improvement.
A mental health disorder characterised by feelings of worry, anxiety or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one's daily activities.
The term "anxiety disorder" refers to specific psychiatric disorders that involve extreme fear or worry, and includes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder and panic attacks, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, selective mutism, separation anxiety, and specific phobias.
Selection and organization of learning experienceNursing Path
Curriculum is the educational design of learning experiences for the students. Curricular experiences include course content as well as learning activities. The selection and organization of curricular experiences must also reflect the philosophy of the school. The identifying and organizing of curricular experiences begins with the analysis of curriculum objectives. The most commonly used approach in selecting learning experiences is the logical approach in which the process is treated as content in curriculum development.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing.
Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs
Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus. An abortion that occurs spontaneously is also known as a miscarriage.
The enterobacteriaceae basic properties.ppsx xNursing Path
The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella, and Shigella.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. The structure of the
presentation
What is conceptual frame work?
What are the purposes of conceptual
framework ?
What are ingredients of a conceptual
framework?
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3. The structure of the
presentation
What are the steps in Developing a conceptual
framework.
How will you present a conceptual framework?
What are the pros and cons of conceptual
frameworks.
Conclusion.
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4. Introduction
• Conceptual framework represent ways of
thinking about a problem.
• It deals with abstractions ( concepts) that
are assembled by virtue of relevance to a
common theme.
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5. INTRODUCTION
• CF is an explanation of how a researcher
sees the different concepts and outcomes
of study and its relations with each other.
• It can be developed from the researcher's
personal experience, previous studies, or
from more than one theory or models
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6. A written or visual presentation that:
“explains either graphically, or by narration,
the main things to be studied – the key
factors, concepts or variables - and the
presumed
relationship
among
them”.
(Miles and Huberman, 1994, P18)
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7. • A CF provides a coherent, unified and orderly
way of seeing related events or processes
relevant to a study/ research and less formal than
theories.
• It can be :
• Rudimentary or elaborate,
• Theory driven or commonsensical ,
• Descriptive or casual (Miles, and Huberman cited
Veal p.54)
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8. • It broadly presents understanding of the
phenomenon of interest and reflects the
assumptions and philosophic view of the
designer
• It is researcher‟s own position on the
problem- the way the researcher shapes it
together.
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9. What it does?
• Conceptual frameworks serve as the
springboard for theory development
• CF shows the relationship of the stated
hypotheses with central factors or key
concepts.
• Part of CF offers a synopsis of the study's
main points.
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10. What it does??
• Each framework highlights or emphasizes
different aspects of a problem or research
question.
• Any one conceptual framework presents
only a partial view of reality.
• Focuses attention on and amplify certain
elements of a problem like a magnifying
glass
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11. Purposes
• Conceptual Framework
• Keeps research on track
• Provides clear links from the literature to the
research goals and questions
• Helps the researcher to see clearly the variables
of the study
• Clarifies concepts and propose relationships
among concepts
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12. Purposes
• Provides an organizing structure for the
research design and methods.
• Useful to prepare research proposal using
experimental or descriptive methods
• Guides the development and testing of
interventions and hypotheses
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13. Purposes
• Provides general framework for data
analysis
• The interpretation of findings flows from
the conceptualization represented by the
framework
• Makes research findings meaningful and
generalizable
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14. Purposes
• Provides reference points for discussion of the
methodology and analysis of the data.
• Explains observations
• Contributes to the trustworthiness of the study.
• Encourages theory development that is useful to
practice
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15. Ingredients
• A conceptual framework is composed of concepts and
the relational linkages between them ( called
propositional statements)
• Concepts abstractly describes and names an object or
phenomenon, thus providing it with separate identity or
meaning.
• It is actually the intellectual representation of some
aspect of reality, derived from observations made from
phenomenon.
• Example: Anxiety, stress or pain
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18. Concept synthesis
• Process of describing and naming a previously
unrecognized concept
Eg:- Selye performed concept synthesis to
identify and define the concept stress.
Concept derivation
• Meanings are derived from other disciplines
may be modified and carefully evaluated to fit
in the nursing knowledge
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19. Conceptual analysis
• A strategy through a set of characteristics
essential to the connotative meaning of a
concept is identified.
• A strategy that involves examining the
attributes characteristics of a concept.
(Walker & Avant 1983)
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20. A philosophical inquiry –
Researcher explores various ways the term is
used and try to identify set of characteristics
that can be used to describe the concept.
How?
By × search of literature
× personal experience
and thought
× Reasoning
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Walker & Avant
1985.
20
21. Types of concepts
• Three types of concepts
According to level of abstraction:
1. Abstract concepts or theoretical concepts
2. Empirical or descriptive concepts
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22. According to level of categorization:
1. Global or domain concepts
2. Middle range concepts
3. Empirical concepts
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23. • According to levels of measurements
• 1. Nominal
• 2. Ordinal
• 3. Interval
• 4. Ratio
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24. • Concepts are important because they
provide a road map
• Give the big picture ideas (the concepts)
up front, and then fit in the smaller facts
and details
• Provide the context for the researcher
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25. Next steps is to state Relations with
concepts.
? Relational statement- declares that a
relationship of some kind exists between
two or more concepts. (Walker & Avant
1980)
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26. Importance of relational
statements/ propositions
• Core of frame work
• Relational statement are tested through
research.
• Relational statements determines the
- Objectives
- Research questions and hypothesis
- Research design
- Statistical analysis
- Type of findings expected.
N.B: For critiquing a study too the link between the
hypothesis, design and frame work are examined.
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27. Special features
It describes
* Direction
* Sequencing
* Shape
* Probability of occurrence
* Strength
* Necessity
* Symmetry
* Sufficiency
Depicted with diagrams or by literary means.
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28. What inputs go into
developing a conceptual
framework?
• Experiential knowledge of researcher and supervisor
– Literature review
– Technical knowledge.
– Research background.
– Personal experience.
– Data (particularly for qualitative).
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29. How might a conceptual
framework be developed?
1. Explore/
explain
relationship
between concepts
4. Operationalise
concepts
2. Identify the
concept
3. Define concepts
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30. Identify concepts
• Identify the concept and categorize them
• It can be abstract or concrete.
• For an abstract concept it is broad and may not be
readily observable and the meaning of which are
more far from time, space and referent group and is
not easily measurable
• Specific or concrete concepts are amenable to
measurements
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31. Define concepts
• This is the main function of a conceptual
framework in descriptive study/ research
• Example
• Quality of life
• Accessibility of care
• Regular users
• Visitor demand
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32. Operationalise concepts
• In other words, how can abstract
intangible concepts be made tangible
• How can concepts like
• Regeneration
• Community
• Deprivation
• Local etc be recognized , assessed,
measured or counted
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33. • Empirical referents or indicators must be find
• out to depict the existence of concepts after
operationalising the concept.
• Example
• Numerical pain scale to measure the pain
intensity
• Depression scale to measure depression etc
• Empirical referents is a means of
measurement of concepts
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34. Develop relational
statements/ propositions
• State the relation between concepts
• This
provides
idea
for
testing
and
hypothesis development
• Hypothesis are developed from these
propositional statements of a conceptual
framework
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35. In nut shell
Develop the structure by:
•
Identifying the key words used in the subject area of the study.
•
Draw out the key things within something that have already written
about the subject area – literature review.
•
Take one key concept, idea or term at a time and brainstorm all the
other things that might be related and then go back and select those that
seem most relevant.
•
It will take time and a number of iterations and the focus should be
both on the content and the inter-relationships.
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36. General forms of CF
• Process frameworks
– Set out the stages through which an action moves from initiation to
conclusion. These relate to the ‘how?’ question.
• Content frameworks
• Set out the variables, and possibly the relationship (with
relative strengths) between them, that together answer the
‘why?’ question.
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37. What specific forms might a conceptual framework take?
• The possibilities include:
– Flow charts.
– Tree diagrams.
– Shape based diagrams – triangles, concentric circles,
overlapping circles.
– Mind maps.
– Soft systems.
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38. The pros and cons of conceptual
frameworks
• Why are conceptual frameworks useful?
•
Conceptual frameworks provide researchers with:
– The ability to move beyond descriptions of „what‟ to
explanations of „why‟ and „how‟.
– A means of setting out an explanation set that might be used to
define and make sense of the data that flow from the research
question.
– A filtering tool for selecting appropriate research questions and
related data collection methods.
– A reference point/structure for the discussion of the literature,
methodology and results.
– The boundaries of the work.
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39. The pros and cons of conceptual
frameworks
• Allow researchers to build upon one
another‟s work; thereby building a body
of knowledge
• Programmatic,
conceptually
based
research
that
accumulate
deeper
understanding over time and this moves a
discipline (such as nursing) forward.
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40. What are the cons/ limitations
• Conceptual framework:
– Is influenced by the experience and knowledge of the
individual – initial bias.
– Once developed will influence the researcher‟s
thinking and may result in some things being given
prominence and others being ignored – ongoing bias.
• The solution is to revisit the conceptual framework,
particularly at the end when evaluating your work.
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41. Criteria to evaluate conceptual
framework
• Comprehensiveness of content
• logical congruence
• conceptual clarity
• level of abstraction
• clinical utility (Fawcett's (1995))
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42. CF for infant/child pain
parent coping
INFANT
AND
CHILD
Bradykinin
Serotonin
K+
Histamines
Physiologic
Behavioural
Miscellaneous
Characteristics
Infant and child
Characteristics
SURGERY
PAIN
APAT
Biological
PARENT
Personality
Characteristics
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Social
Psychological
Coping
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Strategies
COPING
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43. Conclusion
•
The conceptual framework encapsulates the research as it:
– Sets out the focus and content.
– Acts as the link between the literature, the methodology and the
results
•
Thus it can be/will be the focus/starting point of the evaluation of
originality of a research to find
– Whether what has been focussed on entirely new?
– Is the way the subject been investigated different to the „normal‟
approaches?
– Has new light been shed on previously explored issues?
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44. References
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hart C. (1998): Doing a Literature Review.” London, Sage.
Jennings G. (2001): Tourism Research. Australia, John Wiley and
Sons.
Maslow A (1954): “Motivation and Personality.” New York: Harper.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, M. A. (1994): “Qualitative Data Analysis:
An Expanded Sourcebook” (2nd edition). Beverley Hills, Sage.
Rogers, E.M. (2003): “Diffusion of Innovations.” 5 th Edition. London,
Simon and Schuster.
Smyth R. (2004): “Exploring the Usefulness of a Conceptual
Framework as a Research Tool: A Researcher's Reflections.” Issues In
Educational Research, Volume 14.
Yin R. K. (1994): “Case Study Research: Design and Methods.” (2 nd
edition) California, Sage.
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