This is a introductory notes about Satellite system. It contain details about the history, different type of characteristics & various applications of satellite system. It also include details about four types of orbits- LEO, MEO, HEO, GEO.
Satellites
Introduction to Satellite Systems
o A satellite is an artificial object which is placed intentionally into an orbit of any natural satellite. Satellites are used for many purposes i.e. weather forecasting, digital transmission, scientific research and development etc.
o In a communication context, a satellite is a specialized wireless transmitter/receiver that is launched by a rocket and placed in orbit around the earth.
o A satellite can be natural, like the moon, or artificial (human made). So we can say that a satellite is an object that moves in a curved path around a planet.
o Satellite can travel around planets or around stars such as our sun. All the planets are satellites around the sun.
o Satellites which are far away from the surface of the earth can cover a wide area on the surface of the earth.
Following are the four important types of Earth Orbit satellites −
• Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Satellites
• Medium Earth Orbit Satellites
• Low Earth Orbit Satellites
• Highest Earth Orbit Satelites
Now, let us discuss about each type of earth orbit satellites one by one.
Geosynchronous Satellite: a slide for BMARPC lecturer cum network engineer recruitment. It was a fantastic experience. It was about satellite, classification, basic theory, difference and most importantly Bangabandhu 1 satellite!
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Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellite Systems • A geostationary orbit is a special type of geosynchronous orbit. • When an object is in geostationary orbit, it is orbiting at the same speed as the Earth rotates, but it orbits around the equator.
Satellites
Introduction to Satellite Systems
o A satellite is an artificial object which is placed intentionally into an orbit of any natural satellite. Satellites are used for many purposes i.e. weather forecasting, digital transmission, scientific research and development etc.
o In a communication context, a satellite is a specialized wireless transmitter/receiver that is launched by a rocket and placed in orbit around the earth.
o A satellite can be natural, like the moon, or artificial (human made). So we can say that a satellite is an object that moves in a curved path around a planet.
o Satellite can travel around planets or around stars such as our sun. All the planets are satellites around the sun.
o Satellites which are far away from the surface of the earth can cover a wide area on the surface of the earth.
Following are the four important types of Earth Orbit satellites −
• Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Satellites
• Medium Earth Orbit Satellites
• Low Earth Orbit Satellites
• Highest Earth Orbit Satelites
Now, let us discuss about each type of earth orbit satellites one by one.
Geosynchronous Satellite: a slide for BMARPC lecturer cum network engineer recruitment. It was a fantastic experience. It was about satellite, classification, basic theory, difference and most importantly Bangabandhu 1 satellite!
hiee guyes this is swapnil thaware here i uploaded slide for your knowledge if you want more detail msg me on fb or mail i will help you
thanking you and slideshare.com
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellite Systems • A geostationary orbit is a special type of geosynchronous orbit. • When an object is in geostationary orbit, it is orbiting at the same speed as the Earth rotates, but it orbits around the equator.
A satellite system is a set of gravitationally bound objects in orbit around a planetary-mass object or minor planet, or its barycenter. Generally speaking, it is a set of natural satellites (moons), although such systems may also consist of bodies such as circumplanetary disks, ring systems, moonlets, minor-planet moons, and artificial satellites any which may themselves have satellite systems of their own.
The theory of satellites was simple enough - shoot something out into space at the right speed and on the correct trajectory and it will stay up there, orbiting Earth, for years - if not forever. If the orbit is the right distance in space the satellite will keep pace with the rotation of the Earth.
Early in October 1957 communications stations started picking up a regular beeping noise coming from space.
The signals were coming from Russia's Sputnik 1, the world's first man-made satellite.
It was January 1958, before a Jupiter rocket successfully launched Explorer 1, the first American satellite
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This is a notes about basic introduction of computer networks. It contain details about the definition of computer network, ARPANET, goals of computer network, application of computer network and details about networking hardware & software components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
Satellite System
1. SATELLITE
SYSTEM
…Introduction to Satellite System…
ABSTRACT
This is a introductory notes about Satellite system.
It contain details about the history, different type
of characteristics & various applications of
satellite system. It also include four types of
orbits- LEO, MEO, HEO, GEO.
Supervised By
Pranab Bandhu Nath
(Senior Lecturer)
CSE Department
City University, Dhaka
Submitted By
Shamima Akther| ID - 1834902616
CSE 317 : Computer Networks
2. Satellite System
Introduction & Definition:
In General terms, as a definition of satellite it can be said as, a Satellite is a smaller object that
revolves around a larger object in space. As for example, moon is the satellite of earth and earth
is the satellite of sun. Nowadays the artificial spacecrafts are named satellite as well, because
they are launched by a rocket to the space and are kept there by gravitational force revolving
around the earth similarly as planets can orbit around the other planets. So, we can say a satellite
can be natural like moon or artificial(human made). That means any object that moves in a
curved path around a planet is satellite. In a communication context, Satellites are highly
specialized wireless receivers/transmitters, which main function is to relay the radio frequency
waves and the encoded information in them from one corner of the world to another. Currently
there are hundreds operating satellites above the earth.
Satellites are used for many purposes like, weather forecasting, digital transmission, scientific
research and development etc as it can cover a wide area on the surface of the earth.
History Of Satellite System:
❖ The science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke from England could be name the father of
satellite communications, because he was the first who proposed to launch a satellite into
the earth orbit where satellites speed would match with the rotation of the earth. That
orbit, which is 35786 km height above the planet surface today is known as geostationary
orbit but sometimes it is called Clarke orbit in honor of his work and ideas [Held91].
❖ The first world’s satellite Sputnik 1 as big as basketball was launched by Russia (former
Soviet Union) in 1957(October) with the aim to relay the signal of Morse code
[Wiki06b].
❖ In 1960, First Reflecting communication satellite, ECHO.
❖ In 1963, First Geostationary satellite, SYNCOM.
❖ In 1965, First Commercial geostationary satellite, “Early Bird” (INTEKSAT I): 240
duplex telephone channels or 1 TV channel, 1.5 year lifetime.
❖ In 1976, Three MARISAT satellites for maritime communication.
❖ First mobile satallite telephone system INMARSAT – A was in 1982.
❖ The first commercial satellite PAS-1 was launched by American satellite operator
PanAmSat in 1984 as the governmental providers were able to offer quite poor services at
the high cost.
❖ In 1988, First satellite system for mobile phones and data communication, INMARSAT –
C.
❖ In 1993, First digital satellite telephone system.
❖ In 1998, Global satellite systems for small mobile phones.
3. Characteristics of Satellite Systems:
▪ Specialized antennas are used to provide smaller footprints and higher transmitting
power.
▪ Several satellites are needed to ensure global coverage. The same frequency spectrum is
also used by MEO and GEO.
▪ In MEO systems, the moving satellites orbit at a height of about 5,000 to 12,000 km
above the earth and have a latency of about 70 to 80 ms.
▪ Satellites have been launched for various applications and are placed at different
attributes. Moreover their weights are also dissimilar.
▪ Provides connections between the earth-based base station and the satellites.
▪ A satellite typically has a large footprint, which can be up to 34% of the earth's surface
covered and therefore it is difficult to reuse frequencies.
▪ The Global coverage of small mobile phones and data transmission typically cause high
latency in the range of about 275 ms.
▪ LEO satellite are divided into little and big satellites.
▪ Little LEOs are smaller in size and are in the frequency range of 148 to 150.
▪ The GEO satellites, which are at an altitude of 35,768 km, orbit in the equatorial plane
with zero degree inclination and complete exactly one rotation in a day.
▪ The antennas are at fixed positions, and an uplink bank (reverse band) of 1634.5 to
1660.5 MHz and a downlink band (forward band) in the range of 1530 to 1559 MHz, are
employed.
▪ Ku band frequencies (11 and 13 GHz) are employed for connection between the base
station (earth station) and the satellites.
▪ Big LEO satellites have adequate power and bandwidth to provide various global mobile
services (i.e. data transmission, paging, facsimile, and position location) along with good
quality voice services for mobile systems such as handled devices and vehicular
transceivers.
Applications Of Satellite Systems:
Artificial satellites revolve around the earth because of the gravitational force of attraction
between the earth and satellites. Unlike the natural satellites (moon), artificial satellites are used
in various applications. The various applications of artificial satellites includes :-
Weather Forecasting:
Weather forecasting is the prediction of the future of weather. The satellites that are used to
predict the future of weather are called weather satellite. Weather satellites continuously monitor
the climate and weather conditions of earth. They use sensors called radiometers for measuring
the heat energy released from the earth surface. Several satellites deliver pictures of the earth
using infrared or visible light. Weather satellites Also predict the most dangerous storms such as
hurricanes, yash, amphan etc.
4. Navigation:
Generally, navigation refers to determining the geographical location of an object. The satellites
that are used to determine the geographic location of aircrafts, ships, cars, trains or any other
object are called navigation satellites. GPS (Global Positioning System) is an example of
navigation system. It allows the user to determine their exact location at anywhere in the world.
Astronomy:
Astronomy is the study of celestial objects such as stars, planets, galaxies, natural satellites,
comets etc. The satellites that are used to study or observe the distant stars, galaxies, planets etc.
are called astronomical satellites. They are mainly used to find the new stars, planets, and
galaxies. Hubble space telescope is an example of astronomical satellite. It captures the high
resolution images of the distant stars, galaxies, planets etc.
Satellite television:
Satellite television or satellite TV is a wireless system that uses communication satellites to
deliver the television programs or television signals to the users or viewers. TV or television
mostly uses geostationary satellites because they look stationary from the earth. Hence, the
signal is easily transmitted. When the television signal is send to the satellite, it receives the
signal, amplifies it and retransmit it back to the earth. The first satellite television signal was
send from Europe to North America by using the Telstar satellite.
Satellite phone:
Satellite phone is a type of mobile phone that uses satellites instead of cell towers for
transmitting the signal or information over long distances. Mobile phones that use cell towers
will work only within the coverage area of a cell tower. If we go beyond the coverage area of a
cell tower or if we reach the remote areas, it becomes difficult to make a voice call or send text
messages with the mobile phones. Unlike the mobiles, satellite phones have global coverage.
Satellite phones uses geostationary satellites and low earth orbit (LEO) satellites for transmitting
the information.
Military Satellite:
Military satellite is an artificial satellite used by the army of various purposes such as spying on
enemy countries, military communication and navigation. Military satellite obtain the secret
information from the enemy countries. These satellite also detect the missiles launched by the
other countries in the space. Military satellites are used by Armed Forces to communicate with
each other. These satellites also used to determine the exact location of an object.
Satellite internet:
Satellite internet is a wireless system that uses satellites to deliver the internet signals to users.
High-speed internet is the main advantage of satellite internet. Satellite internet does not use
cable systems, but instead of it uses satellites to transmit the information or signal.
5. Satellite radio:
Satellite radio is a wireless transmission service that uses orbiting satellites to deliver the
information or radio signals to the consumers. It is primarily used in the cars. When the ground
station transmit signal to the satellite that is revolving around the earth, the satellite receives the
signal, amplifies it and redirects the signal back to the earth (radio receivers in the cars).
Types Of Orbits:
There are several types of Earth orbit and each offers certain advantages and capabilities:
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
LEO is commonly used for communication and remote sensing satellite systems as well as the
International Space Station (ISS) and Hubble Space Telescope.
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
MEO is commonly used for navigation systems, including the U.S. Global Positioning System
(GPS).
Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO) & Geostationary Orbit (GEO)
Objects in GSO have an orbital speed that matches the Earths rotation, yeilding a consistent
position over a single longitude. GEO is a kind of GSO. It matches the planets rotation but GEO
objects only orbit Earths equator and from the ground perspective, they appear in a fixed position
in the sky. GSO and GEO are used for telecommunications and Earth observation.
Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO)
An HEO is oblong, with one end nearer the Earth and other more distant. Satellites in HEO are
suited for communications, satellite radio, remote sensing and other appications.