This document defines key concepts related to population and sampling in research methods. It discusses the differences between populations and samples, and describes different sampling techniques including probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling, purposive sampling, and snowball sampling. The advantages and disadvantages of different sampling methods are also outlined.
This presentation of mine focusses on sampling with appropriate pictures and examples. It may be helpful for the faculties as well as fro the student who want to understand the concept of sampling appropraitely. layman language is used in this so that almost everyone can go through it.
In educational research, Research errors may be grouped under some headings:
1. Sampling errors
2. Measurement errors
3. Statistical errors
4. Interpretation errors
along with suggestions to reduce them
This presentation of mine focusses on sampling with appropriate pictures and examples. It may be helpful for the faculties as well as fro the student who want to understand the concept of sampling appropraitely. layman language is used in this so that almost everyone can go through it.
In educational research, Research errors may be grouped under some headings:
1. Sampling errors
2. Measurement errors
3. Statistical errors
4. Interpretation errors
along with suggestions to reduce them
Sampling and Inference: Learn about the importance of random sampling in political research; learn why samples that seem small can yield accurate information about larger groups; learn how to figure out the margin of error of a sample; learn how to make inferences about the information in a sample.
Sampling and Inference: Learn about the importance of random sampling in political research; learn why samples that seem small can yield accurate information about larger groups; learn how to figure out the margin of error of a sample; learn how to make inferences about the information in a sample.
Sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
4. Definition of Population
Population should be:
Carefully and Fully Defined
Relevant to Research Question
5. Definition of Sample
Importance of Sample Data
Quality of Sample Based on:
Overall Sample Size
How members chosen to be part of sample
6. Advantages of Sample
Time
Money
Disadvantages of Sample
Less accurate
Subject to error
Decision made on practical grounds
7. Population Parameter
Characteristics of population quantified as a number
▪ Examples: Proportion, Mean/Average, etc.
Estimator
Numerically estimates the value of population
characteristic, or population parameter
8. Sample Statistic
An estimator of a population parameter derived from a
population sample
Element
Also called a unit of analysis
A single occurrence, realization, or instance of the
objects or entities being studied
▪ Examples: Individuals, States, Cities, Countries,
Speeches, Wars
9. Stratum
Population subdivided into groups of similar
elements before a sample is drawn
Subgroup of a population sharing characteristics
Examples:
JU students stratified by class, major, or GPA
Latin Graduation Honors
10.
11.
12. Sampling Frame
Particular population from which sample is drawn
Closer sampling frame is to population of interest or
theoretical population, the better off you are
Example: The Literary Digest Poll?
13. If sampling frame is incomplete or inappropriate, then
sample bias will occur
Sample will be unrepresentative of the population,
and inaccurate conclusions may result
Sample bias caused by a biased selection of elements,
even if frame is complete and accurate
Sampling Unit
Entity listed in a sampling frame
14. Probability Sample
Sample for which each element in the total
population has a known probability of being
included in sample
Nonprobability Sample
Sample in which each element in the total
population has an unknown probability of being
selected
15.
16. Each element and combination of elements has an
equal chance of being selected
What has to happen for this to occur?
Short Class Activity on Random Numbers
17. Attempt to make draft process fairer
How did the lottery process work?
Selective Service (SS) estimated that anyone
with number higher than 200 would not be
called
Found negative correlation between day of
birth and lottery number
19. Elements selected from list at predetermined
intervals (e.g. every Kth element)
K = Sampling Interval or “skip” between elements
Computed as Population Size (N) / Sample Size (n)
Useful when dealing with long list of population
elements (e.g. all SC justices)
Often used in product testing
20. Probability sample where elements sharing
one or more characteristics are grouped
Two MainTypes:
Proportionate Sample
Disproportionate Sample
21. Stratified sample were each stratum
represented in proportion to its size in
population
Example: Congress of the Future
Sampling Fraction
22. Stratified sample where each stratum is NOT
represented in proportion to size in population
Issue of Weighting
23. Probability sample in which sampling frame
initially consists of clusters of elements
Groups / clusters of elements are identified and
listed as sampling units
Within each sampling unit, certain elements are
identified and sampled
Example: Public Opinion Polling
24. Advantages:
Allows researchers to get around problem of
acquiring list of elements in target population
Can reduce fieldwork costs
Disadvantage:
Greater level of imprecision
25.
26. Goal: To study a diverse and usually limited
number of observations
Researcher exercises considerable discretion
Example: Studying Members of Congress
27. Elements are included because they are
convenient or easy for a researcher to study
Used for exploratory research or when target
population is impossible to define / locate
28. Sample in which elements are sampled in
proportion to their representation in
population
Similar to proportionate stratified sampling,
but elements are quota sample are NOT
chosen in reasoned or probabilistic manner
29.
30. Initial respondents used to identify others
who might qualify for inclusion in sample
Useful when trying to study members in
elusive population:
Draft Dodgers
Political Protestors
Drug Users