1. The document discusses different types of joints in the body including fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. 2. Synovial joints are further classified based on the planes of movement as uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints. They are also classified based on the shape of the articular surfaces. 3. Common examples of joints discussed include the elbow as a hinge joint, shoulder as a ball and socket joint, and knee as a condylar joint.

1. By: Dr.Ritika Dixit
Associate Professor
Rachana Sharir dept.
Shubhdeep Ayurved medical college
Sandhi Sharir with Modern
Consideration

2. व्युत्पत्ति/ Derivation
 स
म् +
धा+
त्ति
: = संधानत्तमत्ति (शब्द् कल्पद्रु म)

3. परिभाषा
संधि: संिानमˎ। अमिकोष
अस्थि: संयोगथिानम् सस्ि:। (च. शा. )
अस्थि क
े संयोग थिान को संधि कहा जाता है।
 संत्तध में दोष : श्लेष्मक कफ

4.  Sandhi and Srotas
sandhi is mūla of majjā vaha srotas
 Sandhi and Peśī
The Peśī covers the different structure of the body such
as Sira Snāyu Asthi Parva and sandhi and imparts
strength to these structure including the sandhi
 Sandhi and Snāyu
Pratānvati snāyu present in all sandhi of body.
 sandhi will acquire their stability by the various snāyu
which are connected.

5. संधियो की संख्या
 संख्यातस्तु द
शो
त्त
ि द्वेशते| (सु. शा 5/26)
 सुश्रुत क
े अनुसाि संधियो की संख्या – 210
 चिक – 200
 काश्यप -- 381
अथिीनाम तू सियो ह्येते क
े वलााः परिकीधतितााः पेशीस्नायुधसिाणां तु
सस्िसङ्ख् ख्या न धवद्यते ।
(सु. शा 5/28)

6. षडंगों क
े अनुसाि
स्थान संख्या
शाखा 68 (4×17)
मध्य शिीि 59
जत्रुर्ध्ि 83

7. एक
ै कस्ां पादाङ्ख
् गुल्ां त्रयस्त्रयाः, द्वावङ्ख् गुष्ठे, ते चतुदिश; जानुगुल्फवक्षणेष्वेकाः
एवं सप्तदशैकस्िन् सस्िन भवस्ि; एतेनैतिसस्ि बाहू च व्याख्यातौ; (सु.शा.
5/28)
स्थान संख्या
अँगुली(3×4) 12
अंगुष्ठ 02
जानू / क
ू पिि 01
गुल्फ/ मधणबंि 01
वंक्षण/ कक्षा 01
Total 17×4=68

8. स्थान संख्या
श्रोधणफलक 03
पृष्ठ्वंश 24
पार्श्ि 24
वक्ष 08
ग्रीवा 08
कण्ठ 03
ह्रदय / क्लोमनाडी 18

9. स्थान संख्या
दंतमूल 32
काकलक 01
नासा 01
वर्त्िमण्डल 02
गण्ड 02
कणि,शंख 04

10. स्थान संख्या
हनुसंधि 02
भ्रू ऊपि 02
शंखोपरि 02
धशिकपाल 05
मूिाि 01

11. संधियों क
े प्रकाि

संधि
कमािर्त्क िचनार्त्क

12. कमािर्त्क वगीकिण
संियस्तु धद्विाश्चेष्टावंत: स्थििाश्च
संधि
चेष्टावि स्थिि

13. चेष्टावि संधि = चल संधि
चेष्टावि
बहुचेष्टा अल्पचेष्टा

14.  स्थिि संधि = अचल संधि
 शेषास्तुसियाःसवेधवज्ञेयाधहस्थििाबुिैाः । (सु.शा.)

15. िचनार्त्क वगीकिण
िोर संत्तध
उलूख़ल
सामुद्ग
प्रति
तुन्नसेवनी
मण्डल
वायसतुण्ड
शंखावति
कोिउलूखलसामुदगप्रतितुन्नसेवनीवायसतुण्डमण्डलशंखावतािाः ||

16. िोर संत्तध
 तेषांअंगुधलमधणबंिगुल्फजा
नुक
ु पििेषु कोिा:
 अंगुधल
 मधणबंि
 गुल्फ़
 जानु
 क
ू पिि

18. उलूखल:
 कक्षावंक्षणदशनेषु उलूखला:
 कक्षा
 वंक्षण
 दशन

19. सामुद्ग
 अंसपीठगुदभगधनतम्बेषु सामुद्गा:
 अंसपीठ
 गुद
 भग
 धनतम्ब

20. प्रति
 ग्रीवापृष्ठवंशयोाः प्रतिा: ।।
 ग्रीवा
 पृष्ठवंश

21. तुन्नसेवनी
 धशि:कधिकपालेषु तुन्नसेवन्य:
 धशि
 कधिकपाल

22. वायसतुण्ड
 हनोरुभयतस्तु वायसतुण्ड:
 हनु

23. मण्डल
 क
ं ठह्र्दयनेत्र क्लोमनाडीषु मण्डला:
 क
ं ठ
 ह्र्दय
 नेत्र
 क्लोमनाडी

24. शंखावति
 श्रोत्रश्रृंगािक
े षु शंखावताि:
 श्रोत्र
 श्रृंगािक

25. Joints : Introduction
 In general joint is a site where two things
join.
 However, the joint is a junction between two or
more bone/cartilage.
 Arthron (G) – arthrology, arthritis, etc
Articulatio (L) –articulation

26. Classification
Structural
Functional

27. Functional classification
Synarthrosis
Immovable joints,
e.g. – cranial sutures
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable joints,
e.g. – secondary
cartilaginous joint
Diarthrosis
Freely movable
joints,
e.g. – shoulder joint
Based on degree
of mobility

28. Structural classification
 Based on the type of connecting structure between
articulating bone the joint is of three types.
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
Based on
structure

29. Fibrous joint
 Fibrous connective tissue connects adjacent bone
 These joints are either immovable or may produce very
slight degree of movement.
Three types –
Suture
syndesmoses
 Gomphoses

30.  Sutures or
synostoses are
found between
bones of the skull.
 In fetal skulls the
sutures are wide to
allow slight
movement during
birth.
 They later become
rigid (synarthrodial)

31.  According to shape of bony
margins the sutures can be:
i. Plane i.e. internasal sutures
ii. Serrate i.e. interparietal
sagittal suture
iii. Squamous i.e.
temporoparietal sutures
iv. Denticulate i.e. lambdoid
suture between parietal and
occipital
v. Schindylesis i.e. rostrum of
sphenoid and up;er border
of vomer

32.  Syndesmosis are found
between long bones of the
body, such as the radius
and ulna in forearm and
the fibula and tibia in leg.
Unlike other fibrous
joints, syndesmoses are
moveable
(amphiarthrodial), but not
to such degree as synovial
joints.

33.  3. Gomphosis is a joint
between the root of a tooth
and the sockets in the
maxilla or mandible.

34. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
 Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage.
Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones
than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial
joint. Cartilaginous joints also form the growth regions of
immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the
spinal column.

35.  The cartilaginous joints are those in which the adjacent
bones are connected by means of hyaline or fibro-cartilage.
 Two types-
a) Primary cartilaginous joint (Synchondroses)
b) Secondary cartilaginous joint (Symphyses)

36.  a) Primary cartilaginous joint
(Synchondroses)
 The bones are
united by hyaline
cartilage.
immovable and
strong.
 Temporary as after certain age the
cartilaginous plate get ossified and
replaced by bone.
 E.g. – Joint between epiphysis and
diaphysis of growing long bone, first
costo-sternal joint.

37.  b) Secondary cartilaginous joint
(symphyses)
 Articular surface are
covered by a thin layer of
hyaline cartilage and
united by a disc of fibro
cartilage.
 These joints are permanent and persist
throughout life.
 Permit some degree of movement due to
elastic fibrocartilage.
 E.g. – symphysis pubis, intervertebral
joint between vertebral bodies.

38. Synovial joint
 Most common and most
evolved variety of joints
 Maximum degree of
mobility.
 Articular surface of the
adjacent bone are
separated by joint cavity
and margins of articular
surface are connected by
capsular ligament.

39. Classification of synovial joints
1. Based on planes of movement
2. Based on shape of articular surface
3. Based on number of articulating bones

40. Uniaxial
e.g. –
elbow joint,
interphalangeal Jt,
atlanto-axial joint
Biaxial
e.g. –
knee joint,
radio-carpal joint,
sterno-clavicular joint,
temporo-mandibular
joint.
Multiaxial
e.g. – shoulder joint,
hip joint.
Based on planes of
movement

41. Based on shape of articular surface
 Plane joint
 Hinge joint
 Pivot joint
 Condylar joint
 Ellipsoid joint
 Saddle joint
 Ball and socket joint

42. Plane joints
 Joint between flat
articular surfaces.
 These joints permit
gliding movement
 e.g.intercarpal
joints,
intermetacarpal
joints.

43. Hinge/Ginglymus joints
 The joints having
pulley shaped articular
surface.
 Movement is permitted
in one plane around
transverse axis like a
hinge of a door
 e.g.-elbow
joint,
interphalangeal joint.

44. Pivot joint/trochoid joints
 Articular surface of one bone is
rounded, pivot (peg) like which
fits into the ostio- ligamentus
ring of other.
 These permit a rotation
movement around a vertical
axis.
 e.g. – superior radio-ulnar
joint, atlanto-axial joint.

45. Condylar joint
 Distinct convex condyles of one bone
articulates with the reciprocally concave
articular surface of other bone.
 The movement is permitted in two
directions (biaxial)
• Transverse axis
• Vertical axis.
 E.g.-knee joint, temporo- mandibular
joint.

46. Ellipsoidal Joint
 Elliptical convex surface of one bone
articulates with reciprocally concave
surface of other bone.
 Ellipsoid joints show movement in two
directions
a. flexion and extension around
transverse axis
b. adduction and abduction around
antero- posterior axis.
 Circumduction is produced by the
combination of above movements.
 e.g. – radio-carpal joint, metacarpo-
phalangeal joint, atlanto-occipital joint.

47. Saddle joint
 An articular surface of one
bone fits into the saddle-
shaped surface of another
bone.
 Bi-axial joints
 e.g.- Carpometacarpal
joint.

48. Ball and socket/spheroidal joints
 Rounded glob like articular surface
of one bone fits into cup shaped
socket of other bone.
 Movement occur in multi axis
Example – hip joint, shoulder joint

49. Based on number of articulating bones
1. Simple
 e.g. – inter-phalangeal
joint
2. Compound
 e.g. – elbow joint, ankle
joint.

50. Complex joint
 A joint in which the
joint cavity is divided
completely or
incompletely into two
parts by an intra-
articular disc
 e.g. knee joint,
temporo-mandibular
joint.

51. Sr. No. Types of joint Examples Modern aspect
1
िोर संत्तध अंगुधल,मधणबंि,गुल्फ़,जानु,
क
ू पिि
Hinge joint
2
उलूख़ल कक्षा,वंक्षण ,दशन Ball& Socket
3
सामुद्ग अंसपीठ,गुद,भग ,धनतम्ब Amphiarthrosis
4
प्रिर ग्रीवा,पृष्ठवंश Gliding
5
िुन्नसेवनी धशि,कधि,कपाल Suture
6
मण्डल क
ं ठ,ह्र्दय,नेत्र,क्लोमनाडी
7
वायसिुण्ड हनु Condylar
8
शंखावित श्रोत्र,श्रृंगािक Cartilagenous

52. PARTS OF A JOINT
 A). Articular Cartilage
 B). Synovial (joint) cavity
 C). Articular Capsule
 D). Synovial Fluid.
 E). Reinforcing Ligaments
 F). Fatty Pads or Articular Discs
 G). Bursae Flattened sacs that contain synovial
fluid. Function to reduce friction
 H).Tendon Sheath A bursa that wraps around a
tendon that is subject to friction.

54. Movements of synovial joint
Active
movememnts
Passive
movements

55. Active movement
 a. General rotator movement
Gliding/sliding
one bone slips over
the other,
e.g. movements
in a plane joint.
Angular
Movement in which the
angle of joint is
increased or decreased,
e.g.flexion,
extension,
adduction,
abduction.
Rotatory/Circular
two types of
rotatory
movements,
rotation and
circumduction.

56.  Rotation – movement of body part around its own
axis, e.g. medial and lateral rotation of shoulder joint
 Circumduction – it is combination of four angular
movements in a successive order, causing circular
movement of distal free part resulting in a cone like
movement of body part, e.g. shoulder joint, hip
joint.

57. b) Special active movements –
 Few joints show some special active movements,
 They are
 Inversion & eversion,
protraction &
retraction,
 Elevation & depression.

58.  Passive movements
 These movements are produced by external force such
as examining doctor.
 Example–
 Gliding movement of wrist,
 which a patient cannot perform by himself
 actively, but an examining doctor can produce it by careful
manipulation of wrist.

59. Biomechanics
1. Static
2. Dynamic- A.Kinetics
B. Kinematics— a. Osteokinematics
b. Arthrokinematics

60. Statics Dynamics
 Study of the
conditions under
which objects remain
in rest
 Study of the
conditions under
which objects move

61.  Dynamics has two components Kinetics and
Kinematics:
a. Kinetics
Examines the various forces which act on the joint to execute
a particular movement
b. Kinematics
A branch of Biomechanics that describe the motion of the
body without regard to the forces that produce the
movement

62. Kinetics
 The forces that act on body during movement include
Internal External
Muscle
contraction
Gravity
Muscle
lengthening
External
load/resi
stance
Tension
from the
ligament

63. Kinematics
Has two components :
 Osteo kinematics
Manner in which bone moves
 Artho kinematics
Movement occurring between the joint surfaces

64. Osteokinematics
 In includes various movements of joints including
 Flexion, Extension & Hyperextension
abduction & adduction
 Medial & lateral rotation
pronation & Supination
Protraction & retraction
Elevation & depression
Inversion & eversion
 Plantar flexion & dorsiflexion
 circumduction

65. Arthrokinematics
 Movement occurring between the joint surfaces or how
they fit together
 This will help to improve the movement of the joint One
of the surface will be stable and other moves on it