The document discusses research methodology, encompassing systematic observation and the organized body of knowledge derived from such observations in various scientific fields. It differentiates between science, which seeks to understand natural phenomena, and engineering, which applies scientific principles to create solutions, while also covering the roles of innovation and various research types and processes. Furthermore, it outlines essential steps in the research process, characteristics of research, and types of research based on application, objectives, and mode of inquiry.

1. Research Methodology

2. Science
1.The systematic observation of natural events
and conditions in order to discover facts about
them and to formulate laws and principles
based on these facts.
2. The organized body of knowledge that is
derived from such observations and that can be
verified or tested by further investigation.
3. Any specific branch of this general body of
knowledge, such as biology, physics, geology, or
astronomy.
Academic Press Dictionary of Science & Technology

3. Technology
• Technology is the process by which humans
modify nature to meet their needs and wants.
• TECHNOLOGY: "...the know-how and creative
processes that may assist people to utilise
tools, resources and systems to solve
problems and to enhance control over the
natural and made environment in an
endeavour to improve the human condition."
• (UNESCO, 1985).

4. ENGINEERING:
• “The creative application of scientific principles to
design or develop structures, machines, device,
or manufacturing processes,
• or works utilizing them singly or in combination;
or to construct or operate the same with full
cognizance of their design;
• or to forecast their behavior under specific
operating conditions; all as respects an intended
function, economics of operation and safety to
life and property.”
American Engineers' Council for Professional Development

5. Sc vs Eng
• Science aims to understand the "why" and
"how" of nature.
• Engineering seeks to shape the natural world
to meet human needs and wants.
• Scientists study the world as it is; engineers
create the world that has never been.

6. Innovation
• The introduction of something new, a new
way of doing something, the successful
exploitation of new ideas.
• Invention - an idea made manifest ... the first
occurrence of an idea for a new product or
process
• Innovation - ideas applied successfully ... the
first attempt to carry it out into practice

7. Sc.
Innovation
Eng

8. research
• ‘a systematic and organized effort to investigate
specific problem that needs a solution.’
• The systematic & objective identification,
collection, analysis, dissemination & use of
information for the purpose of assisting
management in the decision making related to the
identification and solution of problems (and
opportunities)

9. What we do in life…?
THINK
BELIEVE
DREAM
DARE
-Prof. CP Gupta

10. & we flop…

11. That’s why we need research…
Founded in 2004
with only Rs.
400000 now tuned
over Rs. 60,000
Crore company.

12. Research
 Research is a process
 of determining, acquiring, analyzing, synthesizing,
and disseminating
 relevant data, information, and insights
 to decision makers
 in ways that facilitate the organization to take
appropriate business actions that, in turn,
maximize business performance

13. What is research?
• A search for knowledge
- A scientific and systematic search for
significant information on a specific topic
– A careful investigation through search for new
facts in any branch of knowledge
– A journey of discovery – and so on

14. Language of Research
Variables
Models
Theory
Terms used
in research
Constructs
Operational
definitions
Propositions/
Hypotheses
Conceptual
schemes
Concepts
3/19/2021

15. Getting Research Ideas
• From where did the author seem to draw the
ideas?
• What exactly was accomplished by this piece of
work?
• How does it seem to relate to other work in the
field?
• What would be the reasonable next step to build
upon this work?
• What ideas from related fields might be brought
to bear upon this subject?

16. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:
• Controlled
• Rigorous
• Systematic
• Valid and Verifiable
• Empirical
• Critical

17. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH:
• Academic Objectives – It relates to
development of new concept and addition to
old conce
• Utility objectives- It relates to utility of
research work, as research work, as research
is accepted for more use to the society.

18. Other Objectives
1. Decision making objectives.
2. Environmental objectives
3. Market objectives
4. Customer objectives
5. Profit and promotional objectives.

20. Research Methods
• Research methods may be understood as all
those methods/techniques that are used for
conducting research.

21. Research methodology
• Research methodology is a way to
systematically solve the research problem; it
may be understood as a science of studying
how research is done scientifically. In it we
formulate the various steps that are to be
adopted by a researcher in studying his
research problem along with the logic behind
them.

22. Research Methodology versus
Research Methods
BASIS OF
COMPARISON
RESEARCH METHOD RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Meaning Research Method implies the
methods employed by the researcher
to conduct research.
Research methodology signifies
way to efficiently solving research
problems.
What is it? Behavior and instrument used in the
selection and construction of the
research technique.
Science of understanding, how
research is performed
methodically.
Encompasses Carrying out experiment, test, surveys
and so on.
Study different techniques which
can be utilized in the performance
of experiment, test, surveys etc.
Comprise of Different investigation techniques. Entire strategy towards
achievement of objective.
Objective To discover solution to research
problem.
To apply correct procedures so as
to determine solutions.

23. Research Process
• The research process consists of series of
various actions, which are necessary to
effective research work. It includes all such
stages required to carry out research work.
• This must specify desired steps involved in
conducting research work.

24. Research Process
(i) Formulating the Research Problem
(ii) Extensive Literature Survey
(iii) Developing the Research Hypothesis
(iv) Preparing the Research Design
(v) Determining the Research Design
(vi) Collecting the Research Data
(vii) Execution of the Project
(viii) Analysis of Data
(ix) Hypothesis Testing
(x) Generalization and Interpretation
(xi) Preparing of the Report or Presentation of the Result

25. Formulation of Research Problem:
• At the very outset, the researcher must decide
the general area of interest or aspect of a
subject matter that he would like to inquire
into and then research problem should be
formulated.

26. Extensive Literature Survey:
• Once the problem is formulated the researcher
should undertake extensive literature survey
connected with the problem.
• For this purpose, the abstracting and indexing
journals and published or unpublished
bibliographies are the first place to go to
academic journals, conference proceedings,
government reports, books etc. must be tapped
depending on the nature of the problem.

27. Development of Working Hypothesis:
• After extensive literature survey, researcher
should state in clear terms the working
hypothesis or hypotheses.
• Working hypothesis is tentative assumption
made in order to draw out and test its logical
or empirical consequences.
• It’s very important or it provides the focal
point for research.

28. Preparing the Research Design:
• A framework or blueprint for conducting the
marketing research project. It specific the
details of the procedures necessary for
obtaining the information needed to structure
and/or solve marketing research problems.
• It is simply a framework or blueprint for
the research study which guides the
collection and analysis of data

29. Determining Sample Design:
• Sample designs can be either probability or
non-probability.
• With probability samples each element has a
known probability of being included in the
sample but the non-probability samples do
not allow the researchers to determine this
probability.

30. Collecting the Data:
• There are several ways of collecting the
appropriate data which differ considerably in
context of cost, time and other resources at
the disposal of the researcher.
– Primary Data
– Secondary Data

31. Execution of the Project:
• Execution of project is a very important step in
the research process. If the execution of the
project proceeds on correct lines, the data to
be collected would be adequate and
dependable .
• A careful watch should be kept for
unanticipated factors in order to keep the
survey realistic as much as possible.

32. Analysis of Data:
• The analysis of data requires a number of
closely related operations such as
establishment of categories, the application of
these categories to raw data through coding,
tabulation and then drawing statistical
inference.

33. Hypothesis Testing:
• After analyzing the data, the researcher is in a
position to test the hypothesis, if any, he had
formulated earlier.
• Do the facts support the hypothesis or they
happen to be contrary?
• This is the usual question which is to be
answered by applying various tests like ‘t’ test,
’F’ test etc.

34. Generalizations and Interpretation:
• If a hypothesis is tested and upheld several times,
it may be possible for the researcher to arrive at
generalization i.e. to build a theory.
• As a matter of fact, the real value of research lies
in its ability to arrive at certain generalizations.
• If the researcher had no hypothesis to start with,
he might seek to explain his findings on the basis
of some theory. It is known as interpretation.

35. Preparation of the Report or the
Thesis:
• Finally, the researcher has to prepare the report
of what has been done by him. The layout of the
report should be as follows; the preliminary
pages, the main text and end matter.
• The preliminary pages carry title,
acknowledgements and forward and then index.
The main text of the report should have
introduction, review of literature and
methodology.

36. Types of research
• Types of research can be looked at from three
different perspectives
1. applications of the findings of the research
study;
2. objectives of the study;
3. mode of enquiry used in conducting the study.

37. Types of research: application
perspective
• Fundamental or basic research
• Applied research

38. Fundamental or basic research
• Study or investigation of some natural phenomenon or
relating to pure science are termed as basic research. Basic
researches sometimes may not lead to immediate use or
application. It is not concerned with solving any practical
problems of immediate interest. But it is original or basic in
character. It provides a systematic and deep insight into a
problem and facilitates extraction of scientific and logical
explanation and conclusion on it. It helps build new
frontiers of knowledge. The outcomes of basic research
form the basis for many applied research.
– Seeks generalization
– Aims at basic processes
– Attempts to explain why things happen
– Tries to get all the facts
– Reports in technical language of the topic

39. Applied research
• In an applied research one solves certain problems
employing well known and accepted theories and
principles. Most of the experimental research, case studies
and inter-disciplinary research are essentially applied
research. Applied research is helpful for basic research. A
research, the outcome of which has immediate application
is also termed as applied research. Such a research is of
practical use to current activity.
– Studies individual or specific cases without the objective to
generalize
– Aims at any variable which makes the desired difference
– Tries to say how things can be changed
– Tries to correct the facts which are problematic
– Reports in common language

40. Types of research: objectives
perspective
• Exploratory Research
• Descriptive research
• Explanatory research
• Longitudinal Research
• Cross-sectional Research

41. Exploratory Research
• Exploratory research might involve a literature search
or conducting focus group interviews. The exploration
of new phenomena in this way may help the
researcher’s need for better understanding, may test
the feasibility of a more extensive study, or determine
the best methods to be used in a subsequent study. For
these reasons, exploratory research is broad in focus
and rarely provides definite answers to specific
research issues.
• The objective of exploratory research is to identify key
issues and key variables.

42. Generally used exploratory research
methods:
a. Survey of existing literature
b. Survey of experienced individuals
c. Analysis of selected case situations

43. Descriptive Research
• The descriptive research is directed
toward studying “what” and how many
off this “what”. Thus, it is directed toward
answering questions such as, “What is
this?”

44. Explanatory research
• Its primary goal is to understand or to explain
relationships.
• It uses correlations to study relationships
between dimensions or characteristics off
individuals, groups, situations, or events.
• Explanatory research explains (How the parts
of a phenomenon are related to each other).
• Explanatory research asks the “Why” question

45. Longitudinal Research
• Research carried out longitudinally involves data collection at
multiple points in time. Longitudinal studies may take the form of:
• Trend study- looks at population characteristics over time, e.g.
organizational absenteeism rates during the course of a year
• Cohort study- traces a sub-population over time, e.g. absenteeism
rates for the sales department;
• Panel study- traces the same sample over time, e.g. graduate career
tracks over the period 1990 – 2000 for the same starting cohort.
• While longitudinal studies will often be more time consuming and
expensive than cross-sectional studies, they are more likely to
identify causal relationships between variables

46. Cross-sectional Research
• One-shot or cross-sectional studies are those
in which data is gathered once, during a
period of days, weeks or months.
• Many cross-sectional studies are exploratory
or descriptive in purpose. They are designed
to look at how things are now, without any
sense of whether there is a history or trend at
work.

47. Types of research: mode of enquiry
perspective
• Quantitative research
• Qualitative research

48. Qualitative research
• It is non-numerical, descriptive, applies
reasoning and uses words.
• Its aim is to get the meaning, feeling and
describe the situation.
• Qualitative data cannot be graphed.
• It is exploratory.
• It investigates the why and how of decision
making

49. Quantitative research
• It is numerical, non-descriptive, applies
statistics or mathematics and uses numbers.
• It is an iterative process whereby evidence is
evaluated.
• The results are often presented in tables and
graphs.
• It is conclusive.
• It investigates the what, where and when of
decision making.

50. Mixed research
• Mixed research- research that involves the
mixing of quantitative and qualitative
methods or paradigm characteristics. Nature
of data is mixture of variables, words and
images.