Satellite communications systems involve satellites orbiting Earth that relay signals between ground stations. The document discusses several key topics:
1. The types of satellites include communication, weather, navigation, military and scientific satellites. Different orbits are used including geostationary and polar orbits.
2. Satellite subsystems include power, communication, antenna and control subsystems. Earth stations have antenna, transmit, receive and power subsystems.
3. Satellites can route signals via transponders and techniques like frequency reuse increase channel capacity. Handovers allow signals to transfer between satellites or ground stations.
4. Applications include remote sensing, weather monitoring, global communications, navigation and space exploration. Satellite technology has many important
this presentation is about satellite communication which includes working of gps ,vsat ,frequency bands ,needs of communication satellite ,types of satellite ,working ,orbits ,elements involved in working ,transponder ,satellite control center ,satellite network
Presentation on Satellite Communication
Presentation on Satellite Communication
Outlines:
History
Definition
Communication system
Architecture
Operation of satellite
Elements
>Space Segment
>Ground Segment
Earth Stations
Digital Earth Station
Orbits
Geostationary Orbit (GSO)
Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO)
Different Satellite Communications : Services
Advantages OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Applications OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Future
Conclusion
this presentation is about satellite communication which includes working of gps ,vsat ,frequency bands ,needs of communication satellite ,types of satellite ,working ,orbits ,elements involved in working ,transponder ,satellite control center ,satellite network
Presentation on Satellite Communication
Presentation on Satellite Communication
Outlines:
History
Definition
Communication system
Architecture
Operation of satellite
Elements
>Space Segment
>Ground Segment
Earth Stations
Digital Earth Station
Orbits
Geostationary Orbit (GSO)
Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO)
Different Satellite Communications : Services
Advantages OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Applications OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Future
Conclusion
This presentation covers:
Basics of Satellite communication
Indian Communication satellites
Satellite link and elements of satellite communication
Frequency bands of satellite communication
Different orbits of satellite communication
Link budget calculations
This Powerpoint Presentation is basically about satellite communication .It also consist information about various orbits and applications of satellite communication in different field.
This presentation covers:
Basics of Satellite communication
Indian Communication satellites
Satellite link and elements of satellite communication
Frequency bands of satellite communication
Different orbits of satellite communication
Link budget calculations
This Powerpoint Presentation is basically about satellite communication .It also consist information about various orbits and applications of satellite communication in different field.
This is a introductory notes about Satellite system. It contain details about the history, different type of characteristics & various applications of satellite system. It also include details about four types of orbits- LEO, MEO, HEO, GEO.
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellite Systems • A geostationary orbit is a special type of geosynchronous orbit. • When an object is in geostationary orbit, it is orbiting at the same speed as the Earth rotates, but it orbits around the equator.
The theory of satellites was simple enough - shoot something out into space at the right speed and on the correct trajectory and it will stay up there, orbiting Earth, for years - if not forever. If the orbit is the right distance in space the satellite will keep pace with the rotation of the Earth.
Early in October 1957 communications stations started picking up a regular beeping noise coming from space.
The signals were coming from Russia's Sputnik 1, the world's first man-made satellite.
It was January 1958, before a Jupiter rocket successfully launched Explorer 1, the first American satellite
PPT Obstructs: Outline about Meteorological satellites and their types. principle of Satellite remote sensing - Electro Magnetic Spectrum, Data from weather satellites.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
4. 1. Definition:
Satellite is a physical object that orbits or revolves around
some celestial body.
In general Satellite is an artificial satellite stationed in
space for the purposes of telecommunications, military,
surveillance, etc
5. 2. History:
The first artificial satellite was the Soviet Sputnik-1, launched on
October 4, 1957, and equipped with an on-board transmitter that
worked on two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002 MHz .
The first American satellite to relay communications was Project
SCORE in 1958, which used a tape recorder to store and
forward voice messages.
Telstar was the first active, direct relay communications satellite.
Belonging to AT &T.
7. Here we deal with the following concepts:
1. Orbit Fundamentals
2. Geosynchronous Satellites
3. Station Keeping
4. Attitude Control
5. Satellite Position
6. Satellite Launching
8. 1. Orbit Fundamentals:
Satellite keeps moving around the Earth in some orbital
pattern .
Orbit Fundamentals is based on
a. Orbit Shape
b. Direction of satellite’s revolution
c. Satellite Speed and Period
d. Satellite Angles
e. Satellite Repeaters
9. a. Orbit Shape
Satellite keeps moving around the Earth in some orbital
pattern called “Orbit Shape”.
Orbit Shape can be either
a. Circular Orbit b. Elliptical Orbit
10. b. Direction of satellite’s revolution
1. Posigrade Orbit
i.e. satellites revolution=direction of Earth’s rotation
2. Elliptical Orbit
i.e. satellites revolution=against the direction of
Earth’s rotation
11. c. Satellite Speed and Period
The speed of the satellite is measured in miles per hour,
kilometer per hour , or knots.
Speed varies depending upon the distance of the satellite from
Earth.
Two types of Periods ----- 1. Sideral Period 2. Synodic Period
12. d. Satellite Angles
1. Angle of Inclination
Is the angle formed between the
equatorial plane and the satellite’s
orbital plane as the satellite enters the
northern hemisphere.
2. Angle of Elevation
Is the angle that appears between the
line from the Earth station’s antenna
to the satellite and the line between
the Earth station’s antenna and the
Earth’s horizon.
3. Polar Orbit
4. Equatorial Orbit
13. e. Satellite Repeaters
To use a satellite for communications relay or repeater
purposes ground station antenna must track or follow the
satellite as it passes overhead.
Height and speed only determines how long the satellite
can stay connected with the ground station.
Some time the satellite may disappear around the other
side of the Earth.
To solve this its be launched in a very long elliptical orbit.
14. 2. Geosynchronous Satellites:
A geostationary satellite revolves around the earth at a
constant speed once per day over the equator.
It appears to be in a fixed position to an earth-based
observer.
Usually geosynchronous satellites are placed at a distance
of 22,300 miles or 35,860 km above the Equator.
The satellite at that distance revolves around the Earth in
exact 24 hours.
Speed of the satellite=7000 miles/hour
15. Advantages of Geosynchronous Satellites:
Since the satellite remains apparently fixed, no special
earth station tracking antennas are needed
The antenna can simply be pointed at the satellite and
remain fixed.
Continuous communications are possible.
Most communication satellites used today are
geosynchronous satellites.
16. Disadvantages of Geosynchronous Satellites:
During an eclipse the Earth or moon gets between the
satellite and the Sun, is causes the sunlight to be blocked
from the solar panel.
So an eclipse shuts off all power to the satellite.
To avoid this backup batteries are used.
17. 3. Station Keeping:
Even with a very good launch the satellite can drift some-
what from its orbit. This is called “Orbital Drift”.
It is caused by a variety of forces like sun’s, moon’s
gravitational pull, etc.
The process of firing the rockets under ground control to
maintain or adjust the orbit is referred to as
“Station Keeping”
18. 4. Altitude Control:
Satellites have to be placed in some altitude for optimal
performances. This is called as Altitude Control.
Stabilizing the satellite is also called as Altitude Control.
Two types stabilization are there:
Spin Stabilization
Three axis Stabilization
Most common is the Spin Stabilization, where the satellite
spins around using the thrusters attached to it on its
primary axis.
19. 5. Satellite Positioning:
In order to use a satellite, it has to be positioned in space
properly, usually it a predetermined by design of the
satellite and is achieved during launch.
Once the position is known, the earth station antennas
have to pointed at the satellite for optimal transmission
and reception.
The location of a satellite is generally specified in terms of
latitudes and longitudes.
20. 6. Satellite Launching:
Satellites are placed into their orbits by mounting them on top of
rockets which literally shoot them into space.
Occasionally, the rocket will contain more than one satellite. Here the
main satellite is called as “Initial Payload” and others as “Secondary
payload”.
The satellite is first put into what is called a “transfer orbit”, a highly
elliptical orbit that permits adjustments to the satellite to be made
prior to its being placed into final position.
23. Based on
Application
Based on
Orbiting
the Earth
Geostationary
Satellites
Geostationary
Satellites
Medium Earth
Orbiting Satellites
Medium Earth
Orbiting Satellites
Low Earth
Orbiting Satellites
Low Earth
Orbiting Satellites
Highly Elliptical
Orbiting Satellites
Highly Elliptical
Orbiting Satellites
Remote Sensing
Satellites
Remote Sensing
Satellites
Meteorological
Satellites
Meteorological
Satellites
Communication
Satellites
Communication
Satellites
Navigation
Satellites
Navigation
Satellites
Scientific and
Military Satellites
Scientific and
Military Satellites
E.g.: MoonE.g.: Moon
Polar
Satellites
Polar
Satellites
Satellites
Natural
Satellites
Natural
Satellites
Natural
Satellites
Natural
Satellites
24. A. Natural Satellites:
A natural satellite or moon is a celestial
body that orbits a planet or smaller body, which is called
the primary. Technically, the term natural satellite could refer
to a planet orbiting a star, or a dwarf galaxy orbiting a major
galaxy.
E.g.: Moon
Fig : Jupiter's Moon
25. B. Based on Orbiting the Earth:
There are five types.
1. Geostationary Satellites
- Satellites are placed above the equator at a distance of about
36000 km.
- Almost today all satellite orbiting the Earth are of this type
2. Medium Earth Orbiting Satellites
- Operate at a distance of about 5,000-12,000 km.
- Up to now there has not been many satellites in this class.
26. 3. Low Earth Orbiting Satellites
- Are placed at an altitude of 5,00-1,500 km.
- Typical duration of them are 95-120 minutes.
- They try to ensure a high elevation for every spot on Earth to provide
high quality communication link.
- Uses advanced compression schemes, transfer rate of 2,400 bits/sec
can be enough for voice communication.
4. Highly Elliptical Orbiting Satellites
- Comprises of all satellites with a relatively low-altitude perigee and
an extremely high-altitude apogee.
- It has the advantage of long dwell times at a point in the sky during
the approach to and descent from apogee.
- E.g.: US’s Sirius Satellite
27. 5. Polar Satellites
- These satellites orbit from Northern Hemisphere to Southern
hemisphere. E.g.: PSLV, Polar Wind(USA)
- They follow highly elliptical orbit, inclined about 86 o
with an orbital
period of 18 hours
- It gathers multi-wavelength imaging of the aurora, and measures the
entry of plasma into the polar magnetosphere, etc..
28. C. Based on Applications :
There are five types.
1. Remote Sensing Satellites
- Are a series of Earth Observation satellites, which observes
weather, landscapes, atmosphere, oceanic surface, climate changes,
urban planning, etc..
- Two types of remote sensing --- 1. Active 2. Passive
29. 2. Meteorological Satellites
- a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and
climate of the Earth.
- Satellites can be either polar orbiting, or geostationary, etc..
- It sees clouds and cloud systems, City lights, fires, effects of
pollution, auroras, sand and dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping,
boundaries of ocean currents, energy flows, etc., are other types of
environmental information collected using weather satellites.
30.
31. 3. Communication Satellites
- They aid telecommunications, as by reflecting or
relaying a radio.
- have been a significant part of domestic and global
communications since the 1970s.
- Uses --- Telephony, Satellite TVs, Satellite Internet,
Satellite Radio, Aircraft communications, etc..
32. 4. Navigation Satellites
- Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is the standard
generic term for satellite navigation systems that provide
autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage.
- allows small electronic receivers to determine their location
(longitude, latitude, and altitude) to within a
few meters using time signals transmitted along a line-of-sight by
radio from satellites.
- Receivers on the ground with a fixed position can also be used to
calculate the precise time as a reference for scientific experiments.
- As of 2009, the United States NAVSTAR Global Positioning
System (GPS).) is the only fully operational GNSS.
34. 5. Military and Scientific Satellites
- A military satellite is an artificial satellite used for a military
purpose, often for gathering intelligence, as a communications
satellite used for military purposes, or as a military weapon.
- Many cryptographic algorithms are used to encode the signals, use
special frequency ranges, advanced transmitting and receiving
equipments .
- Scientific satellites gather data for scientific analysis. This
includes observations of the atmosphere of our planet, the stars,
the sun and other parts of space.
37. Communication Satellites are originators of
information.
They instead relay stations for other sources.
Here we deal with the following concepts:
1. Transponders
2. Satellite Frequency Allocations
3. Satellite Bandwidth
4. Increasing Channel Capacity
38. 1. Transponders
- Satellite contains a receiver which picks up the transmitted
signal, amplifies it, and translates it into another frequency.
- The transmitter-receiver combination in the satellite is known as
“Transponder”.
- Uplink – Upto 6GHz Downlink – Upto 4GHz
- Typical transponder has a wide bandwidth. But use only a single
signal to minimize interference and to improve communication
reliability.
39. 2. Satellite Frequency Allocations
- Most satellites operate in microwave frequency spectrum.
- It is divided up into frequency bands which have been allocated
into satellite as well as other communications services such as
radar.
- The most widely used satellite communications band is the C
band.
40. FREQUENCY BAND
225-390 MHz P
350-530 MHz J
1530-2700 MHz L
2500-2700 MHz S
3400-6425 MHz C
7250-8400 MHz X
10.95-14.5 GHz Ku
17.7-21.2 GHz Kc
27.5-31 GHz K
36-46 GHz Q
46-56 GHz V
56-100 GHz W
Fig: Frequency bands used in satellite communications
41. 3. Increasing Channel Capacity
- Although the transponders are quite capable, they nevertheless
rapidly become overloaded with traffic.
- For these reasons, numerous techniques have been developed to
effectively increase the band-width and signal carrying
capacity of the satellite.
- Two of these techniques are:
1. Frequency Reuse
2. Spatial Isolation
43. Solar PanelSolar Panel Charger and
Batteries
Charger and
Batteries
Regulators,
protection and
conditioning
Regulators,
protection and
conditioning
DC/DC
Converters,
DC/AC Inverters
DC/DC
Converters,
DC/AC Inverters
Receiver
Frequency
Translator
Transmitter
Other Transponders
Transponder
Antenna
Subsystem
Antenna
Subsystem
Telemetry,
Tracking, and
Control
Subsystem
Altitude
Control
Subsystem
Propulsion
Subsystem
DC to all subsystem DC and AC to
special subsystem
AKM
Jet Thrusters
Ctrl Sgls
to all
subsystemsTelemetry Antenna
I/Ps
from on-
board
sensors
Communication
Subsystem
Communications
Antennas
Power
Sub
System
44. Generally satellites have many subsystems which join
together for the fully operation of the satellite.
The various subsystems in a general communication satellites
are:
1. Power Subsystem
2. Communication Subsystem
3. Antenna Subsystem
4. Telemetry, Tracking, and Control Subsystem
5. Propulsion Subsystem
6. Altitude Control Subsystem
47. The earth station on the ground is the terrestrial base of the
system.
The earth station communicates with the satellite to carry
out designated mission.
It may be located at the end user’s facilities or may be
located with ground-based intercommunication links
between the earth station and the end user.
Many earth stations are now located on top of tall buildings
or in other urban areas directly where the end user resides.
48. The various subsystems in an earth station are:
1. Antenna Subsystem
2. Receive Subsystem
3. Transmit Subsystem
4. Ground Communication Equipment (GCE) Subsystem
1. GCE Transmit Subsystem
2. GCE Receive Subsystem
5. Power Subsystem
50. Base Station
Or
Gateway
ISDN GSMPSTN
User Data
Spot Beam
Foot Print
GWL
MobileUserLink
(MUL)
M
obile
UserLink
(M
UL)
Gateway Link
(GWL)
Inter Satellite Link
(ISL)
Satellite Routing
52. There are four types of satellite handovers. They are:
1. Intra-satellite Handover
2. Inter-satellite handover
3. Gateway Handover
4. Inter-system Handover