This is a introductory notes about Satellite system. It contain details about the history, different type of characteristics & various applications of satellite system. It also include details about four types of orbits- LEO, MEO, HEO, GEO.
What is a satellite?
What is Satellite Communication?
A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star. For example, Earth is a satellite .
The word "satellite" refers to a machine that is launched into space and moves around Earth or another body in space.
Earth and the moon are examples of natural satellites. Thousands of artificial, or man-made, satellites orbit Earth.
This content introduces the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), its example, earth observation orbit types, coordinate systems, GNSS time system, converting height (ellipsoidal, geoid, orthometric heights) and various GNSS applications.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This is a introductory notes about Satellite system. It contain details about the history, different type of characteristics & various applications of satellite system. It also include details about four types of orbits- LEO, MEO, HEO, GEO.
What is a satellite?
What is Satellite Communication?
A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star. For example, Earth is a satellite .
The word "satellite" refers to a machine that is launched into space and moves around Earth or another body in space.
Earth and the moon are examples of natural satellites. Thousands of artificial, or man-made, satellites orbit Earth.
This content introduces the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), its example, earth observation orbit types, coordinate systems, GNSS time system, converting height (ellipsoidal, geoid, orthometric heights) and various GNSS applications.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
3. Objectives
• What is a satellite?
• Classify satellites based on their payloads, orbit, and size
4. Satellites
• A satellite is any object that revolves around another object.
• Satellite can be natural and artificial (man-made).
• Examples of natural satellite can be moon, planets, asteroids etc.
• Satellite can be used in many application like broadcasting television
signal, weather forecasting, and navigation.
• The first satellite was launched by the Soviet Union and was called
Sputnit-1.
5. Classification of sateliites
Size
• Nano satellite
• Cube satellite
• Small satellite
• Large satellite
Payload
• Payload of
Communication
satellite.
• Payload of Remote
sensing satellite.
• Payload of Global
positioning satellite.
Orbit
• Geostationary orbit
(GEO)
• b. Low Earth orbit
(LEO)
• c. Medium Earth orbit
(MEO)
• d. Polar orbit and Sun-
synchronous orbit
(SSO)
6. Nano Satellite:
• Definition: Nano satellites, often referred to as nanosats, are a
category of small artificial satellites characterized by their compact
size and low weight. They typically weigh less than 10 kilograms (22
pounds).
• Purpose: Nano satellites are used for a variety of purposes, including
Earth observation, technology demonstration, scientific research, and
educational projects. They offer a cost-effective way to conduct
experiments and gather data in space.
7. Cube Satellite (CubeSat):
• Definition: CubeSats are a specific category of nanosatellites
characterized by their standardized cube-shaped design. They come
in different sizes, with 1U CubeSats being a cube with dimensions of
10 x 10 x 10 centimeters and larger versions available as 2U, 3U, 6U,
and even 12U, with each U representing one 10 x 10 x 10 cm cube.
• Purpose: CubeSats are designed for various missions and
experiments, such as Earth observation, technology testing, scientific
research, and education. They are often used by universities and
small organizations due to their compact size and affordability.
8. Small Satellite:
• Definition: Small satellites encompass a broad category of satellites
that are generally smaller and lighter than traditional large satellites.
They can include small, medium, and large smallsats, with weights
ranging from hundreds to a few thousand kilograms.
• Purpose: Small satellites are versatile and can serve various purposes,
such as Earth observation, communication, scientific research, and
technology demonstration. They offer cost advantages compared to
larger satellites and can be launched as part of rideshare missions.
9.
10. Large Satellite:
• Definition: Large satellites are the traditional, heavier, and more
massive satellites that typically weigh several tons. They are
significantly larger than small satellites and often require dedicated
launch vehicles to reach orbit.
• Purpose: Large satellites are used for critical missions such as
communication, broadcasting, weather observation, scientific
exploration, and national defense. They are equipped with advanced
payloads and systems to accomplish their missions.
13. Low earth orbit
• Low Earth Orbit satellites are
moving at an altitude of roughly
160–1,500 kilometers above the
Earth’s surface. They have a short
orbital period, between 90 and
120 minutes, meaning they can
travel around the planet up to 16
times a day. This makes them
particularly well-suited to all
types of remote sensing, high-
resolution earth observation,
and scientific research, as data
can be acquired and transmitted
rapidly.
14. Medium earth orbit satellites
• A Medium Earth type of orbit is located between low Earth and
geostationary orbits, typically at an altitude of about 5,000 to 20,000
kilometers. Positioning and navigation services, like GPS, extensively
use MEO type of satellites.
15. Geostationary Orbit (GEO) Satellites
• Spacecraft in geostationary Earth
orbit are positioned 35,786
kilometers above Earth’s surface,
precisely over the equator. Three
evenly spaced machines in GEO
can give nearly worldwide
coverage thanks to the huge area
they cover on Earth. satellite
orbits the Earth at the same
rotational speed as the Earth's
rotation. This means that a
geostationary satellite remains
fixed relative to a specific point
on the Earth's surface, appearing
stationary in the sky when
observed from the ground.
16. Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO) Satellites
• The Sun-synchronous orbit type of satellites goes from north to south
across the polar regions at an altitude of 600 to 800 km above the Earth.
The orbital inclination and altitude of SSO spacecraft are calibrated so that
they always cross any given location at precisely the same local solar time.
Thus, the lighting conditions are consistent for imaging, making this type of
satellite ideal for earth observation and environmental monitoring.
17. Advantage of geostationary orbit
• Fixed Position Relative to Earth:
• Use: Ideal for continuous and uninterrupted communication services like satellite TV broadcasting.
• Constant Coverage:
• Use: Suitable for real-time applications such as live television broadcasting, internet services, and weather forecasting.
• Simplified Ground Equipment:
• Use: Simplifies the design and operation of ground stations, making them suitable for fixed ground antennas in applications
like satellite communication..
• Wide Area Coverage:
• Use: Efficiently covers large areas, making it valuable for global broadcasting and regional communication networks.
• Predictable Orbits:
• Use: Simplifies satellite tracking and maintenance, ensuring reliable performance.
• Reduced Relocation Needs:
• Use: Saves fuel and extends satellite operational lifetimes by minimizing the need for frequent orbital adjustments.
• Continuous Observation:
• Use: Crucial for tracking weather patterns, climate monitoring, and environmental surveillance using Earth observation and
meteorological satellites.
18. Payloads
• a. Payload of Communication satellite.
• b. Payload of Remote sensing satellite.
• c. Payload of Global positioning satellite.
19. Payloads
• Communication Satellites: Communication satellites are designed to
facilitate the transmission of data, voice, and video signals over long
distances. They are equipped with transponders that receive signals
from Earth and relay them to other locations on Earth or to other
satellites.
20. • Earth Observation Satellites: Earth observation satellites are
equipped with sensors and cameras to capture images and data
about Earth's surface, atmosphere, and oceans. They are used for
weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, and disaster
management.
21. • Navigation Satellites: Navigation satellites, such as those in the
Global Positioning System (GPS), provide precise positioning and
timing information to users on or near Earth's surface. They are
essential for navigation and location-based services.
