Here are potential responses to consider in the discussion:
- International regulations broke down when China did not initially report the outbreak to WHO in a timely manner. They worked when Vietnam and Canada promptly reported cases and cooperated with WHO.
- An improved system would mandate timely reporting of new outbreaks and allow WHO enforcement powers to investigate. It should also define reportable diseases more broadly.
- Vietnam and Canada promptly asked for WHO cooperation, while China's response was slower and less transparent initially.
- China argued controlling information was important to maintain stability and confidence. Others prioritized public health over economic impacts of advisories or quarantines.
- As a scientist in China, I may have advocated publicly sooner; in
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Ebola virus disease is a serious illness that originated in Africa, where there is currently an outbreak
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Ebola virus disease is a serious illness that originated in Africa, where there is currently an outbreak
Preventive Medicine. It is also a unique medical specialty recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). Preventive medicine focuses on the health of individuals, communities, and defined populations. Its goal is to protect, promote, and maintain health and well-being and to prevent disease, disability, and death
Chikungunya is an epidemic disease, broke out in Bangladesh in 2017. It was first identified in Tanzania 1953. From then it continuously rose as an epidemic disease after some interval in Asia, Africa and even in America.
Preventive Medicine. It is also a unique medical specialty recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). Preventive medicine focuses on the health of individuals, communities, and defined populations. Its goal is to protect, promote, and maintain health and well-being and to prevent disease, disability, and death
Chikungunya is an epidemic disease, broke out in Bangladesh in 2017. It was first identified in Tanzania 1953. From then it continuously rose as an epidemic disease after some interval in Asia, Africa and even in America.
sars stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome .
It is caused by a corona virus. its outbreak in 2002 in southern china led to 8000 cases and almost 800 deaths.there is a history of travel or close contact with a SARS patient.
As a vet, I wanted to sift through all the information and give a rational and informed view on what we should be doing as vets in our practices. Some of this advice is suitable for any business though. The talk along with a discussion on telemedicine will be available on The Webinar Vet site
Contributors are students, faculty, and alumni located in a variety of geographic locations from Yale, Tulane, and Sacred Heart Universities. It provides information gathered from situation reports, government and non-governmental organization, media reporting, and a variety of information sources, verifies and synchronizes the information and provide real-time information products to federal, state, local, nongovernmental and international response organizations.
In light of the rise in MERS CoV cases in the Middle East the Yale-Tulane ESF-8 Planning and Response Program has produced this special report. It was compiled entirely from open source materials. Please feel free to forward the report to anyone who might be interested.
Contributors are students, faculty, and alumni located in a variety of geographic locations from Yale, Tulane, and Sacred Heart Universities. It provides information gathered from situation reports, government and non-governmental organization, media reporting, and a variety of information sources, verifies and synchronizes the information and provide real-time information products to federal, state, local, nongovernmental and international response organizations.
Week 4: Week 4 - Epidemiology—Introduction
Epidemiology—Introduction
The study of epidemics is epidemiology. Its primary focus is on the distribution and causes of disease in populations. Epidemiology involves developing and testing ways to prevent and control disease by studying its origin, spread, and vulnerabilities.
As a discipline, epidemiologic research addresses a variety of health-related questions of societal importance. Epidemiologic research methods are used by clinical investigators and scientists who conduct observational and experimental research on the prevention and treatment of disease.
The Cholera epidemic, a case from the 19th century, was enabled by the global movement of people. Having appeared in India in 1817, it spread throughout Asia and the Middle East within a decade. It was reported in Moscow in 1830 and then spread to Warsaw, Hamburg, Berlin, and London in 1831 (Snow, 1855, 2002). When it crossed the Atlantic to reach North America, Cholera gained the notoriety of the first truly global disease.
The modern day world is dominated by free trade and rapid transportation. An unprecedented rate of global interchange of food, consumer products, and organisms—including humans—is occurring. The threat of pandemics in the 21st century has heightened the importance of epidemiology at national and international levels.
Although diseases such as Influenza A (H1N1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), West Nile Virus, Salmonella, are commonly recognized as epidemics, as they cause large scale disruption of health in populations. The field of epidemiology also addresses epidemics of obesity (Ogden et al., 2007), diabetes (Zimmet, 2001), mental health (Insel & Fenton, 2005), and any other disease that may cause large scale disruption of health in populations.
In general, there are ten stages to an outbreak investigation:
1. Investigation preparation
2. Outbreak confirmation
3. Case definition
4. Case identification
5. Descriptive epidemiology
6. Hypothesis generation
7. Hypothesis evaluation
8. Environmental studies
9. Control measures
10. Information dissemination
Investigation preparation requires a health crisis manager to identify a team of professionals who will lead the outbreak investigation, review the scientific literature, and notify local, state, and national organizations of the potential outbreak.
Outbreak confirmation requires actual laboratory confirmation of the disease, which may involve the collection of blood, urine, and stool samples from ill people and performing bacteriologic, virologic, or parasitic testing of those samples.
Case definition is the process by which we establish a set of standard criteria to determine who is and is not infected with respect to a specific outbreak; that is, a protocol is developed to determine case patients.
Case identification requires the health crisis manager and team of professionals to conduct a systematic and organize.
The UK, Italy and France surely have lessons to learn from Germany and South Korea. The aim here is to understand, not judge, criticise or blame
I will share a serialised version of the overall slideshow which records facts that merit attention in the UK
- UK plans
- UK response
- Conclusions
- Numbers
- Political and moral dilemmas
Enjoy!
The National Board of Accreditation (NBA) is one of the two major bodies responsible for accreditation of higher education institutions in India, along with the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC). NBA accredits technical programmes, such engineering and management programmes, and Pharmacy earler while NAAC accredits general colleges and universities.
What is Pharm.D course?
Pharm.D course is a Professional Pharmacy doctoral programme of 6 yrs duration after 10+2 (science academic stream) which includes 5yrs of academic study + 1 year of internship or residency.
What are the eligibility criteria to join Pharm.D courses? For Pharm.D:
i) A pass in 10+2 examination with Physics and Chemistry as compulsory subjects along with one of the following subjects: Mathematics or Biology.
ii) A pass in D.Pharm course from an institution approved by the Pharmacy council of India under section 12 of The Pharmacy Act.
Opportunities of BDS in Pharmaceutical Industries.pptxDr. Manoj Kumbhare
India is the second-largest pharmaceutical market in Asia. ... A BDS graduate can have various job roles available in this sector: Principal Investigator, Co-investigator, Medical Advisor, Drug Developer, Regulatory Affairs Manager or even a Clinical Research Physician.
Career opportunities in the clinical research field are many and varied, with employment settings ranging from pharmaceutical and biotechnology, to medical device companies, contract research organizations, hospitals, educational institutions, independent contractors and more.
Many professionals with a strong science or healthcare related background — such as nurses, pharmacists, medical technologists, physicians and more — are well-positioned to join the clinical research field. Here are 10 career paths in the field.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. What is SARS?
• Definition:
– “Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory
illness caused by a coronavirus, called SARS-associated
coronavirus (SARS-CoV).”
• Symptoms:
– high fever (> 100.4°F/ 38.0°C) at outset with
– headache, overall feeling of discomfort, & body aches
– some experience mild respiratory symptoms, diarrhea, & dry
cough.
– most develop pneumonia.
Source: US Center for Disease Control and Prevention SARS Factsheet
3. A Global Context
• Outbreaks of infectious diseases can
attain epidemic proportions in many
countries more quickly than in previous
centuries.
– Increased speed of travel
– Larger numbers of travelers
• Thus, limiting the spread of infectious
diseases requires a *joint effort*
4. Controlling Spread of Disease
• Success requires that governments:
– identify outbreaks of an infectious disease soon after
the initial cases appear
– isolate persons who have the disease or have been
in close contact with others having the disease until
they are no longer contagious
– minimize the number of non-infected persons who
come in contact with currently infected persons or any
place where germs are likely to be present
– warn other governments so they can take action to
ward off spread to their countries
5. The World Health Organization
• “the directing and coordinating authority for health
within the United Nations system. It is responsible for
providing leadership on global health matters, shaping
the health research agenda, setting norms and
standards, articulating evidence-based policy options,
providing technical support to countries and monitoring
and assessing health trends.”
WHO Website (emphasis added)
• in 2002-2003, WHO authority to address
outbreaks was based on the International
Health Regulations of 1969
6. International Health Regulations of 1969
• Regulated international cooperation to prevent spread of
disease
– BUT did not give the WHO any enforcement powers
• Required reporting outbreaks of infectious diseases
– BUT only specifically listed diseases, not any new disease likely
to spread
• Established a system of mutual assistance so that all
states could get help from WHO in identifying causes of
infection and developing methods of treatment
– BUT states were not obliged to let WHO teams visit disease-
stricken areas or have their medical labs participate in
collaborative work.
7. The
Outbreak
Map from Bill Marsh, The New York Times, 2003
8,141 cases in
31 countries resulting in
769 deaths at a cost of
$40 billion worldwide in
lost trade and tourism
8. National Responses
Compare and contrast:
• the slow and private actions of China
• the immediate actions of Vietnam
• the very public and cautious actions of
Canada
as shown on the next few slides.
9. SARS in China
• November 2002: Identifies “atypical pneumonia”
• February 14, 2003: Reports 305 cases and 5 deaths to WHO;
claims spread is under control
• February 18, 2003: Dr. Hong Tao concludes that the new disease
is a variant of the chlamydia virus
• February 20, 2003: Chinese Academy of Military Medical
Sciences (AMMS) researchers believe Tao’s theory is wrong;
decide to conduct further research before making public
statements
• February 21, 2003: Chinese SARS-treating doctor travels to
Hong Kong hotel; infects other guests
• early March, 2003: AMMS scientists find additional support for
coronavirus; again decide to continue research before criticizing
Government acceptance of Tao’s theory
Continued….
10. SARS in China
• March 10, 2003: Health Ministry requests WHO assistance
• March 21, 2003: AMMS publicly reports findings to Army
Logistical Department and Ministry of Health
• March 21, 2003: Health Ministry requests additional WHO
assistance; WHO sends 5 people
• March 25, 2003: WHO team is barred from Guangdong Province
• March 27, 2003: Guangdong Province issues guidelines on
community prevention and control
• March 28, 2003: Health Ministry grees to work with WHO
• April 3, 2003: Health Ministry allows WHO teams to visit infected
sites
• May 13, 2003: CNN International special on SARS that criticized
the Chinese government’s response to the illness is censored in
China
• End result: 7,083 cases and 644 deaths
11. SARS in Vietnam
• February 26, 2003: First case identified
• February 26, 2003: Asks for WHO assistance; WHO sends team
• March 6, 2003: USA sends team from Center for Disease Control
• April 29, 2003: SARS declared contained in Vietnam
• End result: 63 cases and 5 deaths
12. SARS in Canada
• November 27, 2002: Canadian Global Public Health Intelligence
Network (GPHIN) relays media reports of atypical pneumonia in
Guangdong Province to WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network
• January 21, 2003: GPHIN Report is translated to English
• March 5, 2003: First case identified in Toronto
• March 17, 2003: Health Canada announces 11 cases of SARS
• April 11, 2003: Canadian Blood Services refuses donations from
persons who have been to Southeast Asia recently (even though
there is no evidence of bloodstream transfers of SARS infection)
• April 13, 2003: Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre posts
SARS genome sequence online
• April 20, 2003: Canada's largest trauma unit stops accepting new
patients after at least four health-care workers show signs of SARS
Continued…
13. SARS in Canada
• April 23, 2003: WHO extends travel warnings to Toronto for 3
weeks, double the incubation time of SARS
• May 1, 2003: WHO's director of communicable-disease surveillance
and response writes an opinion article saying that the Toronto travel
advisory could ultimately harm the fight against SARS because less-
transparent countries will be afraid to report outbreaks, fearing
economic costs.
• May 14, 2003: Canada removed from WHO list of SARS-affected
countries
• May 24, 2003: Reports of new SARS cases; state of emergency
declared in Ontario; More than 500 people ordered into quarantine
in Toronto
• July 2, 2003: WHO removes Toronto from list of SARS affected
areas
• End result: 251 cases and 43 deaths
14. Discussion
• China, Canada and Vietnam dealt with the spread of
SARS in very different ways. Consider each country’s
approach when answering the following questions:
– Where did international regulations break down? Where did they
work?
• How would you redesign an international reporting system?
– Who asked for cooperation and who did not?
• What arguments did countries use support their decisions to, or not
to, cooperate with the WHO and other governments?
– What would you have done the same or differently
• As a bench scientist in China? in Canada?
• As a managing health official in China? in Canada?
– Who is to blame for allowing SARS to spread as far as it did?