1. The document discusses satellite communication and the key components involved, including satellites, satellite orbits, ground stations, and subsystems.
2. Satellites are launched into various types of orbits and act as repeaters, receiving signals from ground stations and retransmitting them back to Earth.
3. Ground stations contain antennas, transmitters, receivers and control equipment to send signals to satellites and receive signals back from satellites. They allow communication between various locations via satellites.
This Powerpoint Presentation is basically about satellite communication .It also consist information about various orbits and applications of satellite communication in different field.
This presentation covers:
Basics of Satellite communication
Indian Communication satellites
Satellite link and elements of satellite communication
Frequency bands of satellite communication
Different orbits of satellite communication
Link budget calculations
This Powerpoint Presentation is basically about satellite communication .It also consist information about various orbits and applications of satellite communication in different field.
This presentation covers:
Basics of Satellite communication
Indian Communication satellites
Satellite link and elements of satellite communication
Frequency bands of satellite communication
Different orbits of satellite communication
Link budget calculations
Presentation on Satellite Communication
Presentation on Satellite Communication
Outlines:
History
Definition
Communication system
Architecture
Operation of satellite
Elements
>Space Segment
>Ground Segment
Earth Stations
Digital Earth Station
Orbits
Geostationary Orbit (GSO)
Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO)
Different Satellite Communications : Services
Advantages OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Applications OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Future
Conclusion
This presentation was made for my 2nd year 2nd term course.
Me and my friend gave this presentation.
We are very much interested in cosmology and space program.
**If you want the script of this presentation leave a message in LinkedIn
hiee guyes this is swapnil thaware here i uploaded slide for your knowledge if you want more detail msg me on fb or mail i will help you
thanking you and slideshare.com
Presentation on Satellite Communication
Presentation on Satellite Communication
Outlines:
History
Definition
Communication system
Architecture
Operation of satellite
Elements
>Space Segment
>Ground Segment
Earth Stations
Digital Earth Station
Orbits
Geostationary Orbit (GSO)
Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO)
Different Satellite Communications : Services
Advantages OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Applications OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Future
Conclusion
This presentation was made for my 2nd year 2nd term course.
Me and my friend gave this presentation.
We are very much interested in cosmology and space program.
**If you want the script of this presentation leave a message in LinkedIn
hiee guyes this is swapnil thaware here i uploaded slide for your knowledge if you want more detail msg me on fb or mail i will help you
thanking you and slideshare.com
A ppt to present small satellite like microsat,nanosat(JUGNU by IIT Kanpur) and Picosat.
in short i like to say Small satellite is that which weighs below 100 kg........for more pls read slides.
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
Contact: Facebook URL: fb.com/sajidhasanrawnak
This Slides will answer the following Questions-
What is Orbit?
Different types of orbit used in Satellite System? Explain each of them in brief.
Familiarization of different orbital parameters defining the satellite orbit with detail description.
Basic principles of orbiting satellites - Kepler’s Laws
What is eccentricity? How it is characterized the shape of an orbit?
What is orbital period? Derivation of orbital period. Explain how eccentricity and flattening plays a vital role to visualized the shape of earth?
What is Injection Velocity? How it affects the Resulting Satellite Trajectories?
Conditions required to become a geostationary satellite?
Slant Range.
Line-of-sight distance between two satellites.
Tis ppt gives u a brief glance on the following topics:
Escape Speed
Earth Satellites
Geostationary And Polar Satellites
Weightlessness
If u want to download the ppt mail me to raviteja711@gmail.com
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
2. 2
Satellite Orbits
Satellites are launched and orbited for a variety of
purposes. The most common application is
communication in which the satellite is used as a
repeater.
An object which has been placed into orbit. Such
objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to
distinguish them from natural satellites such as the
Moon.
An object launched to orbit Earth or another celestial
body
3. 3
Sputnik -was the first Earth-orbiting
artificial satellite. It was launched into
an elliptical low Earth orbit by the
Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, with
Sergei Korolev as chief designer
- it was about the size of a
basketball, weighed only 183 pounds,
and took about 98 minutes to orbit the
Earth on its elliptical path
- Sputnik 1 helped to identify the
density of high atmospheric layers
through measurement of its orbital
change and provided data on radio-
signal distribution in the ionosphere
4. 4
Sputnik 2 was launched on
November 3, 1957 and
carried the first living
passenger into orbit, a dog
named Laika.
Laika (, literally meaning
"Barker") was a Soviet space
dog (c. 1954–November 3,
1957) who became the first
animal to orbit the Earth and
the first orbital death
5. 5
Laika, a stray, originally named Kudryavka (Little Curly),
underwent training with two other dogs, and was eventually
chosen as the occupant of the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2
that was launched into outer space on November 3, 1957.
6. 6
Explorer 1 - was the first Earth
satellite of the United States as part
of the program for the International
Geophysical Year and in response
to the launch of the Soviet satellite
Sputnik 1.
- was designed and
built by the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory (JPL), while the Jupiter-
C rocket was modified by the Army
Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) to
accommodate a satellite payload
7. 7
AGILA II
(also known as Mabuhay 1), named after
the critically endangered Philippine eagle is
a communications satellite launched in
August 19, 1997.
It provides telecommunications services for
the Mabuhay Philippines Satellite
Corporation. Built by Space
Systems/Loral, the satellite provides the
most powerful coverage in the Asia-Pacific
region. Its control station is located at the
MPSC Space Center in the Subic Bay
Freeport Zone
8. 8
Satellite Orbits
Principles of Satellite Orbits and Positioning
The ability to launch a satellite and keep it in orbit
depends upon following well-known physical and
mathematical laws called orbital dynamics.
In order for a satellite to go into orbit around the
earth, it must have some forward motion.
When a satellite is launched, it is given both vertical
and forward motion.
9. 9
Satellite Orbits
Principles of Satellite Orbits and Positioning
Forward motion produces inertia, which tends to keep
the satellite moving in a straight line
Gravity tends to pull the satellite toward the earth.
The inertia of the satellite is equalized by the earth’s
gravitational pull.
The satellite constantly changes its direction from a
straight line to a curved line to rotate about the earth.
10. 10
Satellite Orbits
Principles of Satellite
Orbits and Positioning
The goal is to give the satellite
acceleration and speed that will
exactly balance the gravitational pull.
Communication satellites are typically
about 22,300 miles from the earth.
A satellite needs to travel about 6800
mi/hr in order to stay in orbit at that
distance.
A satellite rotates around the earth in
either a circular or elliptical path. Satellite orbits. (a) Circular orbit. (b)
A satellite rotates in an orbit that Elliptical orbit.
forms a plane that passes through the
center of gravity of the earth called
geocenter.
11. 11
Satellite Orbits
Figure 17-2: The orbital plane passes through the geocenter.
12. 12
Satellite Orbits
Principles of Satellite Orbits and Positioning: Satellite
Height
In a circular orbit, the height is the distance of the
satellite from the earth.
In geometric calculations, the height is the distance
between the center of the earth and the satellite.
When the satellite is an elliptical orbit, the center of the
earth is one of the focal points of the ellipse.
The two points of greatest interest are the highest point
above the earth (the apogee) and the lowest point (the
perigee).
13. 13
Satellite Orbits
Elliptical orbit showing apogee and perigee.
14. 14
Satellite Orbits
Principles of Satellite Orbits and Positioning: Satellite
Speed
Satellite speed varies depending upon the distance of
the satellite from the earth.
For a circular orbit the speed is constant, but for an
elliptical orbit the speed varies depending upon the
height.
Low earth satellites of about 100 mi in height have a
speed of about 17,500 mi/hr.
Very high satellites such as communication satellites
typically travel at speeds of about 6800 mi/hr.
15. 15
Satellite Orbits
Principles of Satellite Orbits and Positioning: Satellite
Period
The period is the time it takes for a satellite to complete
one orbit.
This time is also called the sidereal period.
One revolution is the period of time that elapses
between the successive passes of the satellite over a
given meridian of earth longitude.
Typical rotational periods range from about 1 ½ h for a
100-mi height to 24 h for a 22,300-mi height.
16. 16
Satellite Orbits
Principles of Satellite Orbits and Positioning: Angle of
Inclination
The angle of inclination of a satellite orbit is the angle
formed between the line that passes through the center
of the earth and the north pole, and a line that passes
through the center of the earth but that is also
perpendicular to the orbital plane.
It is also defined as the angle between the equatorial
plane and the satellite orbital plane as the satellite
enters the northern hemisphere.
When the satellite has an angle of inclination, the orbit
is said to be ascending or descending.
17. 17
Satellite Orbits
(a) Angle of inclination. (b) Ascending and descending orbits.
18. 18
Satellite Orbits
Principles of Satellite Orbits and Positioning: Angle of
Elevation
The angle of elevation of a satellite is the angle that
appears between the line from the earth station’s
antenna to the satellite and the line between the earth
station’s antenna and the earth’s horizon.
Noise in the atmosphere contributes to poor
performance.
The minimum practical angle of elevation for good
satellite performance is 5 .
The higher the angle of elevation, the better.
20. 20
Satellite Orbits
Principles of Satellite Orbits and Positioning:
Geosynchronous Orbits
To use a satellite for communication relay or repeater
purposes, the ground station antenna must be able to
follow or track the satellite as it passes overhead.
Depending upon the height and speed of the satellite,
the earth station is able to use it only for communication
purposes for that short period when it is visible.
The best solution to this problem is to launch a
synchronous or geostationary satellite.
21. 21
Satellite Orbits
Principles of Satellite Orbits and Positioning:
Geosynchronous Orbits
In a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO), the satellite
rotates about the earth in exactly 24 h.
It appears to be fixed or stationary. The antenna is
pointed at the satellite and remains in a fixed
position, making continuous communication possible.
Most communication satellites in use today are of the
geosynchronous variety.
22. 22
Satellite Orbits
Principles of Satellite Orbits and Positioning: Position
Coordinates in Latitude and Longitude
The satellite location is specified by a point on the earth
directly below the satellite known as the subsatellite
point (SSP).
Latitude is defined as the angle between the line drawn
from a given point on the surface of the earth to the
point at the center of the earth called the geocenter
and the line between the geocenter and the equator.
The prime meridian is used as a reference point for
measuring longitude.
23. 23
Satellite Communication Systems
Communication satellites are not originators of
information to be transmitted.
Satellites are relay stations for earth sources.
The transmitting station sends the information to the
satellite, which in turn retransmits it to the receiving
station.
The satellite in this application is what is generally
known as a repeater.
24. 24
Satellite Communication Systems
Repeaters and Transponders
An earth station transmits information to the satellite.
The satellite contains a receiver that picks up the
transmitted signal, amplifies it, and translates it on
another frequency.
The signal on the new frequency is then retransmitted
to the receiving stations back on earth.
25. 25
Satellite Communication Systems
Repeaters and Transponders
The original signal being transmitted from the earth
station to the satellite is called the uplink.
The retransmitted signal from the satellite to the
receiving stations is called the downlink.
The transmitter-receiver combination in the satellite is
known as a transponder.
26. 26
Satellite Communication Systems
Using a satellite as a microwave relay link.
27. 27
Satellite Communication Systems
Repeaters and Transponders: Frequency Allocations
Most communication satellites operate in the microwave
frequency spectrum.
The microwave spectrum is divided up into frequency
bands that have been allocated to satellites as well as
other communication services such as radar.
The most widely used satellite communication band is
the C band.
The C band uplink frequencies are in the 5.925- to
6.425-GHz range and the downlink frequencies are in
the 3.7- to 4.2-GHz range.
28. 28
Satellite Communication
Systems
Frequency bands used in satellite communication:
BAND FREQUENCY
P 225–390 MHz
J 350–530 MHz
L 1530–2700 MHz
S 2500–2700 MHz
C 3400–6425 MHz
X 7250–8400 MHz
Ku 10.95–14.5 GHz
Ka 17.7–31 GHz
Q 36–46 GHz
V 46–56 GHz
W 56–100 GHz
29. 29
Satellite Subsystems
All satellite communication systems consist of two
basic parts, the satellite or spacecraft and two or more
earth stations.
The satellite performs the function of a radio repeater
or relay station.
Two or more earth stations may communicate with
one another through the satellite rather than directly
point-to-point on the earth.
30. 30
Satellite Subsystems
The heart of a communication satellite is the
communication subsystem.
This subsystem is a set of transponders that receive
the uplink signals and retransmit them to earth.
A transponder is a repeater that implements a
wideband communication channel capable of carrying
many simultaneous communication transmissions.
31. 31
Satellite Subsystems
General block diagram of a communication satellite.
32. 32
Satellite Subsystems
Communication Subsystems
The main payload on a communication satellite is the
communication subsystem that performs the function of
a repeater or relay station.
An earth station takes the signals to be transmitted,
known as baseband signals, and modulates a
microwave carrier.
The three most common baseband signals are voice,
video, or computer data.
Most modern satellites contain at least 12 transponders.
33. 33
Satellite Subsystems
Communication Subsystems: Multichannel
Configurations
Virtually all modern communication satellites contain
multiple transponders.
This permits many more signals to be received and
transmitted.
Each transponder operates on a separate frequency,
but its bandwidth is wide enough to carry multiple
channels of voice, video, and digital information.
The two multichannel architectures used with
communication satellites are broadband and fully
channelized.
34. 34
Satellite Subsystems
Power Subsystem
Today virtually every satellite uses solar panels for its
basic power source.
Solar panels are large arrays of photocells connected in
various series and parallel circuits to create a powerful
source of direct current.
A key requirement is that the solar panels always be
pointed toward the sun.
Solar panels generate a direct current that is used to
operate the various components of the satellite and to
charge secondary batteries that act as a buffer.
35. 35
Satellite Subsystems
Telemetry, Command, and Control Subsystems
All satellites have a telemetry, command, and control
(TC&C) subsystem that allows a ground station to
monitor and control conditions in the satellite.
The telemetry system is used to report the status of the
onboard subsystems to the ground station.
A command and control system permits the ground
station to control the satellite.
Most satellites contain a small digital computer that acts
as a central control unit for the entire satellite.
36. 36
Satellite Subsystems
Applications Subsystems
The applications subsystem is made up of the special
components that enable the satellite to fulfill its intended
purpose.
For a communication satellite, this subsystem is made
up of the transponders.
An observation satellite may use TV cameras or
infrared sensors to pick up various conditions on earth
and in the atmosphere. This information is then
transmitted back to earth by a special transmitter
designed for this purpose.
37. 37
Ground Stations
The ground station, or earth station, is the terrestrial
base of the system.
The ground station communicates with the satellite
to carry out the designated mission.
The earth station consists of five major subsystems:
1. The antenna subsystem
2. The receive subsystem
3. The transmit subsystem
4. The ground control equipment (GCE) subsystem
5. Power subsystem
38. 38
Ground Stations
Receive Subsystems
The downlink is the receive subsystem of the earth
station.
It usually consists of very low noise preamplifiers that
take the small signal received from the satellite and
amplify it to a level suitable for further processing.
The signal is then demodulated and sent on to other
parts of the communication system.
39. 39
Ground Stations
Receive Subsystems: Receiver Circuits
The receive subsystem consists of the LNA, down
converters, and related components.
The purpose of the receive subsystem is to amplify the
downlink satellite signal and translate it to a suitable
intermediate frequency.
The IF signal is then demodulated and demultiplexed as
necessary to generate the original baseband signals.
40. 40
Ground Stations
Receiver Ground Control Equipment
The receiver ground control equipment (GCE)
consists of one or more racks of equipment used for
demodulating and demultiplexing the received signals.
The down converters provide initial channelization by
transponder, and the demodulators and demultiplexing
equipment process the 70-MHz IF signal into the
original baseband signals.
Other intermediate signals may be developed as
required by the application.
41. 41
Ground Stations
Transmitter Subsystems
The uplink is the transmitting subsystem of the earth
station.
It consists of all the electronic equipment that takes the
signal to be transmitted, amplifies it, and sends it to the
antenna.
In a communication system, the signals to be sent to
the satellite might be TV programs, multiple telephone
calls, or digital data from a computer.
Signals modulate a carrier, are amplified, and sent to an
antenna via waveguides, combiners, and diplexers.
42. 42
Ground Stations
Transmit Ground Control Equipment
The transmit subsystem begins with the baseband
signals, which are first fed to a multiplexer, if multiple
signals are to be carried by a single transponder.
The multiplexer output is then fed to a modulator.
In analog systems, a wideband frequency modulator is
normally used.
In digital systems, analog signals are first digitized with
PCM converters. The resulting serial digital output is
then used to modulate a QPSK modulator.
43. 43
Ground Stations
Power Subsystems
Most earth stations receive their power from the normal
ac mains. Standard power supplies convert the ac
power to the dc voltages required to operate all
subsystems.
Most earth stations have backup power systems that
take over if an ac power failure occurs.
The backup power system may consist of a diesel
engine driving an ac generator, which automatically
starts when ac power fails.
Smaller systems may use uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS), which derive their main power from
batteries.
44. 44
Ground Stations
Telemetry and Control Subsystems
The telemetry equipment consists of a receiver and the
recorders and indicators that display the telemetry
signals.
The signal may be received by the main antenna or a
separate telemetry antenna.
A separate receiver on a frequency different from that of
the communication channels is used for telemetry
purposes.
45. 45
Ground Stations
Telemetry and Control Subsystems
In some satellite systems where communication is not
the main function, some instrumentation may be a part
of the ground station.
Instrumentation is a general term for all the electronic
equipment used to deal with the information transmitted
back to the earth station.
46. 46
Ground Stations
Very Small-Aperture Terminal
A very small-aperture terminal (VSAT) is a miniature
low-cost satellite ground station.
These units are extremely small and mount on the top
or side of a building and in some versions even fit into a
suitcase.
Costs range from a few thousand dollars to no more
than about $6000 today.
They can be installed very quickly by plugging them in
and pointing the antenna.
47. 47
Ground Stations
Very Small-Aperture Terminal
The most common application of VSATs today is in
connecting remote company or organization sites to a
main computer system.
Gas stations and retail stores use VSATs as point-of-sale
(PoS) terminals to transmit sales transaction information
to the home office, check customer credit cards, and relay
inventory data.
Tollbooths using SpeedPass and other radio-frequency
identification (RFID) of vehicles for tolls use VSATs.
The settop box receiver used by consumers for Direct
Broadcast Satellite (DBS) TV reception is a receive-only
(RO) VSAT.
48. 48
Satellite Applications
Communication: The main application for satellites
today is in communication. Communication satellites
act as relay stations in the sky and permit reliable
long-distance communication worldwide.
Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) service: This is a TV
signal distribution system designed to distribute
signals directly to consumers.
49. 49
Satellite Applications
Satellite Cell Phones. Satellite-based cellular
telephone service is under development. The
proposed new systems use low-earth-orbit satellites to
perform the relay services to the main telephone
system or to make connection directly between any
two cellular telephones using the system.
50. 50
Satellite Applications
Digital Satellite Radio: One of the newest satellite
applications is in digital satellite radio or the digital
audio radio service (DARS).
This service provides hundreds of channels of music,
news, sports, and talk radio to car portable and home
radios.
It provides full continuous coverage of the station you
select wherever you are in the United States.
Its digital transmission techniques ensure high-quality
stereo sound that is immune to noise.
The satellites transmit other information such as song
title and artist, type of music, and other data, which are
displayed on a LCD screen.
51. 51
Satellite Applications
Surveillance satellites can look at the earth and
transmit what they see back to ground stations for a
wide variety of purposes, including military
intelligence, meteorological applications, and
mapping.
Satellite navigation systems can provide global
coverage unavailable with land-based systems
satellites.
52. 52
Global Positioning System
The Global Positioning System (GPS), also known
as Navstar, is a satellite-based navigation system that
can be used by anyone with an appropriate receiver to
pinpoint his or her location on earth.
GPS was developed by the US Air Force for the
Department of Defense as a continuous global radio
navigation system.
The GPS system consists of three major segments:
the space segment, the control segment, and the user
segment.
53. 53
Global Positioning System
Space Segment
The space segment is the constellation of satellites
orbiting above the earth that contain transmitters which
send highly accurate timing information to GPS
receivers on earth.
The GPS consists of 24 main operational satellites and 3
active spare satellites arranged in six orbits of 3 or 4
satellites each.
54. 54
Global Positioning System
Space Segment
Each of the satellites contains four highly accurate atomic
clocks.
These clocks are used to generate a unique
pseudorandom code identifying the specific satellite that
is transmitted to earth.
The satellite also transmits a set of digitally coded
ephemeris data that completely defines its precise orbit.
55. 55
Global Positioning System
The GPS space segment.
56. 56
Global Positioning System
Control Segment
The control segment of the GPS system refers to the
various ground stations that monitor the satellites and
provide control and update information.
The master control station is operated by the U.S. Air
Force in Colorado Springs.
Four additional monitoring and control stations
constantly monitor the satellites and collect range
information from each.
57. 57
Global Positioning System
Control Segment
The information is sent back to the master control
station in Colorado, where all the information is
collected and position data on each satellite
calculated.
The master control station then transmits new
ephemeris and clock data to each satellite on the S-
band uplink once per day.
58. 58
Global Positioning System
GPS Receivers
A GPS receiver is a complex superheterodyne
microwave receiver designed to pick up the GPS
signals, decode them, and then compute the location of
the receiver.
The output is usually an LCD display giving
latitude, longitude, and altitude information and/or a
map of the area.
The most widely used GPS receiver is the popular
handheld portable type, not much larger than an
oversized handheld calculator.
59. 59
Global Positioning System
GPS Receivers
The receiver performs a time multiplexing operation on
the four satellites within view of the receiver.
The data is extracted from each of the four satellites
and stored in the receiver’s memory.
Data from three satellites is needed to fix the receiver’s
position.
If data from a fourth satellite is available, altitude can be
calculated.
60. 60
Global Positioning System
: A GPS receiver.
61. 61
Global Positioning System
How triangulation works to locate a GPS receiver.
62. 62
Global Positioning System
GPS Applications
The primary application of the GPS is military and
related navigation.
GPS is used by all services for ships, aircraft, and
ground troops.
Most civilian applications also involve navigation, which
is usually marine or aviation-related.
63. 63
Global Positioning System
GPS Applications
Commercial applications include surveying,
mapmaking, and construction.
Vehicle location is a growing application for trucking and
delivery companies, taxi, bus, and train transportation.
Police, fire, ambulance, and forest services also use
GPS.
A new hobby called geocaching uses GPS receivers.
In this sport, one team hides an item or “treasure” and
then gives the other team coordinates to follow to find
the treasure within a given time.