Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
Module 1.1 An overview of emerging and re emerging infectious diseasesAdaora Anyichie - Odis
This module helps to understand the global trends of emerging & re-emerging infections and chronic diseases, identify the threats of diseases and develop desirable attitude and skill in planning to go for new treatment regimens and public health programs that substantially reduce and even prevent the spread of infections and promotion of public health
Nipah virus : New emerging disease with high mortality Harivansh Chopra
Nipah Virus is one of the emerging viral infection with high mortality. Can be prevented by simply using hand washing and by good food and fruit hygiene, Still no vaccine is available for human although trials are underway. Ribavarin can be used for treatment with variable results. Prevention is still the best method for treatment. Strong IEC is required for effective prevention.
Neglected tropical diseases in India (NTDs) are a group of bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infections that are common in low income countries but receive little funding to address them. Neglected tropical diseases are common in India.
meaning...classification...examples...causes....indications of endemic diseases. It provides general information as per the teaching materials for teachers
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
Module 1.1 An overview of emerging and re emerging infectious diseasesAdaora Anyichie - Odis
This module helps to understand the global trends of emerging & re-emerging infections and chronic diseases, identify the threats of diseases and develop desirable attitude and skill in planning to go for new treatment regimens and public health programs that substantially reduce and even prevent the spread of infections and promotion of public health
Nipah virus : New emerging disease with high mortality Harivansh Chopra
Nipah Virus is one of the emerging viral infection with high mortality. Can be prevented by simply using hand washing and by good food and fruit hygiene, Still no vaccine is available for human although trials are underway. Ribavarin can be used for treatment with variable results. Prevention is still the best method for treatment. Strong IEC is required for effective prevention.
Neglected tropical diseases in India (NTDs) are a group of bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infections that are common in low income countries but receive little funding to address them. Neglected tropical diseases are common in India.
meaning...classification...examples...causes....indications of endemic diseases. It provides general information as per the teaching materials for teachers
Travel-related infectious diseases on the rise
International travel has an important role in the transmission of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases across geographical areas.
Since 1980, the world has been threatened by different waves of emerging disease epidemics.
In the twenty-first century, these diseases have become an increasing global concern because of their health and economic impacts in both developed and resource-constrained countries.
It is difficult to stop the occurrence of new pathogens in the future due to the interconnection among humans, animals, and the environment.
As many as 43%–79% of travelers to low- and middle-income countries become ill with a travel-related health problem.
Although most of these illnesses are mild, some travelers become sick enough to seek care from a health care provider.
www.slideshare.ne www.slideshare.ne Tuberculosis (TB) is fatal
contagious disease that affects the lungs and other part of body which is a public health problem but curable and preventable disease .
Caused organism : bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pulmonary TB
Extra pulmonary TB
Animals : Mycobacterium Bovis
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis, (M.bovis) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human
this ppt is made by shrikrishna kesharwani , student of urban planning,4th year, Manit , Bhopal,
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Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
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After months of deliberation, the World Health Organization has
declared COVID-19 a pandemic. As it seemed clear for quite some time, the virus will likely spread to most (if not all) countries on the globe. However, actions can still limit its impact.
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
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The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
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Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
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2. 2
Emerging and re-
emerging infectious
diseases
Presented By:
Mrs. Sasmita Nayak
Tutor, KINS, KIIT, DU, BHUBANESWAR
3. Emerging infectious diseases
Re-emerging infectious diseases
Factors contributing to emergence and re-emergence of
infectious diseases
Challenges to prevent the emergence of diseases
3
CONTENT
4. INTRODUCTION
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death
worldwide, claiming at least 17 million lives every year. In
the South-East Asia region, 7 million people die from
diseases annually.
During the last 20 years, at least 30 new diseases have
emerged to threaten the health of hundreds of millions of
people. For many of these diseases there is no treatment or
appropriate vaccine and the possibility of preventing or
controlling them is limited
4
5. 5
Infectious diseases remain the leading
cause of death worldwide
Emergence of new infectious
diseases
Re-emergence of old infectious
diseases
Persistence of intractable infectious
Diseases.
6.
7. • Emerging infectious diseases are “New diseases; new
problem (New threats)”
• An emerging infectious disease is one which is caused
by a newly discovered infectious agent
or
• By a newly identified pathogen, which has emerged
and whose incidence in humans has increased during
the last 2 decades and is threatening to increase in the
near future.
7
Emerging Infectious Diseases
8. 8
Types
• Diseases due to new agents
• Diseases due to new variants of known
pathogens
• Diseases caused by infectious agent but
resulting in non communicable diseases
9. 9
Diseases due to new agents
Year Disease Causative agent
1970 Human monkeypox Monkeypox
1973 Infantile diarrhoea Rota virus
1976 Diarrhoea Cryptosporidium parvum
1977 Diarrhoea Campylobactero jejuni
1977 Legionnaires’ Disease Legionella Pneumophila
1976 Ebola haemorrhagic fever Ebola virus
1981 MRSA infection MRSA
1983 AIDS HIV
10. 1
0
Cont…
Year Disease Causative agent
1988 Hepatitis E Hepatitis E virus
1989 Hepatitis C Hepatitis C virus
1993 Hanta virus
pulmonary syndrome
Hanta vitus
1998 Nipah encephalitis Nipah virus
2002 VRSA infection VRSA infection
2003 SARS SARS-associated
coronavirus
2004 H5N1 influenza H5N1 virus
2012 Middle – East
Respiratory Syndrome
Corona virus
2015 Zika Zika
11. 1
1
Diseases caused by new variants of known
pathogens
Year Disease Causative agent
1982 Diarrhoeal diseases 0157.HF strain of E.
coli
1986 Exanthem Subitum HHV - 6
1992 Cholera 0139 strain of
V.cholerae
1996 -
97
Avian influenza H5N1
12. 1
2
Diseases caused by infectious agent but resulting
in non communicable diseases
Year Disease Causative agent
1982 T – cell lymphoma
(lymphocytic leukemia)
Human T- lymphotropic
virus- 1 (HTLV-1)
1982 Hairy cell leukemia Human T- lymphotropic
virus- 2 (HTLV-2)
1982 Coronary artery disease chlamydia
1989 Non-A, Non-B hepatitis,
(liver cancer)
Hepatitis C
1995 Kaposi’s Sarcoma HHV-8
13. • 1970 - First discovered – Zire, Africa
• 1996- 97 : second outbreak
• 2003 : small outbreak in US with 79 cases
• 2005 : 49 cases reported from sudan
• Sept. 2017 – may 2019: Nigeria
• September 2018 : UK
• May 2019 : Singapore
HUMAN MONKEYPOX
14. • 1976 - First discovered – America (182 cases & 29 died)
• 1999: second outbreak in Netherland (318 cases &32 death)
• 2001 : largest outbreak in Spain (449 cases & 6 died)
• 2005: Canada (127 cases & 29 died
• 2014: Portugal (304 cases & 7 death)
• 2015: Northern California (81 cases)
• 2019: Western North Carolina (141 cases & 4 death)
• Every year: 8000-18000 cases occur in US.
Legionnaires’ Disease
15. EBOLA VIRAL DISEASE
First discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River. Since then,
outbreaks have appeared sporadically inAfrica.
The 2014 Ebola outbreak is the largest in history.
Primarily affecting Guinea, Northern Liberia, and Sierra
Leone.
Ebola virus disease (EVD), previous known as Ebola
hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF)
Fatality rate of up to 90%
Transmitted by direct contact with the blood, body fluids and
tissues of infected animals or people
1
5
17. SARS Cases
19 February to 5 July 2003
China (5326)
Singapore
(206)
Hong Kong
(1755)
Viet Nam (63)
Europe:
10 countries
(38)
Thailand (9)
Brazil
(3)
Canada
(243)
USA
(72)
Colombia
(1)
Kuwait
(1)
South Africa
(1)
India
(3)
Australia (5)
New Zealand (1)
Korea Rep. (3)
Macao (1)
Taiwan (698)
Malaysia (5)
Indonesia (2)
Philippines (14)
Mongolia
(9)
Russian Fed. (1)
Total: 8,439 cases, 812 deaths,
30 countries
Source: www.who.int.csr/sars
SARS
The First Emerging Infectious Disease Of The 21st Century
No infectious disease has spread so fast and far as SARS did in 2003
13
18. 1
8
Swine Flu (H1N1)
• Pandemic outbreak since April 2009
• April 15th 2009 CDC identifies H1N1 (swine flu)
• April 25th 2009 WHO declares public health emergency
• By May 5th 2009 more than 1000 cases confirmed in 21
countries
• May 16th 2009 India reports first confirmed case
• Cases of swine flu have been reported in India, with over
31,156 positive test cases and 1,841 deaths up to March 2015
19. 1
9
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1)
•Since Nov 2003, avian influenza H5N1 in birds affected
60 countries across Asia, Europe, Middle-East &Africa
•>220 million birds killed by this virus or culled to
prevent further spread
•Majority of human H5N1 infection due to direct contact
with birds infected with virus
20. 1947: First discovered in a monkey,
Uganda.
In 195: First human cases detected.
Before 2007 : 14 human cases
documented.
June 2015:- First case in Brazil.
2016:- In U.S., over 3,000 cases.
January 22, 2016, CDC activated its
Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
On February 8, 2016, CDC elevated
its EOC activation to a Level 1, the
highest level.
21. 2
1
Malaysian Nipah virus epidemic 1998-1999
• An outbreak of Nipah virus in Malaysia & Singapore
• Overcrowding results in viral transmission to pig
handlers
• The virus persists in low numbers in the island flying
fox, a type of fruit bat and Malaysian flying fox.
• Of the 269 human cases of viral encephalitis
associated with Nipah virus infection reported
in Malaysia in 1999, 108 were fatal (Ministry of
Health Malaysia, 2001).
22. 2
2
Emerging Food borne & water borne
disease
•Accounts for 20 million cases in the world annually
(T.D. Chugh-2008)
•Incidence is increasing
•Half of all known food borne pathogens discovered
during the past 25 years
•Most common associated organisms are: Entero
hemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae,
Campylobacter sp.
23. 2
3
•Re-emerging infectious diseases are “olddiseases new
problem. (New threats)”.
•A re-emerging infectious disease is a one which was
previously controlled but once again has risen to be a
significant health problem.
•This term also refers to that disease which was
formerly confined to one geographic area, has now
spread to other areas.
Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
33. Lack of health care
services
War & political
conflict
Deterioration in
surveillance system
34. 3
4
• Controlling the reservoir
• Interrupting the transmission
• Protecting the susceptible host
• Strengthening of the disease surveillance system
• Encouraging research initiations for treatment regimens and
diagnostics
• Encouraging research for new methods of control measures
• Establishment of drug resistance
Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases
35. 3
5
Increase knowledge and skill ; Educate the public
Encourage partnerships with consumers and other disciplines
Support health care legislation
Involve in research
Encourage using multidisciplinary efforts.
Influence local and National economic and political options
Continue to advance nursing concern
Role of Doctors in Prevention
36. 3
6
National programme for prevention and control of vector
borne diseases
Legislations for elimination
Communities awareness of the disease
Minimizing transmission of infection: By
• Risk communication to the family members
• Minimizing vector population
• Minimizing vector – individual contact
Reporting to the nearest public health authority
Role of Public Health Authorities
37. 3
7
Safe water
Sewage treatment and disposal
Food safety programme
Animal control programme
Vaccination programme
Public health organization
Public health measures to prevent
infectious diseases
38. •Developing global and regional strategies
•Appointing Task Force
•Generous grant from WHO regular budget
•Support the World Bank grant
•GOARN (Global Outbreak Alert & Response Network)
• Mechanism for combating international disease outbreaks
• Ensure rapid deployment of technical assistance, contribute to long-term
epidemic preparedness & capacity building
3
8
Response of the WHO
39. 3
9
• Surveillance at national, regional, global level
• epidemiological,
• laboratory
• ecological
• anthropological
• Investigation and early control measures
• Implement prevention measures
• behavioural, political, environmental
• Monitoring, evaluation
Key Tasks in Dealing with Emerging Diseases
41. Factors Solution
Migration Proper health screening, vaccination
Travel Immunization, infection control measure
Urbanization Proper sanitation, adequate housing, good
infrastructure
Human behaviour Education, behaviour modification
Antibiotic usage Judicious use of antibiotic
Correct antibiotic for correct pathogen (with
right dosage and route).
Strengthen infection control measures
Solutions
42. Multiple expertise needed !
Infectious
diseases
Epidemio-
logy
Public
Health
International
field
experience
Information
management
Laboratory
Telecom. &
Informatics
4
2
Skills needed for prevention
44. 4
4
Conclusion
• The true prevalence of many diseases is not known. Since
we live in a global village, we cannot afford to be
complacent about the tremendous economic, social and
public health burden of these diseases. Effective
surveillance is the key to their early containment.
• There is a need to develop epidemiology improved
diagnostic facilities, a strong public health structure,
effective risk communication, epidemic preparedness and
rapid response.
45. 4
5
Reference
1. Park .k , “ Park text book of Preventive and social
medicine ”, 23rd edition ,2015 , m/s Banarsidas Bhanot
,page no – 355-359
2. Suryakantha . AH ,” Community medicicines with recent
advances”,4th edition , 2017 , Jaypee Brother medical
publishers ,(p)ltd, 4th edition , page no 965-970
3. Dash Bijayalaskhmi, A Comprehensive Textbook of
Community Health Nursing, 1st edition, Jaypee Brothers,
Publisher, 2016, Pp- 540-542.
