This document discusses malaria, an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquitoes. It outlines the major types of Plasmodium that cause malaria, including P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale, and P. malariae. The document then examines the epidemiology of malaria in India, identifying tribal, rural, urban, border, and project area malaria as the major epidemiological types. It explores epidemiological determinants such as agent, host, and environmental factors that influence the transmission and spread of malaria.

1. Presented by,
Aiswarya.A.T
I M.pharm.,
Department of Pharmacy Practice,
Grace college of Pharmacy.

2. Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by infection
with parasites of Plasmodium and transmitted to man
by certain species of infected female Anopheline
mosquito.
MALARIA
Various species of Plasmodium are:
• P.vivax
• P.falciparum
• P.ovale
• P.malariae

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY

4. PREVALENT MAJOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TYPES OF
MALARIA IN INDIA:
a. Tribal malaria
b. Rural malaria
c. Urban malaria
d. Border malaria
e. Malaria in project
areas

5. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
1.AGENT FACTORS
Agent
LIFE HISTORY:
•Asexual cycle
(human cycle)
•Sexual cycle
(mosquito cycle)

6. Period of communicability
Reservoir of infection
2.HOST FACTORS
Age
Sex
Immunity
Housing
Population mobility
Occupation
Human habits
Socio-economic development
Pregnancy

7. 3.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Season
Altitude
Humidity
Rainfall
Temperature
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Vector transmission
Direct transmission
Congenital malaria

8. INCUBATIONPERIOD
 Time between the infected mosquito bite & the first
appearance of clinical signs of which fever is most common
.
 usually not less than 10 days.
 In natural infections;
 12days (9-14) for falciparum malaria
 28days(18-40) for quartan malaria
 17days (16-18) for ovale malaria.
 Some strains of P.vivax it may be developed for as long
as 9months.

9. CLINICALFEATURES
1) Cold stage
2) Hot stage
3) Sweating stage

10. DIAGNOSIS
i. Microscopy
ii. Serological test
iii. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT)

11. STAGESFORPREVENTION& CONTROL OF MALARIA
Surveillance & case management
Case detection (passive & active)
Early diagnosis & complete treatment
Sentinel surveillance
Integrated vector management
Indoor residual spray (IRS)
Insecticide treated bed nets (ITN’s) & long lasting insecticidal
nets(LLIN’s)
Antilarval measures including source reduction
Epidemic preparedness & early response
Supportive interventions
Capacity building
Behavioural change communication
Insectoral collaboration
Monitoral & evaluation
Operational research & applied field research

12. EARLY DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT OF MALARIA AIMS AT:
•Complete cure
•Prevention of progression of uncomplicated malaria to
several disease
•Prevention of deaths
•Interruption of transmission
•Minimizing risk of selection & spread of drug resistant
malaria parasite

13. ACTIVE INTERVENTION MEASURES
•Stratification of the problem
•Vector control strategies
Anti-adult measures
Residual spraying
Space application
Individual protection
Antilarval measures
Larvicides
Source reduction
Integrated control

14. CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS
SHORT TERM LONG TERM

15. TREATMENT
FOR UNCOMPLICATED MALARIA
Treatment for P.vivax cases
Treatment for P.falciparum cases
SPECIFIC ANTIMALARIAL TREATMENT OF
SEVERE MALARIA

16. THANK YOU!!