Machine code consists of binary instructions that are directly executed by the CPU. Each instruction performs a specific task like loading a value or adding numbers. Hexadecimal is typically used instead of binary by programmers because it is easier to convert binary to hexadecimal than to decimal. Hexadecimal is base 16, so it uses 16 symbols (0-9 and A-F) to represent values. Assembly code is a low-level language that is specific to a particular computer architecture. An assembler converts assembly code into binary machine code instructions. Assembly code runs very fast but is dependent on the processor and difficult to learn and port between systems.

2. Machine Code
Machine code is the term used to describe any binary instruction which the
computer’s CPU will read and execute.
e.g. 10001000 01010111 11000101 11110001 10100001 00010110
Each instruction performs a very specific task, such as loading a value into
a register, or adding two binary numbers together.

3. Hexadecimal
A binary machine code sequence is very difficult to read and convert. Typically
programmers will use Hexadecimal (Hex) instead.
It is easier to convert a binary number to Hexadecimal than it is to convert it to
decimal. Hexadecimal is base 16.

4. Hexadecimal
A binary machine code sequence is very difficult to read and convert. Typically
programmers will use Hexadecimal (Hex) instead.
It is easier to convert a binary number to Hexadecimal than it is to convert it to
decimal. Hexadecimal is base 16.

5. Hexadecimal
A binary machine code sequence is very difficult to read and convert. Typically
programmers will use Hexadecimal (Hex) instead.
It is easier to convert a binary number to Hexadecimal than it is to convert it to
decimal. Hexadecimal is base 16.

6. Hexadecimal
Examples:
10100110 = A6
00010011 = 13
11101100 = EC
01001011 = 4B
11111111 = FF

7. Hexadecimal
Converting from Hexadecimal to Decimal is easier than converting Binary to
Decimal.
Examples:
A6 = 10 x 16 + 6 = 166
13 = 1 x 16 + 3 = 19
EC = 14 x 16 + 12 = 236
4B = 4 x 16 + 11 = 75
FF = 15 x 16 + 15 = 255

8. Assembly Code
Assembly code is a low level language.
Assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture. In other
words, different computer manufacturers will use different assembly code
instructions.
An example assembly code program for the 6502 processor is as follows:

9. Assembler
An assembler is a program that converts assembly code into binary
instructions.

10. Assembly Code
Advantages:
Very fast because of direct conversion from assembly language to
binary
Direct access to hardware features e.g. embedded computers in
home appliances
Disadvantages
Low level languages are difficult to learn
Lack of portability because assembly language is dependent on the
make of processor