The document outlines the key steps and considerations for conducting research. It discusses: 1) The 8 main steps in the research process including formulating the problem, literature review, data collection and analysis, and reporting results. 2) Additional guidance on formulating the research problem, reviewing literature, developing objectives, and determining the research method and design. 3) Types of research including doctrinal, non-doctrinal, analytical, historical, inter-disciplinary, inductive, deductive, and comparative approaches.

1. 1

2. Research is a process of collecting, analyzing
and interpreting information to answer questions.
Steps in Research Process:
1. Formulating the Research Problem
2. Extensive Literature Review
3. Developing the objectives
4. Preparing the Research Design including
Sample Design
5. Collecting the Data
6. Analysis of Data
7. Generalization and Interpretation
8. Preparation of the Report or Presentation of
Results-Formal write ups of conclusions
reached.
Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

3.  Steps in formulation of a research problem
 Step 1 Identify a broad field or subject area of
interest to you.
 Step 2 Dissect the broad area into sub areas.
 Step 3 Select what is of most interest to you.
 Step 4 Raise research questions.
 Step 5 Formulate objectives.
 Step 6 Assess your objectives.
 Step 7 Double check.
 Step 2. Reviewing the literature
Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

4. HYPOTHESIS
Certain proposition
- either Positive or Negative
- Problem
4Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

5.  -Objectives are the goals you set out to attain in your study.
 -They inform a reader what you want to attain through the study.
 -It is extremely important to word them clearly and specifically.
 Objectives should be listed under two headings:
 a) main objectives ( aims);
 b) sub-objectives.
 • The main objective is an overall statement of the thrust of your study.
 It is also a statement of the main associations and relationships that you seek to
 discover or establish.
 • The sub-objectives are the specific aspects of the topic that you want to investigate
 within the main framework of your study.
 -They should be numerically listed.
 -Wording should clearly, completely and specifically
 Communicate to your readers your intention.
 -Each objective should contain only one aspect of the Study.
 -Use action oriented words or verbs when writing objectives.
 The objectives should start with words such as
 ‘to determine’,
 ‘to find out’,
 ‘to ascertain’,
 ‘to measure’,
 ‘to explore’ etc.
Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

6. THESIS
‘Independent Complete’ discourse on a
subject (200 to 250 pages)
 A substantial piece of a original research
 Exhibition of Original skills
 Rich Reference Work
 Proper use of sources of research
 Citing of proper cases
 Case Analysis
 No plagiarism – unacknowledged use of quotes and
paragraphs
6Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

7. 1. Topic finalisation.
(Available Source Material of the topic, Scope for research,
Originality, Object of research)
2. Research Method Finalization.
3. Research Design.
4. Hypothesis of Research.
(A Tentative Generalisation of Problem)
5. Review of existing Literature.
6. Data collection – Analysis.
7. Sources of Research.
8. Use of Internet.
9. Chapter-wise compilation of Material.
7Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

8. III – TYPES OF RESEACH
DOCTRINAL
Law library, reading and analyzing, formulates his
conclusion and writes up his study.
NON-DOCTRINAL
It’s a study, analysis of law, the people and institutions
usually comprise of field work.
Categorization is incorrect because almost every
research is blending of both.
8Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

9. It should be Accurate, Reliable and Systematic.
 Analytical
 Historical
 Inter-disciplinary - Environment & Science
 Induction & Deduction
 Comparative
 Empirical
(Scientific Method, combines reasoning with
observation, discovery with justification)
9Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

10. 1) Introduction – Concept, emerged, significance,
connotation, definition.
2) Aims and Objects.
3) Hypothesis
4) Research Method
5) Survey of existing literature
6) Chapterisation
7) Conclusion and Suggestion
8) Bibliography
9) Appendices 10Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

11. Primary
The Parliamentary Acts, Rules, Regulations, Bye
Laws, Authoritative Reports, Court Verdicts.
Secondary
Books, Commentaries, Articles, Digests,
Websites, Encyclopedia.
11Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

12.  Table of Cases
 Case Law Index – Give no. of pages of same
cases.
 Data tables / graphs.
 Abbreviations
 List of Statutes
 Relevant provisions of Statutes.
 Questionnaire
 Appendices – Should not be larger than the
main work.
12Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

13.  For Books
 1.Authors surname ( alphabetically), followed by their initials,
 2.Date of publication
 3.Title of book in italics
 4.Place of publication, Publisher. e.g.
 Philip, T.E.; 1986, Modern Cookery for Teaching and Trade, Mumbai, Orient Longman.
 For Journal Article:
 The title of the article appears in inverted commas and name of the journal comes in
italics,
followed by volume number and pages of the article. e.g.
 Philip, T.E.; “Influence of British Raj on Indian Cuisine”; Journal of Hospitality
Education;
5:5-11
 Appendices:
 If you have constructed a questionnaire or Interview schedule for your research, it may
be
useful to include them in your report as an appendix.
 Appendices do not count towards your total number of pages/words. It is a useful way
of
including relevant material so that the examiner can gain a deeper understanding of
your work by reading it.
Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

14. After basic preparation
 Proper chapterisation
 Chapter
 Originality
 Data – Case Analysis
 Comparative perspective
 National and Global perspective
 No Book – Web copy work
 Proper use of quotations
 Connectivity with references
 Flow of presentation
 Documentation – acknowledgment of all sources
 No cut-pasting
14Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda

15. Subject Matter 50
Originality and Analysis 25
Research Standard 25
Language – presentation 25
Conclusion and Suggestion. 25
150 marks
15Prof. Doc. Mukund Sarda