- Sarcoidosis is a multi-system inflammatory disease characterized by non-caseating granulomas that can affect multiple organs. It most commonly involves the lungs, skin, and eyes.
- Diagnosis requires compatible clinical features along with histological evidence of non-caseating granulomas and exclusion of alternative diagnoses. Treatment involves glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants depending on the severity and organs involved. Prognosis depends on the specific organs affected and presence of adverse factors like lupus pernio or chronic uveitis.
A detailed description of sarcoidosis, pulmonary in specific but also covering the other systems. a rare entity in india or a better way to say, often an overlooked disease.
skin is an organ where internal disorders are manifested. some are early signs, some are late signs, some may be the only manifestation. they can result in diagnostic dilemma.
A detailed description of sarcoidosis, pulmonary in specific but also covering the other systems. a rare entity in india or a better way to say, often an overlooked disease.
skin is an organ where internal disorders are manifested. some are early signs, some are late signs, some may be the only manifestation. they can result in diagnostic dilemma.
Prof. Md. Khairul Hassan Jessy
Professor of Respiratory Medicine
National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital (NIDCH)
Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Cutaneous manifestations of hiv infectiontashagarwal
Dermatological problems occur in more than 90% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In some patients, skin is the first organ affected. Skin diseases have proved to be sensitive and useful measures by which HIV progression can be monitored.
Radiology (/ˌreɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/ rey-dee-ol-uh-jee) is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiation), but today it includes all imaging modalities, including those that use no electromagnetic radiation (such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging), as well as others that do, such as computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET). Interventional radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above.
Radiology (/ˌreɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/ rey-dee-ol-uh-jee) is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiation), but today it includes all imaging modalities, including those that use no electromagnetic radiation (such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging), as well as others that do, such as computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET). Interventional radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above.
Radiology (/ˌreɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/ rey-dee-ol-uh-jee) is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiation), but today it includes all imaging modalities, including those that use no electromagnetic radiation (such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging), as well as others that do, such as computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET). Interventional radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above.
Radiology (/ˌreɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/ rey-dee-ol-uh-jee) is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiation), but today it includes all imaging modalities, including those that use no electromagnetic radiation (such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging), as well as others that do, such as computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET). Interventional radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above.
Radiology kosam amaksk mama
Prof. Md. Khairul Hassan Jessy
Professor of Respiratory Medicine
National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital (NIDCH)
Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Cutaneous manifestations of hiv infectiontashagarwal
Dermatological problems occur in more than 90% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In some patients, skin is the first organ affected. Skin diseases have proved to be sensitive and useful measures by which HIV progression can be monitored.
Radiology (/ˌreɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/ rey-dee-ol-uh-jee) is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiation), but today it includes all imaging modalities, including those that use no electromagnetic radiation (such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging), as well as others that do, such as computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET). Interventional radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above.
Radiology (/ˌreɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/ rey-dee-ol-uh-jee) is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiation), but today it includes all imaging modalities, including those that use no electromagnetic radiation (such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging), as well as others that do, such as computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET). Interventional radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above.
Radiology (/ˌreɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/ rey-dee-ol-uh-jee) is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiation), but today it includes all imaging modalities, including those that use no electromagnetic radiation (such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging), as well as others that do, such as computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET). Interventional radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above.
Radiology (/ˌreɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/ rey-dee-ol-uh-jee) is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiation), but today it includes all imaging modalities, including those that use no electromagnetic radiation (such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging), as well as others that do, such as computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET). Interventional radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above.
Radiology kosam amaksk mama
Interstitial lung disease is a general category that includes many different lung conditions. All interstitial lung diseases affect the interstitium, a part of the lungs' anatomic structure.
Some of the types of interstitial lung disease include:
Interstitial pneumonia: Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may infect the interstitium of the lung. A bacterium called Mycoplasma pneumonia is the most common cause.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis : A chronic, progressive form of fibrosis (scarring) of the interstitium. Its cause is unknown.
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis: Interstitial lung disease that's often present with autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma).
Diagnostic catheters for coronary angiography Aswin Rm
Overview of diagnostic catheters used in coronary angiography
Guide catheters not included
History of coronary catheters
Radial techniques and catheters
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
4. HISTORY
• First described in by Dr. Jonathan Hutchinson1877
• Term Lupus pernio was coined - Dr. Ernest Besnier1888
• Histology defined by Norwegian dermatologist Boeck1899
• Bone involvement first described1902
• Uveitis in sarcoidosis first described1910
• Systemic condition , by Dr. Schaumann1915
• Lung involvement1915
• Uveoparotid fever1937
• Löfgren syndrome1941
BOECK BENSIER SCHAUMANN DISEASE
8. CLINICAL FEATURES
Asymptomatic Organ failure
Respiratory symptoms
Cutaneous manifestations
Ocular symptoms
Non specific constitutional symptoms
• Fatigue, ,fever, night sweats, LOW
13. CT CHEST
Hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Peri Bronchial wall thickening
Reticulonodular opacities
Thickening of the bronchovascular bundles
Nodules along bronchi, vessels, and subpleural regions
Traction bronchiectasis
Fibrosis with distortion of the lung architecture , cavities
14. S
• Sarcoidosis
• Silicosis
H
• Hyper sensitivity pneumonitis
• Langerhans cell histiocytosis
A
• Ankylosis spondilitis
R
• Radiation Pneumonitis
P
• PCP
• PTB
UPPER LOBE INFILTRATES -SHARP
21. DIAGNOSIS
• Skin biopsy – Non caseating granulomas
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• Foreign body reaction
• Lupus vulgaris
• Tuberculoid leprosy
• Drug eruptions
• DLE
22. EYE
Most common –
anterior uveitis
Intermediate uveitis
1/3rd chorioretinits
Retinal vasculitis
Keratoconjunctivitis
Asymptomatic
23. OTHER OCULAR MANIFESATIONS
• Secondary glaucoma
• Cataract formation
• Blindness
LATE
COMPLICATIONS
IN UNTREATED
PATIENTS
• Presents as palpable orbital mass
• Lacrimal gland
• Extraocular muscles
• Optic sheath
EXTRA OCULAR
MANIFESTATIONS
25. LIVER
• Granulomatous lesions in 50%Liver biopsy
• Abnormal in 20-30%
• Elevated ALP -MC abnormality
• Elevated transaminases
LFT
• Majority asymptomatic
• Due to intrahepatic cholestasis & PHTN
• Due to hepatomegaly
Symptoms
• Liver transplant rarely – good response to systemic Rx
• Never give interferon Rx to co existant Hepatitis COther features
26. NERVOUS SYSTEM
Cranial N palsies
Optic Neuropathy
Peripheral Neuropathies
Granulomatous lesions in brain and spinal cord
• Parenchymal nodules
• Neuroendocrine manifestations
• Seizures
• Cognitive dysfunction
• FND
• Meningitis
• Spinal cord syndromes
Vascular and perivascular involvement
27. NERVOUS SYSTEM FINDINGS
CSF
• Lymphocytic pleocytosis
• Elevated protein
• Elevated ACE
IMAGING
• Contrast enhanced MRI
BIOPSY
28. SPLEEN ,BONE MARROW & LYMPH NODES
Splenic Granulomas ~ 60 %
Splenic enlargement 5-10 %
Features of hypersplenism
Rarely splenectomy needed
• Massive symptomatic splenomegaly
• Pancytopenia
MC haematological abnormality – lymphopenia
• Due to sequestration in areas of inflammation
Anemia ~ 20%
Extrathoracic L/N ~ 20%
29. HEART
HEART FAILURE
• Diffuse granulomatous involvement of myocardium
• Improves with Rx
VALVULAR DISEASE
CONDUCTION BLOCK
• CHB Most common cardiac abnormality
TACHYARHYTHMIAS & SCD
• Common cause of death
• due to patchy involvemnt, ablation therapyis not useful.
• implanted defibrillator may be needed
30. DIAGNOSIS
ECG
• Routine ECG & Holter monitoring
ECHOCARDIOGRAM
CARDIAC MRI or PET SACN
ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY
31. MUSCULOSKELETAL
5%
ACUTE ARTHRITIS
• Isolated or as part of Lofgren syndrome
CHRONIC ARTHRITIS
• Oligo or polyarticular
• Joint erosions and periosteal bone resorption
SARCOID MYOPATHY
• Infiltration of muscle
MYALGIAS AND ARTHRALGIAS – MC COMPLAINT
XRAY, MRI , PET or ISOTOPE SCAN , muscle biopsy , EMG
32. OTHER ORGANS
• Direct involvement – 5 %
• More symptomatic renal d/s secondary to hypercalcemia
KIDNEY
• Hypercalcemia and/or hypercalciuria
• 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by the granuloma
Ca METABOLISM
UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT
• Diffuse goiter or, rarely solitary thyroid nodule
• All patients are but euthyroid
THYROID
• Breast, testes, ovary & stomach.USUALLY SPARES
34. DIAGNOSIS
a compatible clinical and/or radiological picture
histological evidence of non caseating
granulomas
exclusion of other diseases with similar
histological or clinical picture.
35. DIAGNOSIS
Biopsy showing granuloma
No alternative diagnosis
Clinically consistent with sarcoidosis
Yes
SARCOIDOSIS
No
Possible sarcoidosis
Seek other DD
Features suggesting Sarcoidosis
CXR , Skin lesions, uveitis, optic neuritis, hypocalcemia, hypercalciuria, Cr N
palsies
Biopsy affected organ if possible
Bronchoscopy: biopsy with granuloma
Needle aspirate: granulomas
Negative but no evidence
of alternative diagnosis
Features highly consistent with sarcoidosis:
Serum ACE > 2 times UL
BAL lymphocytes > 2 times UL
Positive Gallium scan
No Yes
Positive and no
alternative diagnosis
SARCOIDOSIS
40. INDICATIONS IN PULMOARY SARCOID
Bothersome or worsening symptoms
• cough, shortness of breath, chest pain or discomfort, hemoptysis).
Deteriorating lung function,
• serial testing at three to six month intervals, that demonstrates one or more of the following:
• a fall in total lung capacity (TLC) of 10 percent or more;
• a fall in forced vital capacity (FVC) of 15 percent or more;
• a decrease in diffusing capacity (DLCO) of 20 percent or more;
• or worsened gas exchange at rest (eg, a decrease in oxygen saturation on pulse oximetry of four or more percent)
Severe enough initial disease
• (FEV 1 ) below 70 percent of predicted,
• a diffusing capacity below 60 percent of predicted, and/or
• an oxygen saturation of 90 percent or less, and
• widespread radiographic opacities.
Progressive radiographic changes
• worsening of interstitial opacities,
• development of cavities,
• progression of fibrosis with honeycombing, or
• development of signs of pulmonary hypertension.
41. ADVERSE PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
• Lupus pernio
• Chronic uveitis
• Age of onset > 40 yrs
• Chronic hypercalcaemia
• Nephrocalcinosis
• Black race
• Nasal mucosal involvement
• Cystic bone lesions
• Neurosarcoidosis
• Myocardial involvement